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63-525: Work on the deep modernization of the Kh-22 missile began in the late 1980s, due to the low immunity of its guidance radar operating at fixed frequencies. When the enemy was using radar jamming , the launch of the Kh-22 was impossible. State contract number 01133 for development work on the topic "Adaptation" was signed in 19 June 1990. Due to the general crisis in the country and insufficient financing, work on

126-628: A carrier strike group (CSG) normally consists of 1 aircraft carrier, 1 guided missile cruiser (for air defense), 2 LAMPS - capable warships (focusing on anti-submarine and surface warfare), and 1–2 anti-submarine destroyers or frigates . The large number of CSGs used by the United States reflects, in part, a division of roles and missions allotted during the Cold War, in which the United States assumed primary responsibility for blue-water operations and for safeguarding supply lines between

189-485: A dock landing ship (LSD), an amphibious transport dock (LPD), a Marine expeditionary unit , AV-8B Harrier II or, more recently Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II aircraft, CH-53E Super Stallion and CH-46E Sea Knight helicopters or, more recently, MV-22B tiltrotors. Cruisers, destroyers and attack submarines are deployed with either an Expeditionary Strike Group or a Carrier Strike Group. During

252-514: A replenishment oiler . A surface action group is "a temporary or standing organization of combatant ships, other than carriers, tailored for a specific tactical mission". Since its origins, the viability of the carrier battle group has been dependent on its ability to remain at sea for extended periods. Specialized ships were developed to provide underway replenishment of fuel (for the carrier and its aircraft), ordnance, and other supplies necessary to sustain operations. Carrier battle groups devote

315-500: A Russian missile strike , possibly using a Kh-22, demolished a 9-storey apartment building in Dnipro and started a large fire. At least 44 civilians were killed and 73 were wounded in the attack. On 8 May 2023, Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Colonel Yurii Ihnat said that "seven aircraft and up to eight launches of Kh-22 cruise missiles" at Odesa Oblast. Many of the missiles are believed to have self-destructed due to their age. Only one

378-672: A carrier battle group was part of Argentina 's efforts against British armed forces during the Falklands War . This was the last conflict so far in which opposing belligerents employed aircraft carriers, although Argentina made little use of its sole carrier, ARA  Veinticinco de Mayo , which was originally built in the United Kingdom as HMS Venerable and later served with the Royal Netherlands Navy (1948–1968). The United States Sixth Fleet assembled

441-661: A coastal village about 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Odesa , where at least one smashed into the Riviera shopping mall around 10:35 PM (after curfew), killing one, and six at targets in the Donetsk Oblast . Between 12 May and 25 June 2022, at least 10 other Russian Kh-22 strikes in Ukraine, involving at least 44 missiles in total, were reported in the media. On 27 June 2022, two Kh-22 or Kh-32 missiles, launched by Russian Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers, were reportedly used in

504-441: A fleet tanker off the east coast of the United States. The deployment was in preparation for the first operational deployment in 2021, which is expected to involve HMS Queen Elizabeth alongside four Royal Navy escorts, two support ships and a submarine. Under current plans, a Royal Navy carrier strike group will typically comprise a Queen Elizabeth -class aircraft carrier, two air defence destroyers, two anti-submarine frigates,

567-740: A force of three carrier battle groups and a battleship during the Lebanese Civil War in 1983. Daily reconnaissance flights were flown over the Bekaa Valley and a strike was flown against targets in the area resulting in loss of an A-6 Intruder and an A-7 Corsair . Carrier battle groups routinely operated in the Gulf of Sidra inside the " Line of Death " proclaimed by Libya resulting in aerial engagements in 1981, 1986 and 1989 between U.S. Navy Tomcats and Libyan Su-22 aircraft, SA-5 surface-to-air missiles and MiG-23 fighters. During

630-420: A great deal of planning to efficiently conduct underway replenishment to minimize the time spent conducting replenishment. The carrier can also provide replenishment on a limited basis to its escorts, but typically a replenishment ship such as a fast combat support ship (AOE) or replenishment oiler (AOR) pulls alongside a carrier and conducts simultaneous operations with the carrier on its port side and one of

693-411: A high-speed dive into the target, with a terminal speed of about Mach 4.6. In low-altitude mode, it climbs to 12,000 m (39,000 ft) and makes a shallow dive at about Mach 3.5. The missile is guided by a gyroscope -stabilized autopilot in conjunction with a radio altimeter . Soviet tests revealed that when a shaped charge warhead weighing 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) was used in the missile,

