63-576: Khardong is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh , India . It is located in the Nubra tehsil , 31 km by road north of Khardung La . According to the 2011 census of India , Khardong has 144 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 35.81%. Leh district Leh district is a district in Indian -administered Ladakh in
126-480: A Governor-General . Despite leading the country to independence, Compton's initial term as prime minister lasted only a few months, being defeated by the Saint Lucia Labour Party (SLP) under Allan Louisy in the 1979 Saint Lucian general election . In 1980, Hurricane Allen struck the island, destroying much of its infrastructure and reducing economic growth. Compton returned to power after
189-695: A "major success was achieved by the involvement of women in the anti-tobacco campaign." In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the act that contained provisions to make Leh a district of the new union territory of Ladakh , which was formed 31 October 2019. Leh district has seven sub-divisions and twelve tehsils. The sub-divisions are: Nubra , Durbuk (Durbok), Khalatse (Khaltsi/Khalsi), Leh , Kharoo , Likir , Nyoma . The tehsils are: Sumoor ,and Diskit in Nubra Valley , Durbuk , Khalatse , Saspol , Leh , Kharoo , and Nyoma . As
252-486: A 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.17/10, ranking it 84th globally out of 172 countries. Saint Lucia has a tropical climate , specifically a tropical rainforest climate (Af), moderated by northeast trade winds , with a dry season from 1 December to 31 May, and a wet/rainy season from 1 June to 30 November. Average daytime and nighttime temperatures are around 30 °C (86.0 °F), and 24 °C (75.2 °F) respectively. Being fairly close to
315-457: A battalion of British troops at Vieux Fort and Rabot. In 1796, Castries was burned as part of the conflict. Leading the 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment , General John Moore retook Fort Charlotte in 1796, after two days of bitter fighting. As an honour, the Fusiliers' regimental colour was displayed on the flagstaff of the captured fortress at Morne Fortune for an hour before being replaced by
378-518: A result of The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Removal of Difficulties) Second Order, 2019 , Leh district claimed de jure jurisdiction over the following areas of Pakistani-administered Kashmir: Gilgit, Gilgit Wazarat, Chilas, and Tribal territory, making it only slightly smaller than the country of Tunisia. The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh (LAHDC Leh) is the Autonomous District Council that administers
441-426: A total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.87%, (it was 30.15% for 1991–2001). Leh has a sex ratio of 690 females for every 1000 males (this varies with religion), and a literacy rate of 77.2%. Languages of Leh district (2011) Ladakhi is the most spoken language, and Hindi/Urdu
504-564: Is Castries . The first proven inhabitants of the island, the Arawaks , are believed to have first to settle on the island in 200–400 AD. In 800 AD, the island would be taken over by the Kalinago . The French were the first European colonists to settle on the island, and they signed a treaty with the native Caribs in 1660. The English took control of the island in 1663. In ensuing years, England and France fought 14 times for control of
567-546: Is oil through its sole power station, the Cul De Sac Power Station , although solar energy is also a major source. There have also been attempts to introduce geothermal and wind energy to the island. A census is normally held in Saint Lucia every 10 years. In the 2010 census, Saint Lucia reported a population of 165,595 in 58,920 households. This was a 5.1% increase from the 157,490 recorded at
630-866: Is a union territory without a legislature, it does not currently have a legislative assembly. Leh District is administered by an elected body known as the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh . The LAHDC was established in 1995. The latest elections were held in October 2020. The BJP secured 15 seats while the INC won 9 and the Independents won 2. Leh is connected to the rest of India by two high-altitude roads both of which are subject to landslides and neither of which are passable in winter when covered by deep snows. The National Highway 1D from Srinagar via Kargil
693-438: Is also a member of Organisation internationale de la Francophonie . Saint Lucia is named after Saint Lucy of Syracuse (AD 283 – 304). Saint Lucia is one of two sovereign states in the world named after a female and is the only one named after a woman ( Ireland is named after a goddess ). Legend states that French sailors were shipwrecked on the island on 13 December, the feast day of St. Lucy, and therefore named
