70-680: Khagaul is a city and a municipality in Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar . It is a part of the Danapur-cum-Khagaul block of Patna. Khagaul is an ancient city and was an ancient observatory under Mauryan rule. Nagar Parishad city in the district of Patna, Bihar. The Khagaul city is divided into 27 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. Khagaul Nagar Parishad has total administration of over 7,951 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It
140-506: A zij produced by Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī and Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq , who translated an 8th-century Indian astronomical work after 770, with the assistance of Indian astronomers who were at the court of caliph Al-Mansur . Zij al-Shah was also based upon Indian astronomical tables , compiled in the Sasanian Empire over a period of two centuries. Fragments of texts during this period show that Arab astronomers adopted
210-540: A fact that the Maragha school never made the big leap to heliocentrism . In the 12th century, non-heliocentric alternatives to the Ptolemaic system were developed by some Islamic astronomers in al-Andalus, following a tradition established by Ibn Bajjah , Ibn Tufail , and Ibn Rushd . A notable example is Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model mathematical, and not physical. Al-Bitruji proposed
280-546: A list of objections to Ptolemic astronomy. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi also exposed problems present in Ptolemy's work. In 1261, he published his Tadkhira , which contained 16 fundamental problems he found with Ptolemaic astronomy, and by doing this, set off a chain of Islamic scholars that would attempt to solve these problems. Scholars such as Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi , Ibn al-Shatir, and Shams al-Din al-Khafri all worked to produce new models for solving Tusi's 16 Problems, and
350-400: A municipality has jurisdiction may encompass: Powers of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state . Municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax , property tax , and corporate income tax , but may also receive substantial funding from the state. In some European countries, such as Germany, municipalities have
420-471: A profound influence on the development of Islamic astronomy . Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of Varahamihira (flourished c. 550), Bhaskara I (flourished c. 629), Brahmagupta (598 – c. 665), and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight. Aryabhatiya was particularly popular in South India, where numerous mathematicians over
490-676: A similar observatory in Baghdad. Reports by Ibn Yunus and al-Zarqali in Toledo and Cordoba indicate the use of sophisticated instruments for their time. It was Malik Shah I who established the first large observatory, probably in Isfahan . It was here where Omar Khayyám with many other collaborators constructed a zij and formulated the Persian Solar Calendar a.k.a. the jalali calendar . A modern version of this calendar,
560-704: A terrestrial globe and an armillary sphere , as well as an astronomical almanac , which was later known in China as the Wannian Li ("Ten Thousand Year Calendar" or "Eternal Calendar"). He was known as "Zhamaluding" in China, where, in 1271, he was appointed by Khan as the first director of the Islamic observatory in Beijing, known as the Islamic Astronomical Bureau, which operated alongside
630-455: A theory of " lords of the hours and days" (an astrological concept used for determining propitious times for action). Aryabhatiya ends with spherical astronomy in Gola , where he applied plane trigonometry to spherical geometry by projecting points and lines on the surface of a sphere onto appropriate planes. Topics include the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses and an explicit statement that
700-401: A theory on planetary motion in which he wished to avoid both epicycles and eccentrics . He was unsuccessful in replacing Ptolemy's planetary model, as the numerical predictions of the planetary positions in his configuration were less accurate than those of the Ptolemaic model. One original aspects of al-Bitruji's system is his proposal of a physical cause of celestial motions. He contradicts
770-559: Is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction. Khagaul is located at 25°35′N 85°03′E / 25.58°N 85.05°E / 25.58; 85.05 . It has an average elevation of 55 metres (180 feet). As of 2001 India census , Khagaul had a population of 48,330. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Khagaul had an average literacy rate of 71.5%. In Khagaul, 13% of
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#1732787750775840-406: Is around 91.81% while the female literacy rate is 81.23%. Khagaul is a historical place. In ancient times, before Christ, Khagaul was called Kusumpura or Kusumpur , near Pataliputra, which was the capital city of the mighty Magadh Empire. Pushpapur was located between Pataliputra and Kusumpur. In modern times Pataliputra is called Patna, whereas Kusumpura or Kusumpur is called Khagaul, and Pushpapur