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756-560: A naval blockade on East Pakistan. Air strikes were carried out initially on shipping in the harbors of Chittagong and Cox's Bazar , sinking or incapacitating most ships there. Further strikes were carried out on Cox's Bazar from 60 nautical miles (110 km) offshore. On the evening of 4 December, the air group again struck Chittagong harbor. Later strikes targeted Khulna and the Port of Mongla . Air strikes continued until 10 December 1971. The first attempted use of anti-ship missiles against

819-586: A nearby dam. This caused the water level of the Inhulets river to increase by 2–3 metres (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in), or even 5–6 metres (16–20 ft). Previously, the Inhulets was too shallow, allowing the Ukrainian army to build pontoon bridges during its southern counteroffensive . However, Ukrainian MoD claimed that Kh-101 missiles were used in the strike. On 14 January 2023,

882-486: A pair of Kh-22 or Kh-32 missiles at targets somewhere in Ukraine. The UK Ministry of Defence stated that Russia is possibly using anti-ship missiles, like the Kh-22, against ground targets and claimed that such missiles "are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties". On 9 May 2022, 13 Kh-22 missiles were reportedly fired by the Russian Air Force : seven at Fontanka,

945-538: A reserve group). Admiral Kuznetsov has been observed sailing together with a Kirov -class battlecruiser (CBGN), Slava -class cruiser (CG), Sovremenny -class destroyer (ASuW), Udaloy -class destroyer (ASW) and Krivak I/II FFG (ASW) . These escorts, especially the heavily armed Kirov -class battlecruiser, use advanced sensors and carry a variety of weaponry. During Admiral Kuznetsov ' s deployment to Syria in November 2016 on her first combat tour,

1008-689: A single formation was revived. During the Cold War, the main role of the CVBG in case of conflict with the Soviet Union would have been to protect Atlantic supply routes between the United States and its NATO allies in Europe, while the role of the Soviet Navy would have been to interrupt these sea lanes, a fundamentally easier task. Because the Soviet Union had no large carriers of its own,

1071-824: A single task force, known as the Kido Butai . This task force was used with devastating effect in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . The Kido Butai operated as the IJN's main carrier battle group until four of its carriers were sunk at the Battle of Midway . In contrast, the United States Navy deployed its large carriers in separate formations, with each carrier assigned its own cruiser and destroyer escorts. These single-carrier formations would often be paired or grouped together for certain assignments, most notably

1134-483: A situation of dueling aircraft carriers would have been unlikely. However, a primary mission of the Soviet Navy's attack submarines was to track every allied battle group and, on the outbreak of hostilities, sink the carriers. Understanding this threat, the CVBG expended enormous resources in its own anti-submarine warfare mission. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, most uses of carrier battle groups by

1197-505: A speed of at least 5,000 km/h (3,100 mph; Mach 4.1). Apparently the missile entered service in the same year. Thirty-two Kh-22 missiles will be modernized to the Kh-32 level in 2018–2020 . The first Kh-22PG missile was fired in 1963. The Kh-22 entered service in 1968, along with its missile carrier, the Tu-22K. The missiles were used by Soviet and then Russian Air Forces on

1260-417: A steep dive to the target. The cruise missile version is also designed to target enemy ships, as well as radars, and "radio-contrast targets" like bridges, military bases, electric power plants, and others. The Kh-32 has an inertial navigation system and radar homing head, making it independent of GPS / GLONASS navigation satellites. Presumably, it has a range of 1,000 km (620 mi; 540 nmi) and

1323-558: A submarine, solid stores ship and a fleet tanker, however the composition varies depending on the operational tasking. While Queen Elizabeth' s initial deployment will be as part of an all-British carrier group, it is envisaged in the longer term that the UK's carriers will usually form the centre of a multi-national operation – in 2018, it was announced that the British and Dutch governments had come to an agreement that would see escort vessels of

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1386-715: Is Italy's first carrier. The battle group based in Taranto called COMFORAL is formed by the carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi , two Durand de la Penne -class destroyers , two support ships Etna and Elettra , and three amphibious/support ships ( San Giusto , San Marco and San Giorgio ). After 2010, the Italian battle group will be formed by the new Italian aircraft carrier  Cavour , 5–6 new warships (including destroyers Horizon and frigates FREMM), one new support ship, some minehunters and new submarines (the COMFORAL will be