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#1732791346395756-439: Is dominated by poultry. The island is self-sufficient in egg production and production of poultry and pork has increased in recent years. Fishing has also been of considerable importance to the nation's economy. Saint Lucia has a wide-ranging public bus network which covers most of the island. Busses are owned by private individuals, whilst the government is responsible for setting up routes and hubs. The road network covers most of
819-472: Is generally open longer. The Leh-Manali Highway can be troublesome due to very high passes and plateaus, and the lower but landslide-prone Rohtang Pass near Manali . The third road axis is under construction. The overland approach to Ladakh from the Kashmir valley via the 434-km. National Highway 1 typically remains open for traffic from June to October/November. The most dramatic part of this road journey
882-476: Is still an important part of the country's economy, providing 7.9% of jobs and contributing to 2.2% of the GDP in 2021. About 18% of land is used for agricultural practices. Bananas remain the main agricultural product grown in Saint Lucia, as well as coconuts, cocoa beans, mangoes, avocados, vegetables, citrus fruits, and root crops such as yams and sweet potatoes. Saint Lucia also has a small livestock sector, which
945-584: Is the head of government , the head of the cabinet , and is normally the leader of the largest party in the House of Assembly . The house has 17 seats, with each member being elected via a plurality of votes in their constituency . The upper chamber of Parliament is the Senate which has 11 appointed members, the majority of which are appointed by the prime minister. Saint Lucia is made up of 10 districts. The districts were created and named by French colonials, and
1008-508: Is the ascent up the 3,505 m (11,500 ft.) high Zoji-la , a tortuous pass in the Great Himalayan Wall. The Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation (JKSRTC) operates regular Deluxe and Ordinary bus services between Srinagar and Leh on this route with an overnight halt at Kargil. Taxis (cars and jeeps) are also available at Srinagar for the journey. Since 1989, the 473-km Leh-Manali Highway has been serving as
1071-655: Is the island's largest trading partner, and Saint Lucia was key to the US invasion of Grenada in 1983, and voted against condemning the invasion. Saint Lucia became the 152nd member of the United Nations on 18 September 1979. Saint Lucia does not have a military although the Royal Saint Lucia Police Force has a Special Service Unit (SSU) and a Coast Guard. The island signed the UN Treaty on
1134-577: Is the second-largest language, mainly spoken in Leh. Balti is found in Nubra near the boundary with Gilgit-Baltistan. Tibetan , Punjabi , Marathi and Nepali are all mainly spoken in Leh. Urdu and English are widely understood in Leh. The district falls under Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency) . The present Member of Parliament (MP) of Ladakh is Mohmad Haneefa (independent candidate). Leh district had two assembly constituencies, Nubra and Leh under Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. Since Ladakh
1197-567: Is the third road axis to Leh. It is currently under construction. Leh's Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport has flights to Delhi at least daily on Air India which also provides twice-weekly services to Jammu and a weekly flight to Srinagar . Passengers connect in Delhi for other destinations. Go First operates Delhi to Leh daily flights during peak time. There is no railway service currently in Ladakh, however, 2 railway routes are proposed-
1260-409: The 1982 Saint Lucian general election after much instability during the labour government's term. During Compton's second term as the island's leader, banana exports significantly increased and became the nation's main source of revenue. There were improvements to infrastructure, and education was expanded to rural areas. Saint Lucia was key to the US invasion of Grenada . During the 1990s and 2000s,
1323-467: The Arawaks , though there may have been other native peoples prior to them. The Arawaks are believed to have come from northern South America, sometime around AD 200–400, as there are numerous archaeological sites on the island where specimens of their pottery have been found. The Kalinago (Island Caribs) arrived around AD 800, and seized control from the Arawaks by killing their men and assimilating