910-575: Is called Father of Algebra , Geometry and Trigonometry, the Concept of Zero (0), and the decimal system. Aryabhata, also called Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder (born in the year 476 AD), at Kusumapura, near Pataliputra or present-day Patna in India) was astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata
980-542: Is called Phulwari or Phulwari Shree or Phulwari Sharif. Shakhtar and Chanakya (also known as Kautilya or Vishnugupta), two famous Prime Ministers of the Magadh Empire belonged to Kusumpur or present-day Khagaul during Fourth Century BC. Chanakya had provided initial education and training to Chandragupta Maurya (Great Emperor of the Magadh Empire and Founder of the Maurya Dynasty) at this very place. Under
1050-470: Is proportional to sine. Mathematical series, quadratic equations , compound interest (involving a quadratic equation), proportions (ratios), and the solution of various linear equations are among the arithmetic and algebraic topics included. Aryabhata's general solution for linear indeterminate equations, which Bhaskara I called kuttakara ("pulverizer"), consisted of breaking the problem down into new problems with successively smaller coefficients—essentially
1120-467: Is subordinate. The term municipality may also mean the governing body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district . The English word is derived from French municipalité , which in turn derives from the Latin municipalis , based on the word for social contract ( municipium ), referring originally to
1190-742: The Huihui Lifa , a text combining Chinese astronomy with Islamic astronomy works of Jamal ad-Din, was studied in Joseon Korea during the time of Sejong the Great in the 15th century. The first systematic observations in Islam are reported to have taken place under the patronage of al-Mamun. Here, and in many other private observatories from Damascus to Baghdad, meridian degree measurement were performed ( al-Ma'mun's arc measurement ), solar parameters were established, and detailed observations of
1260-554: The Abbasid astronomer Al-Farghani wrote Kitab fi Jawami ("A compendium of the science of stars"). The book gave a summary of Ptolemic cosmography . However, it also corrected Ptolemy based on the findings of earlier Arab astronomers. Al-Farghani gave revised values for the obliquity of the ecliptic , the precession of the apogees of the Sun and the Moon, and the circumference of
1330-664: The Copernican Revolution , the De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , mentioned al-Battani no fewer than 23 times, and also mentions him in the Commentariolus . Tycho Brahe , Giovanni Battista Riccioli , Johannes Kepler , Galileo Galilei , and others frequently cited him or his observations. His data is still used in geophysics. Around 1190, al-Bitruji published an alternative geocentric system to Ptolemy's model. His system spread through most of Europe during
1400-678: The De revolutionibus while discussing theories of the order of the inferior planets. Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory, in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple, influenced Renaissance-era European astronomy and thus Copernicus. Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources. Furthermore,
1470-582: The Solar Hijri calendar , is still in official use in Iran and Afghanistan today. The most influential observatory was however founded by Hulegu Khan during the 13th century. Here, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi supervised its technical construction at Maragha . The facility contained resting quarters for Hulagu Khan, as well as a library and mosque. Some of the top astronomers of the day gathered there, and from their collaboration resulted important modifications to
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#17327877507751540-715: The astronomical developments made in the Islamic world , particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (9th–13th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language . These developments mostly took place in the Middle East , Central Asia , Al-Andalus , and North Africa , and later in the Far East and India . It closely parallels the genesis of other Islamic sciences in its assimilation of foreign material and
1610-656: The qibla (the direction towards the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca ) inspired intellectual progress in astronomy. The philosopher Al-Farabi (d. 950) described astronomy in terms of mathematics, music, and optics. He showed how astronomy could be used to describe the Earth's motion, and the position and movement of celestial bodies, and separated mathematical astronomy from science, restricting astronomy to describing
1680-465: The sine function from India in place of the chords of arc used in Greek trigonometry . Ptolemy’s Almagest (a geocentric spherical Earth cosmic model) was translated at least five times in the late eighth and ninth centuries, which was the main authoritative work that informed the Arabic astronomical tradition. The rise of Islam , with its obligation to determine the five daily prayer times and