1449-483: Is a naval fleet consisting of an aircraft carrier capital ship and its large number of escorts , together defining the group. The CV in CVBG (Cruiser Voler ) is the United States Navy hull classification code for an aircraft carrier . The first naval task forces built around carriers appeared just prior to and during World War II . The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was the first to assemble many carriers into

1512-448: Is a large, long-range anti-ship cruise missile developed by MKB Raduga in the Soviet Union . It was designed for use against aircraft carriers and carrier battle groups , with either a conventional or nuclear warhead . Kh-32 is an updated conventional variant of the Kh-22 and was accepted to service in 2016; it features an improved rocket motor and a new seeker head. After analyzing World War II naval battles and encounters in

1575-531: Is believed to have hit a food storage warehouse in Odesa. The missiles were fired from Tu-22 bombers. Three nights of attacks on Odesa , 17–20 July, had been successful due to the then less advanced systems protecting the city compared to those in Kyiv . Out of nineteen cruise missiles fired, Ukraine only intercepted five on 20 July. The Kh-22 missiles cannot be shot down due to their speed. Yurii Ihnat, spokesman for

1638-646: Is currently building a third carrier , as well as a nuclear-powered fourth carrier planned for construction and expected to be completed by the late 2020s. China is also building a new larger class of air defense destroyers, the Type 055 . The only serving French carrier is the Charles de Gaulle , which also serves as the flagship of the Marine Nationale. The carrier battle group of the Force d'Action Navale

1701-557: Is known as the Groupe Aéronaval (GAN) and is usually composed, in addition to the aircraft carrier, of: This group is commanded by a rear admiral ( contre-amiral , in French) on board the aircraft carrier. The commanding officer of the air group (usually a capitaine de frégate —equivalent to commander) is subordinate to the commanding officer of the aircraft carrier, a senior captain. The escort destroyers (called frigates in

1764-484: Is made in the Kh-22 case and their geometrical dimensions are identical. Warhead weight has been reduced to 500 kg (1,100 lb) to improve range. It has a new, more powerful engine. A new interference-free radar inertial guidance system with radio command correction and reference to the terrain (from altimeter ) was installed. Instead of autopilot installed automatic control system . Its maximum range of 620 miles (997 kilometers) means it can be launched outside

1827-619: Is the modified Kiev -class aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov , INS Vikrant is the first indigenous aircraft carrier built in India. India plans to have three carrier battle groups by 2035, each centered on Vikrant , Vikramaditya and INS  Vishal , another planned carrier. As of 2023, the Indian Navy operates two carrier battle groups centred on INS Vikramaditya and INS Vikrant. The Indian Navy's carrier battle group centred on Viraat consisted of two destroyers, usually of

1890-555: Is within the limited accuracy of Kh-22 missiles. In the night between 30 June and 1 July 2022, three Kh-22 missiles were fired from Tu-22M3s into a 9-storey apartment building and a recreational center in Serhiivka , Ukraine, killing at least 21 people and wounding at least 39. On 14 September 2022, it was reported at least seven Kh-22 missiles were launched by Russia at various hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih , including

1953-726: The Delhi class (previously Rajput s ), two or more frigates, usually of the Brahmaputra , Godavari or Nilgiri classes, and one support ship. The Carrier Battle Group (CBG) led by INS Vikramaditya includes Kolkata-class destroyers , Talwar-class frigates and INS Deepak among others. While the independent CBG of INS Vikrant is not operationalised, it is expected to consist of Delhi-class destroyers , Nilgiri-class frigates and Kamorta -class corvettes and INS Shakti . The CVS–ASW (Aircraft Carrier with Anti-Submarine Warfare) Italian aircraft carrier  Giuseppe Garibaldi

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2016-627: The Battle of the Coral Sea and Midway. By 1943, however, large numbers of fleet and light carriers became available, which required larger formations of three or four carriers. These groups eventually formed the Fast Carrier Task Force , which became the primary battle unit of the U.S. Third and Fifth Fleets . With the construction of the large " supercarriers " of the Cold War era , the practice of operating each carrier in

2079-560: The Kremenchuk shopping mall attack , killing at least 21 people and injuring at least 59. One missile smashed directly into the mall while the other fell about 450 meters away, into the edge of the Kredmash Road Machinery Plant, which primarily manufactures asphalt and concrete mixers, where it injured two of the 100 employees present. Both missiles might have been aimed at the same target since such distance