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#17327913463951386-633: The Battle of the Caribbean , when a German U-boat attacked and sank two British ships in Castries harbour on 9 March 1942. The United States used the island as a military hub during the war, including setting up a secondary naval base in Gros Islet and using what is now the island's international airport as an air force base. Universal suffrage was introduced in 1951 and elections were held
1449-833: The Bhanupli–Leh line and Srinagar–Kargil–Leh line. Saint Lucia in the Caribbean Saint Lucia is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean . Part of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles , it is located north/northeast of the island of Saint Vincent , northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique . It covers a land area of 617 km (238 square miles) with an estimated population of over 180,000 people as of 2018. The nation's capital and largest city
1512-544: The British Windward Islands colonies. The institution of slavery was abolished on the island in 1834, as it was throughout the British Empire . After abolition, all former slaves had to serve a four-year "apprenticeship", to accustom them to the idea of freedom. During that period, they worked for their former masters for at least three-quarters of the work week. Full freedom was duly granted by
1575-534: The Sulphur Springs , the Botanical Gardens , Pigeon Island and The Pitons . The agricultural sector was once the main contributor to Saint Lucia's economy. This was especially thanks to the exporting of bananas. However, its importance to the economy has declined significantly, in part due to increased competition from South American countries in the banana industry. Nevertheless, agriculture
1638-605: The Union Jack . Upon the capture of the fort, Moore's superior, Ralph Abercromby , departed the island and placed Moore in charge of the British garrison. Moore remained at this post until falling ill with yellow fever , leading to his return to Britain before 1798. In 1803, the British regained control of the island. Many members of the L'Armee Française dans les Bois escaped into the thick rainforest where they evaded capture and established maroon communities . Slavery on
1701-425: The disputed Kashmir -region. Ladakh is an Indian-administered union territory . With an area of 45,110 km , it is the second largest district in the country, second only to Kutch . It is bounded on the north by Gilgit-Baltistan 's Kharmang and Ghanche districts and Xinjiang 's Kashgar Prefecture and Hotan Prefecture , to which it connects via the historic Karakoram Pass . Aksai Chin and Tibet are to
1764-494: The 18th century, the island changed ownership, or was declared neutral territory, a dozen times, although the French settlements remained and the island was a de facto French colony well into the eighteenth century. In 1722, George I of Great Britain granted both Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent to the 2nd Duke of Montagu . Montague appointed Nathaniel Uring , a merchant sea captain and adventurer, as deputy-governor. Uring went to
1827-420: The British chose to keep the names in an anglicised form. The largest district in both size and population is Castries , where the nation's capital of the same name is located. The following are the 10 districts placed in alphabetical order: Saint Lucia is a mixed jurisdiction, meaning that it has a legal system based in part on both the civil law and English common law . The Civil Code of St. Lucia of 1867
1890-478: The British in 1838. By that time, people of African ethnicity greatly outnumbered those of ethnic European background. People of Carib descent also comprised a minority on the island. Saint Lucia's first representative government was introduced in 1924, with the first election taking place in 1925. Many Saint Lucians served during the Second World War , and the conflict visited the island directly during
1953-522: The Carib chief Anthonie. By 26 September 1605, only 19 survived following continued attacks by the Carib chief Augraumart, so the settlers fled the island. The English tried to settle the island again in 1638, but the Caribs continued to be hostile. Eventually, the French successfully claimed the island in 1650 and they signed a treaty with the Caribs in 1660. In 1664, Thomas Warner (son of Sir Thomas Warner ,
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2016-719: The French began to develop the land for the cultivation of sugar cane as a commodity crop on large plantations. The British occupied the island again in 1778. From 1782 to 1803, control of the island switched multiple times. In January 1791, during the French Revolution , the National Assembly sent four commissaires to St Lucia to spread the revolutionary philosophy. By August 1791, slaves began to abandon their estates and Governor Jean-Joseph Sourbader de Gimat fled. In December 1792, Lt. Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse arrived with revolutionary pamphlets, and
