A streambed or stream bed is the bottom of a stream or river ( bathymetry ) and is confined within a channel , or the banks of the waterway. Usually, the bed does not contain terrestrial (land) vegetation and instead supports different types of aquatic vegetation ( aquatic plant ), depending on the type of streambed material and water velocity. Streambeds are what would be left once a stream is no longer in existence. The beds are usually well preserved even if they get buried because the banks and canyons made by the stream are typically hard, although soft sand and debris often fill the bed. Dry, buried streambeds can actually be underground water pockets. During times of rain, sandy streambeds can soak up and retain water, even during dry seasons, keeping the water table close enough to the surface to be obtainable by local people.
63-619: Kennewick Man or Ancient One was a Native American man who lived during the early Holocene, whose skeletal remains were found washed out on a bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington , on July 28, 1996. Radiocarbon tests show the man lived about 8,400 to 8,690 years Before Present , making his skeleton one of the most complete ever found this old in the Americas, and thus of high scientific interest for understanding
126-482: A Native American tribe can be established, the affiliated tribe may claim them. Two months after discovery in 1996, the Umatilla tribe requested custody of the remains so they could be reburied according to tribal tradition. It was contested by researchers who believed Kennewick Man was not affiliated with modern Indians. The Umatilla argued that their oral history goes back 10,000 years, and they had been present on
189-457: A caesarean section is performed. It is also used by anthropologists to estimate body mass. The clade Dinosauria is divided into the Saurischia and Ornithischia based on hip structure , including importantly that of the ilium. In both saurischians and ornithischians, the ilium extends laterally to both sides from the axis of the body. The other two hip bones, the ischium and
252-487: A 48-percent consistency with being of a Sinodont group like that of North Asia. Powell said analysis of the skull showed it to be "unlike American Indians and Europeans". Powell concluded that the remains were "clearly not a Caucasoid unless Ainu and Polynesians are considered Caucasoid". Later studies criticised claims made about the ancestry of the Kennewick Man purely based on skull morphology, noting that that
315-427: A burial of the remains, according to their traditions, at an undisclosed location. 46°13′23″N 119°8′36″W / 46.22306°N 119.14333°W / 46.22306; -119.14333 Stream bed The nature of any streambed is always a function of the flow dynamics and the local geologic materials. The climate of an area will determine the amount of precipitation a stream receives and therefore
378-942: A coalition of Columbia Basin tribes. The coalition included the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, the Nez Perce Tribe , the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation , and the Wanapum Band of Priest Rapids. The remains of Kennewick Man were cataloged and removed from the Burke Museum on February 17, 2017. The following day, more than 200 members of five Columbia Plateau tribes were present at
441-544: A curator at the American Museum of Natural History . Skulls are no longer used as the basis for classifying remains, as DNA evidence is more reliable. In 2005, author Jack Hitt wrote an essay "Mighty White of You: Racial Preferences Color America's Oldest Skulls and Bones", in which he describes a systemic "racial preference" for Kennewick Man, and other old skeletons, to be of European origin. If this theory held true (and DNA evidence shows it does not), it would turn
504-516: A few years of discovery, but reported "available technology and protocols do not allow the analysis of ancient DNA from these remains" ie. multiple experts were unable to extract enough DNA for analysis. Chatters et al. (2000) conducted a graphic comparison, including size, of Kennewick Man to eighteen modern populations. They found Kennewick Man to be most closely related to the Ainu , a recognized indigenous people of Northern Japan. However, when size
567-507: A greater amount of scour, often down to bedrock, and banks may be undercut causing bank erosion . This increased bank erosion widens the stream and can lead to an increased sediment load downstream. Ilium (bone) The ilium ( / ˈ ɪ l i ə m / ) ( pl. : ilia ) is the uppermost and largest region of the coxal bone , and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds , but not bony fish . All reptiles have an ilium except snakes , although some snake species have
