Kulung ( autonym : Kulu riŋ , [kulu rɪŋ] ) is one of the Kiranti languages . It is spoken by an estimated 33,000 people. Van Driem (2001) includes Chukwa as a dialect.
8-690: Kulung in some ten villages along the upper reaches of the Huṅga or Hoṅgu River (a tributary of the Dūdhkosī), in Solukhumbu District of Sagarmāthā Zone , Nepal . The main Kulung-speaking villages are Chhemsi and Chheskam . The particular dialect of the language spoken in these two villages is considered by the Kulung to be the most original form of their language. Downstream, on both sides of
16-697: A major river and valley in the Sankhuwasawa District of Koshi Province in Nepal . It is a tributary of the Hinku River, which subsequently flows into the Dudh Kosi . The Hongu Valley is at the back of the Everest region. It has views of the peaks of Everest, Lhotse , Nuptse and Ama Dablam . The Hongu basin is a river valley which feeds a group of lakes. The Hongu region offers one of
24-825: The Huṅga river, in villages that are now called Luchcham, Gudel , Chocholung, Nāmluṅg, Pilmo, Bung, Chhekmā, and Sātdi, less prestigious varieties of Kulung are spoken. Ethnologue lists the following Kulung villages: Dialects of the Kulung language include Sotang (Sotaring, Sottaring), Mahakulung, Tamachhang, Pidisoi, Chhapkoa, Pelmung, Namlung, and Khambu. Kulung distinguishes among eight vowels and 11 diphthongs . There are three series of stops: dorso- velar , dental , and labial , each series having an unaspirated voiceless, aspirated voiceless, and unaspirated voiced variant. There are three voiced nasals , four approximants , one vibrant , one fricative , and three affricates . Kulung has six short vowels and six long vowels: To
32-523: The finest wilderness treks in Nepal where even huts and herds are rarely seen. Both the Hongu and Hinku valleys remain uninhabited, although there are kharka in the upper Hinku basin where Sherpas from the south, near Pangkongma, graze their animals during the grass-growing monsoon. This article related to a river in Nepal is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dudh Kosi Too Many Requests If you report this error to
40-478: The main verb. Other verbal constructions found in Kulung are a gerund , imperative , supine and an infinitive . Tolsma, Gerard Jacobus (2006). A Grammar of Kulung . Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Vol. 5/4. Leiden, Boston. ISBN 9789004153301 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Hongu River The Hongu River is
48-678: The nominal categories belong the following parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals. There are unambiguous morphological criteria for distinguishing between nouns and verbs. Whereas nouns can be marked for case and number, finite verbs are marked for person, number, and tense. There is no grammatical gender in Kulung. The ten Kulung personal pronouns have three number distinctions (singular, dual, and plural) and three person distinctions (first person, second person and third person) as well as an inclusive/exclusive distinction. There are no gender distinctions . Kulung has thirteen cases. Case endings are attached to nouns with or without
56-433: The non-singular suffix. Allomorphy of case endings depends on whether the noun ends in a vowel or consonant. Below the case endings of the noun lam 'road' are presented. The Kulung verb is characterised by a system of complex pronominalisation , in which paradigmatic stem alternation is found. Personal endings consist of morphemes expressing notions like tense , agent , patient , number , and exclusivity. Depending on
64-405: The number of verbal stems and their position in the verbal paradigm, every verb in Kulung belongs to a certain conjugation type. Complete conjugations of verbs belonging to the different conjugation types are presented in the second appendix. Like in other Kiranti languages, compound verbs are found in Kulung. These compound verbs consist of a verb stem and an auxiliary that adds semantic notions to
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