119-477: Khokon (also spelled as Khokawn ) is a Kuki village in the Senapati district of Manipur , India. As per Census of India 2011, there are 33 household with a total population of 189 persons, out of which 96 are male while 93 are female. The term Khokon means a zig-zag village. The Kuki village of Khokon was originally established in the 1900s in the then Ukhrul subdivision of Manipur (roughly coinciding with
238-595: A Part C state of India. It became a Union Territory , without a legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963. Full statehood was conferred in 1971 by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 . The geographic partition that coincided with the independence of India resulted in major economic and infrastructural setbacks for the state, as road transport between
357-551: A Kuki Muslim community has also developed. They are said to be descendants of Kuki men who had married Bengali Muslim women, a relationship requiring the husband to be a Muslim. They are mostly centred around the village of North Chandrapur in the Tripuri city of Udaipur . Notable Kuki Muslims include Khirod Ali Sardar of Chandrapur and Ali Mia of Sonamura . The community has been subject to scorn by other Kukis. Tripura Tripura ( / ˈ t r ɪ p ʊr ə , - ər ə / )
476-605: A Tibeto-Burman ( Kokborok ) name. Variants of the name include Tipra , Tuipura and Tippera , which can all denote the indigenous people inhabiting the area. A Kokborok etymology from tüi (water) and pra (near) has been suggested; the boundaries of Tripura extended to the Bay of Bengal when the kings of the Tipra Kingdom held sway from the Garo Hills of Meghalaya to Arakan , the present Rakhine State of Burma ; so
595-453: A choice mithun ), Ka’ng Ka’p , Ka’ngchoi Ka’p (top game), Suhtumkhawh (javelin throw using the heavy wooden implement for pounding-de-husking-paddy) and So’ngse (shot put). The Lawm was also a centre where young Kuki people learned discipline and social etiquette. After harvest season, the Lawm meet is celebrated with a Lawm-se’l and, as a commemoration, a pillar is erected. The event
714-557: A consensus seems to have developed among the Kuki tribes of Manipur to use the compound term " Kuki-Zo " to refer to themselves. Ethnologist C. A. Soppitt argued that the Kuki tribes must have settled in region west of Irrawaddy river from before the 11th century, based on the fact that they had no traces of Buddhism, which was already prevalent in Burma by that time. He grouped the Kuki tribes into two broad classes: Hrangkhol along with
833-566: A description of the Kuki ( Ko-ki ) country, including in it almost the entire eastern hill range and beyond. The term also occurs in traditional Meitei hymns where the Kuki king is praised along with the Meitei king. The term came into British usage in 1777, when the chief of Chittagong appealed to the British governor general Warren Hastings for help against Kuki raids from the hills. The same collection of tribes were called " Chins " by
952-531: A fertiliser plant to leverage ONGC's natural gas discoveries in Tripura. Expected to be in operation by 2017, the 1.3 million tonnes per year plant will supply the northeastern states. Drinking Water and Sanitation (DWS) wing] of Public Works Department manages the drinking water supply in the state. Schools and Anganwadi Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Many areas of Tripura have
1071-530: A limited infrastructure. Most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service sector is the largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product. According to the 2011 census, Tripura is one of the most literate states in India, with a literacy rate of 87.75%. Mainstream Indian cultural elements coexist with traditional practices of the ethnic groups, such as various dances to celebrate religious occasions, weddings and festivities;
1190-407: A mode of transport. Tripura has an 856 km (532 mi) long international border with Bangladesh, of which 777.4 km (483.1 mi) is fenced, as of 2012. Several locations along the border serve as bilateral trading points between India and Bangladesh, such as Akhaura near Agartala, Raghna, Srimantpur, Belonia, Khowai and Kailasahar. A bus service exists between Agartala and Dhaka ,
1309-644: A progression in time. The British testimony regarding Kukis in Manipur was variable. British Commissioner Pemberton wrote in 1835 that the Khongjais stretched along the hills from the south of the Manipur valley to the Arakan Mountains . British Residents, William McCulloch (1844–1863) and Colonel Johnstone (1877–1886), wrote that Khongjais had long been subjects of Manipur, but "new immigrants" of them came through between 1830 and 1840. They "poured into