2079-611: The Leh district. As of July 2019, Leh district is divided into 7 sub-divisions (new sub-divisions in Leh), 12 tehsils (new tehsils in Panamik, Turtuk, Chuchot and Likir) and 18 new blocks in Sumoor and Likir ( blocks ). According to the 2011 census Leh district had a population of 133,487, roughly equal to the nation of Saint Lucia . This gives it a ranking of 609th in India (out of
2142-770: The Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2018. Saint Lucia is a Small Island Developing State , a designation similar to a developing country with a few substantial differences due to Saint Lucia's island nature. The service sector is the largest sector of the economy, accounting for 86.9% of GDP in 2020, followed by industrial and agricultural sectors at 10.9% and 2.2%, respectively. Saint Lucia has been able to attract foreign business and investment due to its educated workforce and improvements in roads, communications, water supply, sewerage, and port facilities. Like most small islands, Tourism and offshore banking are Saint Lucia's main sources of revenue. Agriculture, specifically
2205-491: The US, UK, EU and other CARICOM countries. Tourism is the largest contributor to Saint Lucia's economy. Tourist numbers tend to be more substantial during the dry season (January to April), often referred to as the tourist season. Saint Lucia's tropical weather, scenery, beaches and resorts have made it a popular tourist destination, with 1.29 million visitors arriving in 2019. Some of Saint Lucia's tourist attractions include
2268-563: The Vatican made in 1520, shows the island as Sancta Lucia. In the late 1550s, the French pirate François le Clerc (known as Jambe de Bois , due to his wooden leg) set up a camp on Pigeon Island , from where he attacked passing Spanish ships. In 1605, an English vessel called the Oliphe Blossome was blown off-course on its way to Guyana , and the 67 colonists started a settlement on Saint Lucia, after initially being welcomed by
2331-700: The banana industry, was previously the largest sector of the economy, although its importance has declined significantly. The island's manufacturing sector has been called the most diverse in the Eastern Caribbean, with goods such as plastic being produced on a large scale. Saint Lucia's currency is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$ ), a regional currency shared among members of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECU). The country's main trade partners are
2394-443: The dacitic domes of Terre Blanche (15.3 kya) and Belfond (13.6 kya) formed within the depression. Like most Caribbean countries, Saint Lucia is a unitary state with a parliamentary system. It is a Commonwealth realm and a constitutional monarchy , with the current monarch being Charles III , who is represented on the island by a governor-general , currently Errol Charles . The prime minister (currently Philip J. Pierre )
2457-470: The east, Kargil district to the west, and Lahul and Spiti to the south. The district headquarters is in Leh . It lies between 32 and 36 degree north latitude and 75 to 80 degree east longitude. All of Ladakh was under the administration of Leh until 1 July 1979, when the Kargil and Leh administrative districts were created. Religion has been a source of grievance between Buddhists and Muslims since
2520-627: The economy picked up during the later part of the decade and avoided contraction until 2020, after the COVID-19 pandemic caused major economic issues globally. In June 2016, the United Workers Party (UWP), led by Allen Michael Chastanet , won 11 of the 17 seats in the general election , ousting the St Lucia Labour Party (SLP) of the incumbent Prime Minister Kenny Anthony . However, Saint Lucia Labour Party won
2583-411: The equator, the island's temperature does not fluctuate much between winter and summer. The geology of St. Lucia can be described as composing three main areas. The oldest, 16–18 Ma , volcanic rocks are exposed from Castries northward and consist of eroded basalt and andesite centres. The middle, central highlands, portion of the island consists of dissected andesite centres, 10.4 to 1 Mya, while
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2646-523: The formation of the Qualibou depression are found offshore, and in the massive blocks of Rabot, Pleisance, and Coubaril. The dacitic domes of Petit Piton (109 kya) and Gros Piton (71 kya) were then extruded onto the depression floor accompanied by the Anse John (104 kya) and La Pointe (59.8 kya) pyroclastic flows. Later, pyroclastic flows include pumice -rich Belfond and Anse Noir (20 kya). Finally,
