The Khakas are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia , who live in the republic of Khakassia , Russia . They speak the Khakas language .
60-623: The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia, including the Andronovo culture , Samoyedic peoples , the Tagar culture , and the Yenisei Kyrgyz culture, although some populations traditionally called Khakhassian are not related to Khakhassians or any other ethnic group present in the area. The Khakas people were historically known as Kyrgyz , before being labelled as Tatar by
120-545: A Mongolian ruler. The Russians arrived shortly after the Kyrgyz left, and an inflow of Russian agragian settlers began. In the 1820s, gold mines started to be developed around Minusinsk , which became a regional industrial center. The names Khongorai and Khoorai were applied to the Khakas before they became known as the Khakas. Khakas refer to themselves as Tadar. Khoorai (Khorray) has also been in use to refer to them. Now
180-533: A hundred houses have been discovered. Andronovo houses were generally constructed from pine , cedar , or birch , and were usually aligned overlooking the banks of rivers . Larger homes range in the size from 80 to 300 m , and probably belonged to extended families, a typical feature among early Indo-Iranians. Soma may have originated in the Andronovo culture. Andronovo livestock included cattle , horses , sheep , goats and camels . The domestic pig
240-468: A new branch, E-V44, which is a sister branch to E1-P147; E-P147 and E-V44 share the V3725 mutation, making E2-M75 and E-V3725 the two known primary branches of E. Two Saudi private testers from Mecca and Jizan were also found to belong to this elusive and rare branch. It is not known whether or not some (or all) other E*(xE1,E2) in previous studies would fall into V44 as well. E-P147 (also known as E1)
300-519: A plague (although it was not the plague). The three people in that grave all died at the same time, and the researcher believes that this para-plague is what killed them. Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages . It is credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled chariot around 2000 BC, if we include the Sintashta culture , where the oldest known chariots have been found. The association between
360-480: A pottery made by late Bronze Age nomads. "It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within
420-517: A single Bantu -speaking male from South Africa . E(xE1a-M33, E1b1-P2, E2-M75) was reported among several Southern African populations and in an Egyptian man; E(xE1a-M33, E1b1a1-M2, E1b1b-M215, E2-M75) has also been observed amongst pygmies and Bantu from Cameroon and Gabon ; and also in Burkina Faso and a Fulbe man from Niger . Recently it was discovered that 3 East African men previously classified only as E*-M96 could be assigned to
480-551: Is a collection of similar local Late Bronze Age cultures that flourished c. 2000–1150 BC, spanning from the southern Urals to the upper Yenisei River in central Siberia and western Xinjiang in the east. In the south, the Andronovo sites reached Tajikistan and Uzbekistan . It is almost universally agreed among scholars that the Andronovo culture was Indo-Iranian . Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon . Andronovo culture's first stage could have begun at
540-541: Is by far the most numerous and widely distributed branch of E-M96. It has two primary branches: E-M132 (E1a) and E-P177 (E1b). Haplogroup E1a is split into two branches: E1a1 (E-M44) which has been mostly found in Europe , West Asia and among Ashkenazi Jews ; and E1a2 (E-Z958) which has been exclusively identified in Sub-Saharan Africa . Haplogroup E-P2 (E1b1) is the most frequent variant of E-M96 and
600-650: Is considered the type site of the Sintashta culture , forming one of the earliest parts of the "Andronovo horizon". It is conjectured that the language spoken was still in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage. Comparisons between the archaeological evidence of the Andronovo and textual evidence of Indo-Iranians (i. e. the Vedas and the Avesta ) are frequently made to support the Indo-Iranian identity of
660-734: Is most common among Afro-Asiatic speakers in the Near East , North Africa and the Horn of Africa , and it has also been reported among some Nilo-Saharan and Niger–Congo speakers in North East Africa and Sudan . E-M215 is far less common in West, Central, and Southern Africa, though it has been observed among some Khoisan speakers and among Niger–Congo speakers in Senegambia , Guinea-Bissau , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Gabon ,
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#1732764998377720-587: Is near the roots of the tree and is only found among males on the African continent. The major haplogroup detected was E. Haplogroup E has its origin in West Africa . Due to immigration haplogroup A , which originally dominated in Ethiopia , has been partly replaced." In 2015, Poznik & Underhill et al. claimed haplogroup E arose outside Africa, arguing that, "This model of geographical segregation within