630-446: A nearly complete articulated skeleton. The cranium was fully intact including all of its teeth from the time of death. All major bones were found except the sternum and a few in the hands and feet. After further study, Chatters concluded it was "a male of late middle age (40–55 years), and tall (170 to 176 cm, 5′7″ to 5′9″), and was fairly muscular with a slender build". The Owsley team in 2005 reported he may have been as young as 38 at
693-619: A new one ( avulsion (river) ). A braided river may form as small threads come and go within a main channel. The intensity and frequency of both drought and rain events are expected to increase with climate change. Floods , or flood stage , occur when a stream overflows its banks. In undisturbed natural areas, flood water would be able to spread out within a floodplain and vegetation of either grassland or forest , would slow and absorb peak flows. In such areas, streambeds should remain more stable and exhibit minimal scour. They should retain rich organic matter and, therefore continue to support
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#1732783192252756-403: A plastic bucket and took the skull to a Kennewick police officer. The police returned with the students to the location. After further searching more bones were found underwater, and along the shore. The county coroner determined the skull was not modern, and it was given to archaeologist James Chatters , who over the course of ten visits to the site, assembled 350 bones and bone fragments creating
819-597: A rich biota ( river ecosystem ). The majority of sediment washed out in higher flows is "near-threshold" sediment that has been deposited during normal flow and only needs a slightly higher flow to become mobile again. This shows that the streambed is left mostly unchanged in size and shape over time. In urban and suburban areas with little natural vegetation, high levels of impervious surface , and no floodplain, unnaturally high levels of surface runoff can occur. This causes an increase in flooding and watershed erosion which can lead to thinner soils upslope. Streambeds can exhibit
882-502: A similar indentation on the left side of the head, and a spear jab that healed. Chatters, who initially investigated the skeleton, early on concluded that the "presence of Caucasoid traits [and a] lack of definitive Native-American characteristics", as well as the apparent context of the skeleton as part of an early Paleo-American group led him to state that the body was "Caucasian" (an anthropological term not synonymous with "white" or "European"). Scientists attempted DNA analysis within
945-472: A single skull is too small a sample size to accurately determine affinities with any degree of certainty, and that the Kennewick Man's skull morphology falls within the variation of known Native American skulls. Advances in genetic research made it possible to analyze ancient DNA (aDNA) more accurately than earlier attempts when the skeleton was found. In June 2015, a study was published which analysed his sequenced nuclear genome , which concluded that his genome
1008-555: A single source of migration occurred, consisting of hunters and gatherers following large herds of game who wandered across the Bering land bridge . An alternative hypothesis is that more than one source population was involved in migration immediately following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which occurred ~22k to ~18k years BP, and that the land migration through Beringia was either preceded by or roughly synchronous with
1071-467: A tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium. The ilium of the human is divisible into two parts, the body and the wing; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line , and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum . The name comes from the Latin ( ile , ilis ), meaning "groin" or "flank". The ilium consists of the body and wing . Together with
1134-438: A waterborne migration from coastal Asia. The similarity of some ancient skeletal remains in the Americas, such as Kennewick Man, to coastal Asian phenotypes is suggestive of more than one migration source. Classification of DNA from ancient skeletons such as Kennewick Man and others of similar phenotype may or may not reveal genetic affiliation between them, with either Beringian or coastal Asian source populations. Regardless of
1197-424: Is a deep groove in the underside of the postacetabular process, the rear part of the ilium. The brevis shelf is the bony ridge at the inner side of the fossa , the bone wall forming the internal face of the rear part of the ilium, which functions as an attachment area for a tail muscle, the musculus caudofemoralis brevis . Often, close to the hip-socket the lower edge of the outer face of the postacetabular process