2142-555: The Royal Netherlands Navy operating as part of the UK Carrier Strike Group. Command of the UK carrier strike group is the responsibility of Commander United Kingdom Carrier Strike Group . A June 2020 National Audit Office report however provided a critical review of the forthcoming Carrier Strike Group, especially noting the delay to the Crowsnest system. In modern United States Navy carrier air operations ,

2205-468: The Тu-22 K ('Blinder-B') and Tu-95 K22 ('Bear-G') strategic bombers in patrol mission. Later, the main launch platform is currently the Tupolev Tu-22M3 ('Backfire') long-range strategic bomber. The first combat use of the missile was reported during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 11 May 2022, a video emerged on internet showing a Russian Air Force Tu-22M3 strategic bomber launching

2268-624: The 1986 clashes, three carrier battle groups deployed to the Gulf of Sidra and ultimately two of them conducted strikes against Libya in Operation El Dorado Canyon . During the international military intervention in the 2011 Libyan civil war , the French Navy deployed its aircraft carrier, Charles de Gaulle , off Libya . The Charles de Gaulle was accompanied by several frigates as Forbin , Dupleix , Aconit ,

2331-515: The 4x Phalanx CIWS and 4x Sea Sparrow launchers, each with 8 missiles carried by the Nimitz -class, Admiral Kuznetsov is well armed for both air-defence and offensive operations against hostile shipping. As one of the pioneers of aircraft carriers, the Royal Navy has maintained a carrier strike capability since the commissioning of HMS  Argus  (I49) in 1918. However, the capability

2394-826: The French denomination) are commanded by more junior captains. France also operates three Mistral -class amphibious assault ships. While incapable of operating fixed-winged aircraft, they function as helicopter carriers and form the backbone of France's amphibious force. These ships are typically escorted by the same escorts the Charles De Gaulle uses. Indian Navy has operated all types of aircraft carriers including CATOBAR configured Vikrant , STOVL configured Viraat and STOBAR configured Vikramaditya and Vikrant (2013) and CBGs centered on them. The Indian Navy has been operating carrier battle groups since 1961, with its first carrier battle group formed around

2457-757: The German U24 of the conventional 206 class which in 2001 "sank" USS Enterprise during the exercise JTFEX 01-2 in the Caribbean Sea by firing flares and taking a photograph through its periscope or the Swedish Gotland which managed the same feat in 2006 during JTFEX 06-2 by penetrating the defensive measures of Carrier Strike Group 7 undetected and snap several pictures of USS  Ronald Reagan . However, carriers have been called upon to be first responders even when conventional land-based aircraft were employed. During Desert Shield,

2520-570: The Kh-22 with a large conventional warhead and the Kh-22N with a 350–1000-kiloton nuclear warhead. In the mid-1970s, this was supplemented by the Kh-22P, an anti-radiation missile for the destruction of radar installations. In the 1970s, the Kh-22 was upgraded to Kh-22M and Kh-22MA standard, with new attack profiles, somewhat longer range, and a datalink allowing mid-course updates. Carrier battle group A carrier battle group ( CVBG )

2583-489: The OKB Design Bureau named after A.N. Tupolev (topic "Potential") for testing air-to-ground missiles 9-A-2362. Flight tests of the aircraft with missiles were conducted at the end of July 2013. Several flights have been completed, including at least one flight with missile launches. As of August 2016, at Tactical Missile Armament Corporation (which includes MKB Raduga ), the research on the product continued. It

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2646-550: The Royal Navy embedded personnel and ships with partner navies, in particular the United States Navy . In 2017, the first Queen Elizabeth -class aircraft carrier HMS  Queen Elizabeth entered service followed by her sister ship HMS  Prince of Wales in 2019. The first carrier strike group took to sea in September 2019 as part of an exercise known as Westlant 19 . HMS Queen Elizabeth and her air group of F-35B Lightning jets operated alongside two surface escorts and

2709-587: The U.S. Navy sortied additional carriers to augment the on-station assets, eventually maintaining six carriers for Desert Storm . Although the U.S. Air Force sent fighters such as the F-16 to theater in Desert Shield, they had to carry bombs with them as no stores were in place for sustained operations, whereas the carriers arrived on scene with full magazines and had support ships to allow them to conduct strikes indefinitely. The Global War on Terror has shown