1750-475: The " Islamic Golden Age " (10th to 12th centuries) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius (Al-Battani), Averroes (Ibn Rushd), Thebit (Thābit ibn Qurra) , Arzachel (Al-Zarqali) , and Alpetragius (Al-Bitruji), but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school. It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took
1820-618: The "simplified instrument" ( jianyi ) and the large gnomon at the Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory show traces of Islamic influence. While formulating the Shoushili calendar in 1281, Shoujing's work in spherical trigonometry may have also been partially influenced by Islamic mathematics , which was largely accepted at Kublai's court. These possible influences include a pseudo-geometrical method for converting between equatorial and ecliptic coordinates ,
1890-414: The 12th century . Islamic astronomy also had an influence on Chinese astronomy . A significant number of stars in the sky, such as Aldebaran , Altair and Deneb , and astronomical terms such as alidade , azimuth , and nadir , are still referred to by their Arabic names. A large corpus of literature from Islamic astronomy remains today, numbering approximately 10,000 manuscripts scattered throughout
1960-449: The 13th century, with debates and refutations of his ideas continued to the 16th century. In 1217, Michael Scot finished a Latin translation of al-Bitruji's Book of Cosmology ( Kitāb al-Hayʾah ), which became a valid alternative to Ptolemy's Almagest in scholasticist circles . Several European writers, including Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon , explained it in detail and compared it with Ptolemy's. Copernicus cited his system in
2030-567: The 15th century, the Timurid ruler Ulugh Beg of Samarkand established his court as a center of patronage for astronomy. He studied it in his youth, and in 1420 ordered the construction of Ulugh Beg Observatory, which produced a new set of astronomical tables, as well as contributing to other scientific and mathematical advances. Several major astronomical works were produced in the early 16th century, including ones by Al-Birjandi (d. 1525 or 1526) and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (fl. 1525). However,
2100-609: The Aristotelian idea that there is a specific kind of dynamics for each world, applying instead the same dynamics to the sublunar and the celestial worlds. In the late 13th century, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi created the Tusi couple, as pictured above. Other notable astronomers from the later medieval period include Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi ( c. 1266 ), Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi ( c. 1311 ), Sadr al-Sharia al-Bukhari ( c. 1347 ), Ibn al-Shatir ( c. 1375 ), and Ali Qushji ( c. 1474 ). In
2170-571: The Chinese Astronomical Bureau for four centuries. Islamic astronomy gained a good reputation in China for its theory of planetary latitudes , which did not exist in Chinese astronomy at the time, and for its accurate prediction of eclipses. Some of the astronomical instruments constructed by the famous Chinese astronomer Guo Shoujing shortly afterwards resemble the style of instrumentation built at Maragheh. In particular,
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2240-592: The Earth . The book was circulated through the Muslim world, and translated into Latin . By the 10th century, texts had appeared that doubted that Ptolemy's works were correct. Islamic scholars questioned the Earth's apparent immobility, and position at the centre of the universe, now that independent investigations into the Ptolemaic system were possible. The 10th century Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus found errors in Ptolemy's calculations. Ptolemy calculated that
2310-450: The Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own. He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis, this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters, but he considered this a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics. His contemporary, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi , accepted that
2380-424: The Earth rotates around its axis. Al-Biruni described an astrolabe invented by Sijzi based on the idea that the earth rotates. The fact that some people did believe that the earth is moving on its own axis is further confirmed by an Arabic reference work from the 13th century which states: According to the geometers [or engineers] ( muhandisīn ), the earth is in a constant circular motion, and what appears to be
2450-426: The Earth's angle of axial precession varied by one degree every 100 years. Ibn Yunus calculated the rate of change to be one degree every 70 1 ⁄ 4 years. Between 1025 and 1028, the polymath Ibn al-Haytham wrote his Al-Shukuk ala Batlamyus ("Doubts on Ptolemy"). While not disputing the existence of the geocentric model , he criticized elements of the Ptolemy's theories. Other astronomers took up