1260-426: Is best measured by anthropometric calipers (an anthropometer designed for such measurement is called a pelvimeter). Attempting to measure biiliac width with a tape measure along a curved surface is inaccurate. The biiliac width measure is helpful in obstetrics because a pelvis that is significantly too small or too large can have complications. For example, a large baby or a small pelvis often lead to death unless
1323-401: Is positioned higher than the edge of the brevis shelf, exposing the latter in side view. The 'English' name ilium as bone of the pelvis can be traced back to the writings of anatomists Andreas Vesalius , who coined the expression os ilium . In this expression ilium can be considered as the genitive plural of the nominative singular of the noun ile . Ile in classical Latin can refer to
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#17327831922521386-503: Is the large expanded portion which bounds the greater pelvis laterally. It has an external and an internal surface, a crest, and two borders—an anterior and a posterior. In humans, biiliac width is an anatomical term referring to the widest measure of the pelvis between the outer edges of the upper iliac bones. Biiliac width has the following common synonyms: pelvic bone width , biiliac breadth , intercristal breadth/width, bi-iliac breadth/width and biiliocristal breadth/width. It
1449-668: The University of Copenhagen published a study of Kennewick Man's sequenced genome, which found that Kennewick Man is nested within the diversity of contemporary Native Americans, though he cannot be associated specifically with any particular modern group. In September 2016, the US House and Senate passed legislation to return the remains to a coalition of Columbia basin tribes. Kennewick Man was buried according to Indian traditions on February 18, 2017, with 200 members of five Columbia basin tribes in attendance, at an undisclosed location in
1512-490: The flank of the body , or to the groin , or the part of the abdomen from the lowest ribs to the pubes . Ile is usually encountered as plural ( ilia ) in classical Latin. The os ilium can literally be translated as bone (Latin: os ) of the flanks . More than a millennium earlier, the ossa ilium were described by the Greek physician Galen , and referred to as, with a quite similar expression, τά πλατέα λαγόνων ὀστᾶ,
1575-436: The ischium and pubis , to which the ilium is connected, these form the pelvic bone, with only a faint line indicating the place of union. The body ( Latin : corpus ) forms less than two-fifths of the acetabulum ; and also forms part of the acetabular fossa. The internal surface of the body is part of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to some fibers of the obturator internus . The wing ( Latin : ala )
1638-442: The peopling of the Americas . The discovery precipitated a nearly twenty-year-long dispute. Native American tribes asserted legal rights to rebury the man under the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), a law that protects Indian remains from disrespectful treatment, such as storage in labs, museums, and private collections. The United States Army Corps of Engineers , which holds jurisdiction over
1701-501: The pubis , extend ventrally down from the ilium towards the belly of the animal. The acetabulum , which can be thought of as a "hip-socket", is an opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts. The orientation and position of the acetabulum is one of the main morphological traits that caused dinosaurs to walk in an upright posture with their legs directly underneath their bodies. The brevis fossa
1764-589: The "analysis was quickly suspended by the U.S. government" because of the controversy over custodianship of the remains. After the suspension of the government studies, anthropologists sued the government, and in 2002 won the right to study the bones. For the next six years beginning in 2005, Douglas Owsley of the Smithsonian Institution coordinated more than a dozen experts, who analyzed the bones in numerous ways including forensic anthropology, physical anthropology, and isotope chemistry. Their report
1827-404: The 109th Congress concluded without enacting the bill. By the bill's definition, Kennewick Man would have been classified as Native American regardless of whether any link to a contemporary tribe could be found. In September 2016, in light of new DNA evidence associating Kennewick Man with modern day Native Americans, the 114th US House and Senate passed legislation to return the ancient bones to
1890-627: The Department of the Interior and National Park Service, in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, the federal agency responsible for the Kennewick remains, conducted a series of scientific examinations of the remains. Eighteen nationally and internationally recognized scientists and scholars conducted a variety of historical and scientific examinations, analyses, tests, and studies. Nevertheless,