780-526: Is notably absent, which is typical of a mobile economy. The percentage of cattle among Andronovo remains are significantly higher than among their western Srubna neighbours. The horse was represented on Andronovo sites and was used for both riding and traction. According to the Journal of Archaeological Science , in July 2020, scientists from South Ural State University studied two Late Bronze Age horses with
840-764: Is present throughout Subequatorial Africa, particularly in the African Great Lakes and Central Africa . The highest concentration of the haplogroup has been found among the Alur (66.67%), Hema (38.89%), Rimaibe (27.03%), Mbuti (25.00%), Daba (22.22%), Eviya (20.83%), Zulu (20.69%), and Kenyan Bantus (17.24%). Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of Dama from Namibia, 4% (1/26) of Ganda from Uganda, 3% (1/39) of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal, and 2% (1/49) of Sena from Mozambique . Private commercial DNA testing at Family Tree DNA shows numerous E-M75 males originating from
900-543: Is rare. Haplogroup E1a is split into two main branches: E1a1 (E-M44) which has been mostly found in Europe , West Asia and among Ashkenazi Jews ; and E1a2 (E-Z958) which has been exclusively identified in Sub-Saharan Africa . Haplogroup E-M2 is the most prevalent subclade of E in Sub-Saharan Africa and is strongly associated with expansion of Bantu speakers . E-M215 is found at high frequencies in North Africa , West Asia , East Africa and Europe . E-M215
960-696: The Abashevo culture . The earliest historical peoples associated with the area are the Cimmerians and Saka / Scythians , appearing in Assyrian records after the decline of the Alekseyevka culture , migrating into Ukraine from ca. the 9th century BC (see also Ukrainian stone stela ), and across the Caucasus into Anatolia and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as
1020-620: The Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Kuwait , Yemen , and the United Arab Emirates ), and among Ashkenazi Jews . E-M75 has also been identified in a Lebanese male. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed
1080-541: The Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Namibia , and South Africa . Paragroup E-M96* refers to lineages belonging to the E clade but which cannot be classified into any known branch. E(xE1-P147, E2-M75) - that is, E which has tested negative for both P147 and M75 - has been reported in 3 males from Lebanon , 2 Amharas from Ethiopia , 2 males from Syria , 2 males from Saudi Arabia , and in
1140-806: The Indo-Iranian to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the Medes , Persians or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the Kulturkugel model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over Bactria-Margiana cultural traits but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India. Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 17th–16th century BC attestation at
1200-671: The Minusinsk depression, with some sites as far west as the southern Ural Mountains , overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture . Additional sites are scattered as far south as the Kopet Dag ( Turkmenistan ), the Pamir ( Tajikistan ) and the Tian Shan ( Kyrgyzstan ). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the Taiga . More recently, evidence for
1260-567: The Revolution of 1905 , a movement towards autonomy developed. When Soviets came to power in 1923, the Khakas National District was established, and various ethnic groups (Beltir, Sagai, Kachin, Koibal , and Kyzyl) were artificially "combined" into one—the Khakas. The National District was reorganized into Khakas Autonomous Oblast , a part of Krasnoyarsk Krai , in 1930. The Republic of Khakassia in its present form
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#17327649983771320-892: The Thracians (see Thraco-Cimmerian ), and the Sigynnae , located by Herodotus beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by Strabo near the Caspian Sea . Both Herodotus and Strabo identify them as Iranian. The Andronovo culture comprised both highly mobile communities and settled villages, with a notable concentration of settlements in its Central Asian regions. Fortifications include ditches, earthen banks as well as timber palisades, of which an estimated twenty have been discovered. Andronovo villages typically contain around two to twenty houses, but settlements containing as many as
1380-452: The expansion of Bantu speakers throughout Central and Southern Africa. Another descendant of E-V38, E-M329 (E1b1a2), has been observed in an Ethiopian hunter-gatherer from 4,200 ybp, and is mostly found in males from the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula . On the other hand, haplogroup E-M215 (E1b1b) is distributed in high frequencies throughout North Africa , Western Asia , East Africa and Europe . Haplogroup E-Z827