2520-580: The Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name. He flourished in Kusumapura—near Pataliputra (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty—where he composed at least two works, Aryabhatiya ( c. 499) and the now lost Aryabhatasiddhanta . Aryabhatasiddhanta circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sāsānian dynasty (224–651) of Iran, had
2590-468: The Euclidean algorithm and related to the method of continued fractions. With Kala-kriya Aryabhata turned to astronomy—in particular, treating planetary motion along the ecliptic. The topics include definitions of various units of time, eccentric and epicyclic models of planetary motion ( see Hipparchus for earlier Greek models), planetary longitude corrections for different terrestrial locations, and
2660-520: The Imperial Observatory. They wrote many books on Islamic astronomy and also manufactured astronomical equipment based on the Islamic system. The translation of two important works into Chinese was completed in 1383: Zij (1366) and al-Madkhal fi Sina'at Ahkam al-Nujum, Introduction to Astrology (1004). In 1384, a Chinese astrolabe was made for observing stars based on the instructions for making multi-purposed Islamic equipment. In 1385,
2730-621: The Latin communities that supplied Rome with troops in exchange for their own incorporation into the Roman state (granting Roman citizenship to the inhabitants) while permitting the communities to retain their own local governments (a limited autonomy). A municipality can be any political jurisdiction , from a sovereign state such as the Principality of Monaco , to a small village such as West Hampton Dunes, New York . The territory over which
2800-467: The Maragha school, postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957, remains an open question. Since the Tusi couple was used by Copernicus in his reformulation of mathematical astronomy, there is a growing consensus that he became aware of this idea in some way. It has been suggested that the idea of the Tusi couple may have arrived in Europe leaving few manuscript traces, since it could have occurred without
2870-700: The Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan brought Iranians to Beijing to construct an observatory and an institution for astronomical studies. Several Chinese astronomers worked at the Maragheh observatory, founded by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in 1259 under the patronage of Hulagu Khan in Persia. One of these Chinese astronomers was Fu Mengchi, or Fu Mezhai. In 1267, the Persian astronomer Jamal ad-Din , who previously worked at Maragha observatory, presented Kublai Khan with seven Persian astronomical instruments , including
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2940-544: The Spanish term ayuntamiento , referring to a municipality's administration building, is extended via synecdoche to denote the municipality itself. In Moldova and Romania , both municipalities ( municipiu ; urban administrative units) and communes ( comună ; rural units) exist, and a commune may be part of a municipality. In many countries, comparable entities may exist with various names. Islamic astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy comprises
3010-587: The Sun, Moon , and planets were undertaken. During the 10th century, the Buwayhid dynasty encouraged the undertaking of extensive works in astronomy; such as the construction of a large-scale instruments with which observations were made in the year 950. This is known through recordings made in the zij of astronomers such as Ibn al-A'lam . The great astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi was patronised by prince 'Adud al-Dawla , who systematically revised Ptolemy's catalogue of stars . Sharaf al-Dawla also established
3080-448: The amalgamation of the disparate elements of that material to create a science with Islamic characteristics. These included Greek , Sassanid , and Indian works in particular, which were translated and built upon. Islamic astronomy played a significant role in the revival of ancient astronomy following the loss of knowledge during the early medieval period , notably with the production of Latin translations of Arabic works during
3150-527: The apparatus was installed on a hill in northern Nanjing. Around 1384, during the Ming dynasty, Hongwu Emperor ordered the Chinese translation and compilation of Islamic astronomical tables, a task that was carried out by the scholars Mashayihei , a Muslim astronomer, and Wu Bozong , a Chinese scholar-official. These tables came to be known as the Huihui Lifa ( Muslim System of Calendrical Astronomy ), which
3220-556: The apparent westward motion of the stars is due to the spherical Earth's rotation about its axis. Aryabhata also correctly ascribed the luminosity of the Moon and planets to reflected sunlight. The Indian Government named its first satellite Aryabhata (launched 1975) in his honour. Municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it