2709-511: The governor of St Kitts ) claimed Saint Lucia for England but the English fled again in 1666, with the French gaining full control of the island after the signing of the Treaty of Breda . Saint Lucia was made an official French crown colony in 1674, as a dependency of Martinique . After the slave-based sugar industry developed, both the British and the French found the island attractive. During
2772-405: The impoverished whites and free people of colour began to arm themselves as patriots . On 1 February 1793, France declared war on England and Holland, and General Nicolas Xavier de Ricard took over as Governor. The National Convention abolished enslavement on 4 February 1794. On 1 April 1794, St. Lucia was captured by a British expeditionary force led by Vice Admiral John Jervis . Morne Fortune
2835-535: The island continued for a short time, but anti-slavery sentiment was rising in Britain. The British stopped the import of slaves by anyone, white or coloured, when they abolished the slave trade in 1807. France and Great Britain continued to contest Saint Lucia until the British secured it in 1814, as part of the Treaty of Paris , ending the Napoleonic Wars . Thereafter, Saint Lucia was considered one of
2898-732: The island in her honour. A globe in the Vatican from 1520 shows the island as Sancta Lucia, indicating that the island was instead named by early Spanish explorers . Saint Lucia was first known as Louanalao by the Arawak Indians in 200 AD, meaning “Island of the Iguanas ,” and then as Hewanorra , in 800 AD, meaning "there where iguanas are found,” when the Carib Indians arrived and assimilated their culture into Saint Lucia. The first proven inhabitants of Saint Lucia were
2961-601: The island record the most homicides in its history, and also its highest murder rate in its history, at 40 murders per 100,000 people. Saint Lucia is a member of the Caribbean Community , OECS , the Organization of American States and La Francophonie . As a Commonwealth Realm , Saint Lucia has relatively friendly relations with United Kingdom and Canada. France is also a major ally, in part due to Saint Lucia's border with Martinique . The United States
3024-493: The island's most famous landmark. Saint Lucia is also home to the world's only drive-in volcano, the Sulphur Springs . There are a number of small islands off the coast, the largest of which are the Maria Islands, located in the south-east of the island. Saint Lucia lies at latitude 14° N and longitude 61° W . The population tends to be concentrated around the coast, with the interior more sparsely populated, due to
3087-533: The island, although some rural areas still lack access to proper roads. The island has two airports, including one International airport . Cruising and yachting are very important to the country's economy, with the main sea port being located in Castries , while the main marina is located in Rodney Bay . Meanwhile, the nation's main oil refinery is located in Bexon. The main source of electricity in Saint Lucia
3150-592: The island; consequently control over this immensely valuable geopolitical position changed frequently. Eventually, the British took complete control in 1814, shortly after the victory over French Emperor Napoleon I . Because the island switched so often between British and French control, Saint Lucia was also known as the "Helen of the West" after the Greek mythological character, Helen of Troy . Representative government
3213-467: The islands with a group of seven ships, and established settlement at Petit Carenage. Unable to get enough support from British warships, he and the new colonists were quickly run off by the French. During the Seven Years' War , Britain occupied Saint Lucia for a year, but handed the island back to the French in 1763, under the Treaty of Paris . Like the English and Dutch on other islands, in 1765,
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#17327913463953276-562: The late 20th century and contributed to this division. In 2017, the district was declared a tobacco-free zone. The Directorate of Health Services Kashmir, under the National Tobacco Control Programme, began working towards the designation early in 2017 and the status was declared in August. Rehana Kousar (in-charge, NTCP, Kashmir) said that work was done with civil society, religious and women's groups and that
3339-576: The lower southwest portion of the island contains recent activity from the Soufriere Volcanic Centre (SVC). This SVC, centred about the Qualibou depression , contains pyroclastic flow deposits, lava flows , domes , block and ash flow deposits, and explosion craters . This depression's perimeter includes the town of Soufriere, Mount Tabac, Mt. Gimie, Morne Bonin, and Gros Piton. At 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in diameter, though