2772-669: The Ukrainian Air Force, said that “What could be shot down is being shot down,” They required either Patriot missiles or SAMP-T to protect the region from missiles like Kh-22. During the 29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine and other attacks, eight X-22/Kh-22s have been fired at Ukraine by Russian forces. None have been shot down by Ukrainian forces. Although it is suggested that Russia has been targeting areas where there are no Patriot missile batteries, of which Ukraine has three, or one SAMP/T . On 19 April 2024, Ukraine claimed to have shot down two Kh-22/32s for

2835-559: The United States and Europe, while the NATO allies assumed responsibility for less costly brown - and green-water operations. The CSG has replaced the old term of carrier battle group (CVBG or CARBATGRU). The US Navy maintains 11 carrier strike groups, 10 of which are based in the United States and one that is forward deployed in Yokosuka , Japan. An expeditionary strike group is composed of an amphibious assault ship ( LHA / LHD ),

2898-538: The United States as well as that of other Western nations have been in situations where their use has been uncontested by other comparable forces. During the Cold War, an important battle scenario was an attack against a CVBG using numerous anti-ship missiles . British and French carrier battle groups were involved in the 1956 Suez Crisis . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , India used its carrier strike group centered on INS  Vikrant to impose

2961-606: The ability to perform radical trajectory changes to avoid anti-missile systems. It is also noted that CVBGs were designed for Cold War scenarios, and are less useful in establishing control of areas close to shore. It is argued however that such missiles and arsenal ships pose no serious threat as they would be eliminated due to increasing improvement in ship defenses such as Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC), DEW technology and missile technology. Additionally, carrier battle groups proved to be vulnerable to diesel-electric submarines owned by many smaller naval forces . Examples are

3024-506: The carrier was escorted by a pair of Udaloy-class destroyers and a Kirov-class battlecruiser en route, while additional Russian Navy warships met her off Syria. Admiral Kuznetsov is designed specifically to sail alone and carries greater firepower than her U.S. counterparts. This includes 12x SS-N-19 'Shipwreck' (long range, high speed, sea-skimming ) SSMs, 24x VLS units loaded with 192 SA-N-9 'Gauntlet' SAMs , and 8x Kashtan CIWS with dual 30 mm guns, and 8x AK-630 CIWS. Compared to

3087-584: The escorts on its starboard side. The advent of the helicopter provides the ability to speed replenishment by lifting supplies at the same time that fueling hoses and lines are delivering other goods. There is debate in naval warfare circles as to the viability of carrier battle groups in 21st century naval warfare. Proponents of the CVBG argue that it provides unmatched firepower and force projection capabilities. Opponents argue that CVBGs are increasingly vulnerable to arsenal ships and cruise missiles , especially those with supersonic or even hypersonic flight and

3150-615: The first time during the war. Pictures were later released showing the Kh-32 was manufactured in 2023. On 20 August 2024, at the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Oleksandr Syrskyi for the first time announced data on how many weapons Russia has used since 2022, as well as how many were intercepted. The report said that only 2/362 (0.55%) of Kh-22/32s were intercepted by Ukraine’s air defense Two initial versions were built,

3213-618: The flexibility and responsiveness of the carrier on multiple occasions when land-based air was not feasible or able to respond in a timely fashion. After the 11 September terrorist attacks on the U.S., carriers immediately headed to the Arabian Sea to support Operation Enduring Freedom and took up station, building to a force of three carriers. Their steaming location was closer to the targets in Afghanistan than any land-based assets and thereby more responsive. The USS  Kitty Hawk

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3276-575: The late 1940s and early 1950s, Soviet military thinkers concluded that the era of large seaborne battles was over, and that stand-off attacks would be the way to neutralize and incapacitate large battle groups without having to field a similar force against them. Substituting cruise missiles for air attacks, Soviet Air Forces and Soviet Naval Aviation commanders set about converting their heavy bombers to raketonosets , or missile carriers, which could be launched against approaching enemy fleets from coastal or island airfields. The Kh-22 (Complex 22) weapon

3339-751: The maximum range of US Navy F/A-18 Super Hornets , which have a maximum combat radius of around 550 miles (885 kilometers). However, if the F/A-18s are armed with AIM-120D (max range 86 nmi (160 km)), the Super Hornets can still intercept the launching platform. Konstantin Sivkov (Retired Russian colonel) believes that Kh-32 possesses powerful means of breaking through the missile defense system of Aegis Combat System , equipped with Standard Missile 6 missiles: Kh-22 The Kh-22 "Storm" ( Russian : Х-22 "Буря" , NATO reporting name AS-4 'Kitchen')