3290-536: The challenge posed in this work, and went on to develop alternate models that resolved the difficulties identified by Ibn al-Haytham. In 1070, Abu Ubayd al-Juzjani published the Tarik al-Aflak , in which he discussed the issues arising from Ptolemy's theory of equants , and proposed a solution. The anonymous work al-Istidrak ala Batlamyus ("Recapitulation regarding Ptolemy"), produced in Al-Andalus , included
3360-534: The community living in the area and the common interest. These include terms: The same terms "Gemeente" (Dutch) or "Gemeinde" (German) may be used for church congregations or parishes, for example, in the German and Dutch Protestant churches. In Greece, the word Δήμος ( demos ) is used, also meaning 'community'; the word is known in English from the compound democracy (rule of the people). In some countries,
3430-400: The constitutional right to supply public services through municipally-owned public utility companies . Terms cognate with "municipality", mostly referring to territory or political structure, are Spanish municipio (Spain) and municipalidad (Chile), Catalan municipi , Portuguese município . In many countries, terms cognate with "commune" are used, referring to
3500-414: The correct observation and applied concept. Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi was another engineer/scholar that tried to make sense of the motion of planets. He came up with the concept of lemma, which is a way of representing the epicyclical motion of planets without using Ptolemic method. Lemma was intended to replace the concept of equant as well. Abu Rayhan Biruni (b. 973) discussed the possibility of whether
3570-433: The disciple of Chanakya, was made King-Emperor of the Magadh Empire and Chanakya became its Prime Minister. Chanakya was a great scholar, economist , administrator, jurist, lawmaker, and a very sharp-minded nationalist and shrewd politician. He was a student of Takshashila or Taxila University, and also worked as an Acharya or professor at the same university. Under the guidance of Chanakya, the mighty Magadh Empire had become
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#17327877507753640-458: The ensuing millennium wrote commentaries. The work was written in verse couplets and deals with mathematics and astronomy. Following an introduction that contains astronomical tables and Aryabhata's system of phonemic number notation in which numbers are represented by a consonant-vowel monosyllable, the work is divided into three sections: Ganita ("Mathematics"), Kala-kriya ("Time Calculations"), and Gola ("Sphere"). In Ganita Aryabhata names
3710-467: The exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al-Shatir (d. c. 1375 ) of Damascus. Copernicus' lunar and Mercury models are also identical to Ibn al-Shatir's. While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit, the claim of direct influence of
3780-504: The first 10 decimal places and gives algorithms for obtaining square and cubic roots, using the decimal number system. Then he treats geometric measurements —employing 62,832/20,000 (= 3.1416) for π—and develops properties of similar right-angled triangles and two intersecting circles. Using the Pythagorean theorem , he obtained one of the two methods for constructing his table of sines. He also realized that second-order sine difference
3850-452: The guidance of Chanakya, the mighty Magadh Empire was spread from present-day India , Bangladesh , Pakistan , and Afghanistan up to Iran after defeating the forces of Alexander and Seleucus. The tyrannical rule of King Dhanananda over Magadh was brought to an end by the rebellion of Chanakya after his arrest, humiliation, and death sentence inflicted against his father Chanak by the tyrannical King Dhanananda. Thereafter, Chandragupta Maurya,
3920-545: The idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited. Another possible source for Copernicus's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al-Tusi. Islamic influence on Chinese astronomy
3990-504: The models they worked to create would become widely adopted by astronomers for use in their own works. Nasir al-Din Tusi wanted to use the concept of Tusi couple to replace the "equant" concept in Ptolemic model. Since the equant concept would result in the moon distance to change dramatically through each month, at least by the factor of two if the math is done. But with the Tusi couple, the moon would just rotate around Earth resulting in
4060-420: The most powerful, influential, most developed, and richest empire in the world, and Pataliputra had become the most beautiful city. After the 5th century AD, Kusumpur was renamed Khagaul after Khagol or Khagol Shastra i.e. Astronomy, as it was an eminent center of Astronomical Observatory (Khagoliya Vedhashala) established by Aryabhata or Aryabhatta for Astronomical Studies and Astronomical Research. Aryabhatta
4130-506: The motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars. At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth's rotation was discussed by Najm al-Din al-Qazwini al-Katibi (d. 1277), Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403). The arguments and evidence used by Tusi and Qushji resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's motion. However, it remains