1953-485: The Kennewick Man's genome, along lack of genomes from North American aboriginal populations have made it impossible to ascertain Kennewick Man's nearest living relatives among regional Native American tribes. His Y-DNA haplogroup is Q-M3 and his mitochondrial DNA is X2a , both uniparental genetic markers found almost exclusively in Native Americans. Kennewick Man had been buried deliberately. By examining
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2016-463: The Smithsonian's data to see how the team reached its conclusions. Second, the absence of peer-reviewed articles published prior to Owsley unveiling the bones' "secrets" was criticized. Third, Owsley's non-Native argument hinged on the assumption that Kennewick Man's skull was a reliable means of assessing ancestry. This was a "nineteenth-century skull science paradigm", said David Hurst Thomas ,
2079-525: The US government had acted in bad faith and awarded attorney's fees of $ 2,379,000 to the plaintiffs. On April 7, 2005, during the 109th Congress, United States senator John McCain introduced an amendment to NAGPRA, which (section 108) would have changed the definition of "Native American" from being that which "is indigenous to the United States" to "is or was indigenous to the United States". However,
2142-514: The amount of water flowing over the streambed. A streambed is usually a mix of particle sizes which depends on the water velocity and the materials introduced from upstream and from the watershed. Particle sizes can range from very fine silts and clays to large cobbles and boulders ( grain size ). In general, sands move most easily, and particles become more difficult to move as they increase in size. Silts and clays, although smaller than sands, can sometimes stick together, making them harder to move along
2205-401: The area. Within the scientific community since the 1990s, arguments for a non-Indian ancient history of the Americas , including by ancient peoples from Europe, have been losing ground in the face of ancient DNA analysis. The identification of Kennewick Man as closely related to modern Native Americans symbolically marked the "end of a [supposed] non-Indian ancient North America". Kennewick Man
2268-490: The bone collagen indicate that the man lived almost exclusively on a diet of marine mammals for the last 20 or so years of his life, and that the water he drank was glacial melt. The closest marine coastal environment where this water could have been found during his lifetime was in Alaska. That, combined with the location of the find, led to the conclusion that the individual led a highly mobile, water-borne lifestyle centered on
2331-445: The calcium carbonate left behind as underground water collected on the underside of the bones and then evaporated, scientists were able to conclude that Kennewick Man was lying on his back with his feet rolled slightly outward and his arms at his side, with the palms facing down, a position that could not have been accidental. There have been three major scientific initiatives to study and report on Kennewick Man. Between 1998 and 2000,
2394-521: The debate over whether there were more than one source of migration following the LGM, Kennewick Man has yielded insight into the marine lifestyle and mobility of early coastal migrants. In 2012, Burke Museum archeologists voiced concern and criticism of the Owsley team's preliminary findings (not published fully until 2014). First, it was noted that no one outside of Owsley's team had an opportunity to examine
2457-458: The descendants of the earliest settlers of North America. Kennewick Man, and DNA from other ancient skeletons, has played a significant role in eroding Palaeoamerican theories. Kennewick Man's DNA results mark an "end of a [supposed] non-Indian ancient North America". The discovery of Kennewick Man, along with other ancient skeletons, has furthered scientific debate over the origin and history of early Native American people. One hypothesis holds that
2520-489: The description of a Cascade point , characteristic of the Cascade phase from 12,000 to 7,500 years BP. Forensic anthropologist Douglas Owsley, who later led the scientific team that examined Kennewick Man's skeleton in 2005, discovered that the bones in Kennewick Man's arms were bent. Owsley theorized that this was the result of powerful muscles built up over the course of a lifetime of hunting and spearfishing. Kennewick Man
2583-555: The flat bones of the flanks , with λαγών for flank . In anatomic Latin, the expression os lagonicum can also be found, based on Ancient Greek λαγών. In modern Greek , the nominalized adjective λαγόνιο is used to refer to the os ilium . In Latin and Greek, it is not uncommon to nominalize adjectives, e.g. stimulantia from remedia stimulantia or ὁ ἐγκέφαλος from ὁ ἐγκέφαλος μυελός. The name ilium as used in English can not be considered as nominalized adjective derived from