1440-563: The Andronovo area, i. e., Uralic and Yeniseian. Haplogroup E (Y-DNA) Haplogroup E-M96 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . It is one of the two main branches of the older and ancestral haplogroup DE , the other main branch being haplogroup D . The E-M96 clade is divided into two main subclades : the more common E-P147 , and the less common E-M75 . Underhill (2001) proposed that haplogroup E may have arisen in East Africa . Some authors as Chandrasekar (2007), accept
1500-508: The Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranians is corroborated by the distribution of Iranian place-names across the Andronovo horizon and by the historical evidence of dominance by various Iranian-speaking peoples, including the Saka ( Scythians ), Sarmatians and Alans , throughout the Andronovo horizon during the 1st millennium BC. The Sintashta site on the upper Ural River , noted for its chariot burials and kurgans containing horse burials,
1560-705: The Andronovo people spoke a separate branch of Indo-Iranian. He claims that borrowings in the Finno-Ugric languages support this view. Vladimir Napolskikh has proposed that borrowings in Finno-Ugric indicate that the language was specifically of the Indo-Aryan type. Since older forms of Indo-Iranian words have been taken over in Uralic and Proto-Yeniseian , occupation by some other languages (also lost ones) cannot be ruled out altogether, at least for part of
1620-515: The Andronovo site of Sintashta , Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Klejn (1974) and Brentjes (1981) found the Andronovo culture much too late for an Indo-Iranian identification since chariot-using Aryans appear in Mitanni by the 15th century BC. However, Anthony & Vinogradov (1995) dated a chariot burial at Krivoye Lake to around 2000 BC. Eugene Helimski has suggested that
1680-699: The Andronovo. The modern explanations for the Indo-Iranianization of Greater Iran and the Indian subcontinent rely heavily on the supposition that the Andronovo expanded southwards into Central Asia or at least achieved linguistic dominance across the Bronze Age urban centres of the region, such as the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . While the earlier phases of the Andronovo culture are regarded as co-ordinate with
1740-656: The CT clade requires just one continental haplogroup exchange (E to Africa), rather than three (D, C, and F out of Africa). The timing of this putative return to Africa, between the emergence of haplogroup E and its differentiation within Africa by 58 kya, is consistent with proposals, based on non–Y chromosome data, of abundant gene flow between Africa and Arabia 50–80 kya." In 2015, Trobetta et al. suggested an East African origin for haplogroup E, stating: "our phylogeographic analysis, based on thousands of samples worldwide, suggests that
1800-821: The Dzungars and Russians in 1635. The Dzungar Oirat Kalmyks coerced the Yenisei Kyrgyz into submission. Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into the Dzungar Khanate by the Dzungars , and then the Qing moved them from Dzungaria to northeastern China in 1761, where they became known as the Fuyu Kyrgyz . Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria) was where some of
1860-737: The Himalayas and in or westward of the Tibet , after which E-carrying males are proposed to have back-migrated from the paternal haplogroup's place of origin in Eurasia around 70 kya along with females bearing the maternal haplogroup L3 , which the study also hypothesizes to have originated in Eurasia, into Africa. These new Eurasian lineages were then suggested to have largely replaced the old autochthonous male (such as haplogroup B-M60 ) and female African lineages. Haber et al. (2019) study proposed an African origin for haplogroup E based on an analysis of
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1920-666: The Imperial Russians following the conquest of Siberia . The name Tatar then became the autonym used by the Khakas to refer to themselves, in the form Tadar . Following the Russian Revolution , the Soviet authorities changed the name of the group to Khakas , a newly-formed name based on the Chinese name for the Kyrgyz people, Xiaqiasi . The Yenisei Kyrgyz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between
1980-653: The Khakas call themselves Tadar and do not use Khakas to describe themselves in their own language. They are also called Abaka Tatars. During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse to Russian Orthodox Christianity . Shamanism , however, is still common;. Many Christians practice shamanism with Christianity. In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts: Minusinsk Tatars ( Russian : минуси́нские тата́ры ), Abakan Tatars (абака́нские тата́ры), and Yenisei Turks . During
2040-632: The Khakas predominantly are Orthodox Christians ( Russian Orthodox Church ). Also there is traditional shamanism ( Tengrism ), including following movements: Andronovo culture Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Andronovo culture
2100-659: The Khakhas population. Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include Haplogroup Q , which is probably the "original" Siberian lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroups R1b , C3 , and E1 were also reported. Over 80% of Khakassian mtDNA lineages belong to East Eurasian lineages, although a significant percentage (18.9%) belong to various West Eurasian mtDNA lineages. At present,