3402-526: The now decommissioned INS  Vikrant . INS  Viraat was an updated Centaur -class light carrier originally built for the Royal Navy as HMS  Hermes , which was laid down in 1944 and commissioned in 1959. It was purchased by India in May 1987, and was decommissioned in March 2017. India commissioned INS  Vikramaditya in 2013 followed by the new INS  Vikrant in 2022. INS Vikramaditya

3465-619: The period when the American navy recommissioned all four of its Iowa -class battleships , it sometimes used a similar formation centered on a battleship , referred to as a battleship battle group. It was alternately referred to as a surface action group. The battleship battle group typically consisted of one modernized battleship , one Ticonderoga -class cruiser , one Kidd -class destroyer or Arleigh Burke -class destroyer, one Spruance -class destroyer, three Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates and one auxiliary ship such as

3528-574: The replenishment tanker Meuse and two Rubis -class nuclear attack submarines. China plans to set up several carrier battle groups in the future . At present China's two aircraft carriers, the Liaoning and Shandong , use Type 055 destroyers for area air defence with anti-submarine warfare , Type 052C or Type 052D destroyers for air defense , Type 054A frigates for anti-submarine and anti-ship warfare , 1–2 Type 093 nuclear attack submarines , and 1 Type 901 supply ship. China

3591-548: The resulting hole measured 5 m (16 ft) in diameter, 19.6 m (210 sq ft) in area, and was 12 m (40 ft) deep. By August 2016, Russia was finalizing the trials of the Kh-32 cruise missile, a derivative of the Kh-22. Designed for use by the Tu-22M3 bomber, the missile is designed to climb to 40 km (130,000 ft) to the stratosphere after launch, transition to level flight, then perform

3654-608: The topic was suspended several times. In 1998, the first missile tests were carried out on the basis of the 929th GLITS, and further work was stopped due to lack of funding from the Tupolev Design Bureau for the modernization of the aircraft-carrier. On 7 March 2008, Contract No. 83042 was signed with the Raduga State Committee for Design and Development for testing prototypes of 9-A-2362 missiles with TK-56 missiles until 25 November 2011. OJSC Tupolev

3717-480: Was adapted to be a support base for special operations helicopters. Carriers were used again in Operation Iraqi Freedom and even provided aircraft to be based ashore on occasion and have done so periodically when special capabilities are needed. This precedent was established during World War II in the Battle of Guadalcanal . Regardless of the debate over viability, the United States has made

3780-531: Was also confirmed that the product is in a high degree of technical readiness. At the end of 2016 the Kh-32 missile was officially adopted . Planned modernization of 30 aircraft Tu-22M3 in the Tu-22M3M version. On 19 April 2024, Ukraine claimed to have shot down two Kh-22/32s for the first time during the war. Pictures were later released showing the Kh-32 was manufactured in 2023 and that it had suffered damage from an anti-aircraft missile. The Kh-32 missile

3843-577: Was developed by the Raduga design bureau and used to arm the Tupolev Tu-22 . The Kh-22 uses a Tumansky liquid-fuel rocket engine , fueled with TG-02 ( Tonka-250 ) and IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid ), giving it a maximum speed of Mach 4.6 and a range of up to 600 km (320 nmi). It can be launched in either high-altitude or low-altitude mode. In high-altitude mode, it climbs to an altitude of 27,000 m (89,000 ft) and makes

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3906-429: Was temporarily lost between 2010 and 2018, following the retirement of the Invincible -class aircraft carrier and Harrier GR9s . During this period, the Royal Navy worked to regenerate its carrier strike capability based on the Carrier-Enabled Power Projection (CEPP) concept by ordering two Queen Elizabeth -class aircraft carriers and the F-35B Lightning to operate from them. To maintain its skills and experience,

3969-419: Was to re-equip one combat aircraft Tu-22M3 for testing within the framework of the topic Adaptation-45.03M. Based on the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of Russia No. 1080-31 December 2010 on the state defense order for 2011 and its planned period for 2012–2013, the Tu-22M3 aircraft board No. 9804 / head No. 4898649 as part of the modernization of the Tu-22M3 fleet was reequipped with pilot production of

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