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2646-455: The full Latin expression os ilium , as ilium in this expression is a genitive plural of a noun and not a nominative singular of an adjective. The form ilium in English is however thought to be derived from the Latin word ilium , an orthographic variant in Latin of ile , flank or groin . Whereas the expression of Andreas Vesalius os ilium appropriately expresses bone of the flanks ,
2709-473: The land where the remains were found, retained legal custody. The science community wished to conduct research on the skeleton and asserted he was only distantly related to today's Native Americans and more closely resembled Polynesian or Southeast Asian peoples, a finding that would exempt the case from NAGPRA. Technology for analyzing ancient DNA had been improving since 1996, and in June 2015, scientists at
2772-399: The northern coast. Chatters found a 79 mm (3.1 in) stone projectile lodged in his ilium (part of the pelvic bone). There was new bone growing around it indicating a painful but old wound. Chatters made a CT scan which determined the projectile was made from a siliceous gray stone with igneous (volcanic) origins. The projectile, leaf-shaped, long, and broad, with serrated edges, fit
2835-471: The official Latin nomenclature, Nomina Anatomica of the first 80 years (first in 1895) used the Vesalian expression os ilium . In the subsequent editions from 1983 and 1989, the expression os ilium was altered to os ilii . This latter expression supposes a genitive singular of the alternate noun ilium instead of a genitive plural of the noun ile . Quite inconsistently, in the 1983 edition of
2898-475: The ongoing mystery of who first colonized the New World." Since the mid-1990s within the science community, "Palaeoamericans" have vied with "Palaeoindians" over the identity of the first people of the Americas. "Palaeoamericans" posit the earliest inhabitants are not related to modern day Indians, possibly they were Asians from an extinct lineage, or even from Europe. "Palaeoindians" assert modern Indians are
2961-694: The right to conduct research. The anthropologists won the case in 2002, and on February 4, 2004, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit panel rejected an appeal brought by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Umatilla, Colville , Yakama , Nez Perce , and other tribes on the grounds that they were unable to show sufficient evidence of kinship . Furthermore, the presiding judge found that
3024-414: The sole term ilium as used in English, lacks this precision and has to be literally translated as groin or flank . There exists however in classical Latin an adjective ilius/ilia/ilium . This adjective however means not with respect to the flanks , but Trojan . Troy is referred to in classical Latin as Ilium , Ilion or Ilios and in ancient Greek as Ἴλιον or Ἴλιος. The first editions of
3087-422: The stream meanders downhill. Pools can also form as water rushes over or around obstructions in the waterway. Under certain conditions a river can branch from one streambed to multiple streambeds. For example, an anabranch may form when a section of stream or river goes around a small island and then rejoins the main channel. The buildup of sediment on a streambed may cause a channel to be abandoned in favor of
3150-399: The streambed. Deposition usually occurs on the inside of curves, where water velocity slows, and erosion occurs on the outside of stream curves, where velocity is higher. This continued erosion and deposition of sediment tends to create meanders of the stream. In streams with a low to moderate grade, deeper, slower water pools ( stream pools ) and faster shallow water riffles often form as
3213-424: The streambed. In streams with a gravel bed, the larger grain sizes are usually on the bed surface with finer grain sizes below. This is called armoring of the streambed. The streambed is very complex in terms of erosion and deposition. As the water flows downstream, different sized particles get sorted to different parts of a streambed as water velocity changes and sediment is transported, eroded and deposited on
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#17327831922523276-461: The tables on Indian claims of being the first inhabitants, white Europeans would be the victims of Indian invaders, and politically modern Indians would have less claim to sovereignty. The use of the word "Caucasoid" to describe Kennewick Man, and his facial reconstruction that appeared plausibly European, were taken by many to mean that Kennewick Man was "Caucasian", European, or "white", rather than an ancestor of present-day Native Americans, although