2160-596: The Later Stone Age (3500 BP); one carried haplogroup L4b2a and another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-P162). At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo , there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b , another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1 . Most members of haplogroup E-M96 belong to E1, while haplogroup E2-M75
2220-483: The Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows
2280-511: The Y-chromosomal phylogenetic structure, haplogroup divergence times, and the recently discovered haplogroup D0 found in three Nigerians, an additional branch of the DE lineage diverging early from haplogroup D. The authors support an African origin for haplogroup DE , and the immigration of haplogroups C , D and FT out of Africa around 50,300–81,000 ybp. The early divergence dates found in
2340-678: The aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery in the Lisakovsk city in the Kostanay region . Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the stallion was nearly 20 years old and the mare was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with
2400-482: The characteristics of Andronovo culture is its pottery, especially in campsites located in Central Asia, some of them very close to settlements of Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex in the south. This pottery is called Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), which is handmade and grey to brown in color, as well as incised with geometrical decoration, spread over much of Eurasian region, from Southern Urals to Kashgar ,
2460-462: The chronology and model of eastward spread due to increasing evidence for the earlier presence of these cultural features in parts of east Central Asia. The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct, Srubna culture in the Volga - Ural interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into
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2520-410: The collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov. The Andronovo dead were buried in timber or stone chambers under both round and rectangular kurgans ( tumuli ). Burials were accompanied by livestock, wheeled vehicles, cheek-pieces for horses, and weapons, ceramics and ornaments. Among
2580-610: The earlier position of Hammer (1997) that Haplogroup E may have originated in West Asia , given that: However, several discoveries made since the Hammer articles are thought to make an Asian origin less likely: Kohl et al. (2009) presumed a West African origin for haplogroup E, stating: "From the 20 main haplogroups in the Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree, only 5 were detected in the analysed Amharic population in Ethiopia. Haplogroup A
2640-407: The end of the 3rd millennium BC, with cattle grazing, as natural fodder was by no means difficult to find in the pastures close to dwellings. The slightly older Sintashta culture ( c. 2200–1900 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately to Early Andronovo cultures. Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic studies that the Andronovo culture and
2700-418: The final Alekseyevka Phase (1400–1000 BC), the Andronovo cultures move intensively eastwards, expanding as far east as the Upper Yenisei River , succeeding the non-Indo-European Okunev culture . In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the Karasuk culture (1500–800 BC). On its western border, it is roughly contemporaneous with the Srubna culture , which partly derives from
2760-430: The former (or Srubna), alternatively the result of an amalgamation of steppe cultures and the Central Asian oasis cultures ( Bishkent culture and Vakhsh culture ). In the initial Sintashta- Petrovka phase, the Andronovo culture is limited to the northern and western steppes in the southern Urals -Kazakhstan. Since then, at the 2nd millennium, in the Alakul Phase (2000–1700 BC), the Fedorovo Phase (1850–1450 BC) and
2820-433: The introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia", despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near East, or south of the region between Kopet Dag and Pamir - Karakorum . Mallory acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets
2880-431: The late period of Indo-Iranian linguistic unity, it is likely that in the later period they constituted a branch of the Iranians. According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the expansion of the Andronovo culture towards the BMAC took place via the Inner Asia Mountain Corridor . According to Hiebert, an expansion of the BMAC into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of
2940-421: The most common Y-DNA lineage in Africa with two main descendants: E-V38 (E1b1a) and E-M215 (E1b1b). Haplogroup E (xE3b,E3a) - that is, E tested negative for both M35 and M2, has been reported in 11 males from Morocco in Zalloua et al. (2008b). Haplogroup E-V38 is the ancestor of E-M2 (E1b1a1) which is the most common subclade of E in the entirety of Sub-Saharan Africa , and is strongly associated with