4200-625: The newly established national observatory. That year, the Ming government summoned for the first time the astronomical officials to come south from the upper capital of Yuan. There were fourteen of them. In order to enhance accuracy in methods of observation and computation, Hongwu Emperor reinforced the adoption of parallel calendar systems, the Han and the Hui. In the following years, the Ming Court appointed several Hui astrologers to hold high positions in
4270-453: The population was under 6 years of age. As of 2011 India Census, The Khagaul Nagar Parishad had a population of 44,364 of which 23,492 are males while 20,872 are females. The population of children with age 0-6 is 5198 which is 11.72% of the total population of Khagaul. The female Sex Ratio is 888 against the state average of 918. The literacy rate of Khagaul city is 86.82% higher than the state average of 61.80%. In Khagaul, Male literacy
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#17327877507754340-548: The position, shape, and size of distant objects. Al-Farabi used the writings of Ptolemy , as described in his Analemma , a way of calculating the Sun's position from any fixed location. The House of Wisdom was an academy established in Baghdad under Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun in the early 9th century. Astronomical research was greatly supported by al-Mamun through the House of Wisdom. The first major Muslim work of astronomy
4410-402: The rising and setting of particular stars, and this indigenous constellation tradition was known as Anwā’ . The study of Anwā’ was developed after Islamization when Arab astronomers introduced mathematics to their study of the night sky. The first astronomical texts that were translated into Arabic were of Indian and Persian origin. The most notable was Zij al-Sindhind ,
4480-492: The systematic use of decimals in the underlying parameters, and the application of cubic interpolation in the calculation of the irregularity in the planetary motions. Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398) of the Ming dynasty (1328–1398), in the first year of his reign (1368), conscripted Han and non-Han astrology specialists from the astronomical institutions in Beijing of the former Mongolian Yuan to Nanjing to become officials of
4550-589: The translation of any Arabic text into Latin. One possible route of transmission may have been through Byzantine science , which translated some of al-Tusi 's works from Arabic into Byzantine Greek . Several Byzantine Greek manuscripts containing the Tusi-couple are still extant in Italy. Other scholars have argued that Copernicus could well have developed these ideas independently of the late Islamic tradition. Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of
4620-532: The vast majority of works written in this and later periods in the history of Islamic sciences are yet to be studied. Islamic astronomy influenced Malian astronomy . Several works of Islamic astronomy were translated to Latin starting from the 12th century . The work of al-Battani (d. 929), Kitāb az-Zīj ("Book of Astronomical Tables "), was frequently cited by European astronomers and received several reprints, including one with annotations by Regiomontanus . Nicolaus Copernicus , in his book that initiated
4690-482: The world, many of which have not been read or catalogued. Even so, a reasonably accurate picture of Islamic activity in the field of astronomy can be reconstructed. The Islamic historian Ahmad Dallal notes that, unlike the Babylonians , Greeks , and Indians , who had developed elaborate systems of mathematical astronomical study, the pre-Islamic Arabs relied upon empirical observations . These were based on
4760-441: Was Zij al-Sindhind , produced by the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in 830. It contained tables for the movements of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn . The work introduced Ptolemaic concepts into Islamic science, and marked a turning point in Islamic astronomy, which had previously concentrated on translating works, but which now began to develop new ideas. In 850,
4830-563: Was first recorded during the Song dynasty when a Hui Muslim astronomer named Ma Yize introduced the concept of seven days in a week and made other contributions. Islamic astronomers were brought to China in order to work on calendar making and astronomy during the Mongol Empire and the succeeding Yuan dynasty . The Chinese scholar Yeh-lu Chu'tsai accompanied Genghis Khan to Persia in 1210 and studied their calendar for use in
4900-453: Was published in China a number of times until the early 18th century, though the Qing dynasty had officially abandoned the tradition of Chinese-Islamic astronomy in 1659. The Muslim astronomer Yang Guangxian was known for his attacks on the Jesuit's astronomical sciences. In the early Joseon , the Islamic calendar served as a basis for calendar reform being more accurate than the existing Chinese-based calendars. A Korean translation of
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