3339-415: The term "Caucasoid" had also been applied to the Ainu of northern Japan. In 1998, The New York Times reported "White supremacist groups are among those who used Kennewick Man to claim that Caucasians came to America well before Native Americans." Additionally, Asatru Folk Assembly , a racialist neopagan organization, sued to have the bones genetically tested before it was adjudicated that Kennewick Man
3402-533: The territory since the dawn of time. Native American tribes asserted that the claims that Kennewick Man was of non-Indian origin was an attempt to evade the law governing custodianship of ancient bones. The Corps of Engineers and the Clinton administration supported the Native American claim in what became a long-running lawsuit. Robson Bonnichsen and seven other anthropologists sued the United States for
3465-493: The time of death. A small bone fragment submitted to the University of California, Riverside for radiocarbon dating estimated he lived between 9,300 and 9,600 years ago (8,400 uncalibrated "radiocarbon years"), and not the 19th century, as had originally been thought. Subsequent radiocarbon dating indicated a somewhat younger age of 8,900 to 9,000 years BP, and later 8,400 to 8,690 calibrated years Before Present . Measurements of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios in
3528-485: Was "likely related" to the Ainu of Japan. Anthropologist Joseph Powell of the University of New Mexico was also allowed to examine the remains. Powell used craniometric data obtained by anthropologist William White Howells of Harvard University and anthropologist Tsunehiko Hanihara of Saga University ; this had the advantage of including data drawn from Asian and North American populations. Powell said that Kennewick Man
3591-601: Was an ancestor of present-day Native Americans. In October 1998, the remains were deposited at the Burke Museum at the University of Washington . The Burke Museum was the court-appointed neutral repository for the remains, and did not exhibit them. They were then still legally the property of the US Army Corps of Engineers, as they were found on land under its custody. According to NAGPRA, if human remains are found on federal lands and their cultural affiliation to
3654-488: Was discovered by accident by two college students, Will Thomas and David Deacy, on July 28, 1996. They were at the Columbia River to watch a hydroplane race near Kennewick. Thomas was wading in about 50 cm (18 in) of water, about 3 m (10 ft) from shore, when his foot struck something hard and round. He pulled up a human skull. They stashed it in the bushes, waited for the race to finish, then found
3717-493: Was excluded as a factor, no association to any population was established. In 2001, Chatters wrote that the "craniofacial characteristics of Paleo-Americans, Asians, and early Europeans, loosely resemble the Ainu, Polynesian, and Australian peoples", but that no group was the major contributor to the Paleo-American gene pool. Anthropologist C. Loring Brace maintained in a 2006 interview that, by his analysis, Kennewick Man
3780-402: Was found to be right-handed, as the bones of the right arm are noticeably larger than the left. Owsley also found that Kennewick Man had arthritis in his right elbow, both of his knees, and several vertebrae but not severe enough to be crippling. Kennewick Man had suffered some trauma in his lifetime, which was evident by a fractured rib that had healed, a depression fracture on his forehead, and
3843-519: Was nested within the diversity of contemporary Native Americans. The study concluded Kennewick Man belonged to a population closely related to contemporary Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest, including Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation . Of the five tribes that originally claimed Kennewick Man as an ancestor, their members were the only ones to donate DNA samples for evaluation. The low sequencing depth (approximately 1x) of
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#17327831922523906-450: Was not European but most resembled the Ainu and Polynesians . Powell said that the Ainu descend from the Jōmon people, an East Asian population with "closest biological affinity with south-east Asians rather than western Eurasian peoples". Powell said that dental analysis showed the skull to have a 94-percent consistency with being of a Sundadont group like the Ainu and Polynesians and only
3969-528: Was published in 2014, in the book titled Kennewick Man, The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton . In 2015, a paper in Nature titled "The Ancestry and Affiliations of Kennewick Man" analyzed ancient DNA from Kennewick Man, and determined he is associated with modern day Indians. According to Time magazine, "Scientists have found only about 50 skeletons of such antiquity, most of them fragmentary. Any new find can thus add crucial insight into
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