3000-420: The most notable remains are the burials of chariots, dating from around 2000 BC and possibly earlier. The chariots are found with paired horse-teams, and the ritual burial of the horse in a "head and hooves" cult has also been found. Some Andronovo dead were buried in pairs, of adults or adult and child. At Kytmanovo in Russia between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, dated 1746–1626 BC, a strain of Yersinia pestis
3060-463: The person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding. Agriculture did not play an important role in the Andronovo economy. The Andronovo culture is notable for regional advances in metallurgy . They mined deposits of copper ore in the Altai Mountains from around the 14th century BC. Bronze objects were numerous, and workshops existed for working copper. One of
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#17327649983773120-578: The preceding Sintashta culture were derived from an eastern migration of the Corded Ware culture , given the higher proportion of ancestry matching the earlier farmers of Europe, similar to the admixture found in the genomes of the Corded Ware population. The name derives from the village of Andronovo in the Uzhursky District of Kranoyarsk Krai, Siberia, where the Russian zoologist Arkadi Tugarinov discovered its first remains in 1914. Several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The Andronovo culture
3180-423: The presence of the culture in Xinjiang in far-western China has also been found, mainly concentrated in the area comprising Tashkurgan , Ili , Bortala , and Tacheng area. In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as Volgograd . Mallory notes that the Tazabagyab culture south of Andronovo could be an offshoot of
3240-511: The radiation of haplogroup E started about 58 ka, somewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, with a higher posterior probability (0.73) for an eastern African origin." Cabrera et al. (2018) hypothesizes a Eurasian center of origin and dispersal for haplogroup E based on the similar age of the clade's parent haplogroup DE and the mtDNA haplogroup L3 . According to this hypothesis, after an initial Out-of-Africa migration of early anatomically modern humans around 125 kya, haplogroup DE diversified around
3300-412: The remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to. The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei Kyrgyz were deported along with the Öelet. Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kyrgyz during Manchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei Kyrgyz. In the 17th century, the Khakas formed Khakassia in the middle of the lands of Yenisei Kyrgyz, who at the time were vassals of
3360-447: The study for DE, E, and D0 (all dated to about 71-76 kya), which are determined to predate the migration out-of-Africa of the ancestors of Eurasians (dated to ca. 50-60 kya), are also considered by the authors to support an African origin for those haplogroups. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B remains from the Levant were found to have carried haplogroup E (1/7; ~14%). At Nyarindi Rockshelter, in Kenya , there were two individuals, dated to
3420-434: Was established in 1992. Khakas account for only about 12% of the total population of the republic (78,500 as of 1989 Census). Khakas traditionally practiced nomadic herding, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Beltir people specialized in handicraft as well. Herding sheep and cattle is still common, although the republic became more industrialized over time. Genetic research has identified 4 primary paternal lineages in
3480-423: Was extracted from a dead woman's tooth in a grave common to her and to two children. This strain's genes express flagellin , which triggers the human immune response. However, by contrast with other prehistoric Yersinia pestis bacteria, the strain does so weakly; later, historic plague does not express flagellin at all, accounting for its virulence. The Kytmanovo strain was therefore under selection toward becoming
3540-427: Was first identified by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov in the 1920s. The culture of Sarazm (4th–3rd millennium BC) precedes the arrival of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC. Currently only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture: Other authors identify the following sub-culture also as part of Andronovo: Some authors have challenged
3600-451: Was found in Natufian samples (E-Z830+) dated to 10,000 ybp from Palestine , and is commonly found throughout West Asia , North Africa , Europe and Ethiopia . Haplogroup E-V68 is also commonly observed in North Africa and West Asia , and has been found in Iberomaurusian remains dating to 15,000 ybp from Morocco , with its prolific downstream descendant E-V32 dominating male lineages in Horn of Africa . E-M75 (also known as E2)
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