3402-532: The nation's economy began shifting from agriculture to tourism under the leadership of Kenny Anthony . The 9/11 attacks in the United States in 2001 killed two Saint Lucians, and caused an economic slowdown, although moderate growth continued until the Great Recession . The recession, as well as the landfall of Hurricane Tomas in 2010, led to slow economic growth during the early 2010s, although
3465-458: The next election in July 2021, meaning its leader Philip J Pierre became the ninth Prime Minister of Saint Lucia since independence. Saint Lucia has a total area of 617 square kilometers (238 sq mi). As a volcanic island , Saint Lucia is very mountainous, with its highest point being Mount Gimie , at 950 metres (3,120 feet) above sea level. The Pitons , two mountainous volcanic plugs , form
3528-503: The presence of dense forests. Many species are endemic to the island, including the Anolis luciae , a species of lizard, and the Boa orophias , a species of boid snake. Saint Lucia has five terrestrial ecoregions: Windward Islands moist forests , Leeward Islands dry forests , Windward Islands dry forests, Windward Islands xeric scrub , and Lesser Antilles mangroves . The country had
3591-716: The same year. In 1958, Saint Lucia joined the West Indies Federation , although the federation was dissolved just years later in 1962. In 1967, Saint Lucia became one of the six members of the West Indies Associated States , with internal self-government. Independence was peacefully gained in 1979 under Sir John Compton of United Workers Party , with the island remaining within the British Commonwealth , keeping then-Queen Elizabeth II as Monarch , represented locally by
3654-441: The second land approach to Ladakh. Open for traffic from June to late October, this high road traverses the upland desert plateaux of Rupsho whose altitude ranges from 3,660 m to 4,570 m. There are a number of high passes en route among which the highest one, known as Tanglang La , is sometimes (but incorrectly) claimed to be the world's second-highest motorable pass at an altitude of 5,325 m. (17,469 feet). This
3717-690: The western portion is open towards the Grenada basin , the depression formed as recently as 100 kya. The depression is noted for its geothermal activity , especially at Sulphur Springs and Soufrière Estates , a phreatic eruption in 1776, and recent seismic activity (2000–2001). Eroded andesitic stratovolcanoes to the north east of the depression include Mt. Gimie , Piton St Esprit, and Mt. Grand Magazin, all greater than 1 Ma in age. Andesitic and dacite pyroclastic flows from these volcanoes are found at Morne Tabac dome (532 ka ), Morne Bonin dome (273 kya), and Bellevue (264 kya). Avalanche deposits from
3780-460: The women into their own society. It is possible that Christopher Columbus may have sighted the island during his fourth voyage in 1502, but he does not mention the island in his log. Juan de la Cosa noted the island on his map of 1500, calling it El Falcon , and another island to the south Las Agujas . A Spanish cédula from 1511 mentions the island within the Spanish domain, and a globe in
3843-644: Was based on the Quebec Civil Code of 1866 , as supplemented by English common law-style legislation. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was Saint Lucia's final court of appeal until 2023, when a constitutional amendment transferred this to the Caribbean Court of Justice . Saint Lucia's homicide rate has hit record highs in recent years. There were 75 homicides in 2021, a 34.5% increase compared with 55 homicides in 2020. 2021 saw
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#17327913463953906-452: Was introduced in 1924 with universal suffrage being established in 1951. From 1958 to 1962, the island was a member of the West Indies Federation . On 22 February 1979, Saint Lucia became an independent state, while remaining as a Commonwealth realm . Saint Lucia is a member of the United Nations , the Organization of American States , the World Trade Organization , CARICOM and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). It
3969-402: Was renamed Fort Charlotte . Soon, a combined force of French Revolutionary Army soldiers and maroons , L'Armee Française dans les Bois , began to fight back, starting the First Brigand War. A short time later, the British invaded the island as a part of the war with France that had recently broken out. On 21 February 1795, French forces under the nominal control of Victor Hugues , defeated
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