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#17327907242711428-527: A research paper published by the Institute of Developing Economies in 2004, the dependence of Tripura's economy on that of Bangladesh was emphasised. The economy of Tripura can be characterised by the high rate of poverty, low capital formation, inadequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottlenecks, inadequate exploration and use of forest and mineral resources, slow industrialisation and high unemployment. More than 50% of
1547-574: A small group within India's North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram ; since the late 20th century, they claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel and have adopted the practice of Judaism. The Bnei Menashe are made up of Mizo , Kuki and Chin peoples , who all speak Tibeto-Burman languages , and whose ancestors migrated into northeast India from Burma mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries. They are called Chin in Burma . In
1666-407: A surplus of 104.3 million fish seeds , primarily carp . Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura ranks second to Kerala in the production of natural rubber in the country. The state is known for its handicraft , particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products. High quality timber including sal , garjan , teak and gamar are found abundantly in
1785-532: A total of 566.93 km (218.89 sq mi). Gumti is also an Important Bird Area . In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes. In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. There had previously been four districts – Dhalai (headquarters Ambassa ), North Tripura (headquarters Kailashahar ), South Tripura (headquarters Udaipur, Tripura ), and West Tripura (headquarters Agartala ). Four new districts were carved out of
1904-565: Is 153 km. It is a single line without electrification. The Agartala sabroom line was coupled and became fully operational from 2019. A new railway line is being laid westwards from Agartala to Akhaura in Bangladesh . This will reduce the distance between Agartala and Kolkata by over 1000 km and provide rail access to Chittagong port. Some major Express trains that operate from Agartala are – Agartala – Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express Road Only one major road,
2023-403: Is a state in northeastern India . The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491 km (4,051 sq mi); and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 3.67 million. It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east and by Bangladesh to the north, south and west. Tripura is divided into 8 districts and 23 sub-divisions, where Agartala is the capital and
2142-578: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kuki people The Kuki people , or Kuki-Zo people , are an ethnic group in the Northeastern Indian states of Manipur , Nagaland , Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram , as well as the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar . The Kukis form one of the largest hill tribe communities in this region. In Northeast India, they are present in all states except Arunachal Pradesh . The Chin people of Myanmar and
2261-987: Is a peculiarity of Tripura's vegetation. Grasslands and swamps are also present, particularly in the plains. Herbaceous plants , shrubs, and trees such as Albizia , Barringtonia , Lagerstroemia and Macaranga flourish in the swamps of Tripura. Shrubs and grasses include Schumannianthus dichotoma ( shitalpati ), Phragmites and Saccharum (sugarcane). According to a survey in 1989–90, Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders, including such species as elephant ( Elephas maximus ), bear ( Melursus ursinus ), binturong ( Arctictis binturong ), wild dog ( Cuon alpinus ), porcupine ( Artherurus assamensis ), barking deer ( Muntiacus muntjak ), sambar ( Cervus unicolor ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), gaur ( Bos gaurus ), leopard ( Panthera pardus ), clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ), and many species of small cats and primates. Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, seven are found in Tripura; this
2380-552: Is accompanied by dance and drinking rice-beer, which sometimes continues for days and nights. With regard to governance, Semang (cabinet) is the annual assembly of a Kuki village community held at the Chief's residence represents the Inpi (Assembly). In such an assembly, the Chief and his Semang and Pachong (cabinet members and auxiliary of Inpi) and all the household heads of the village congregate to discuss and resolve matters relating to
2499-495: Is an agrarian state with more than half of the population dependent on agriculture and allied activities. However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27% of the land is available for cultivation. Rice, the major crop of the state, is cultivated in 91% of the cropped area. According to the Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Tripura, in 2009–10, potato, sugarcane , mesta , pulses and jute were
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#17327907242712618-543: Is bordered by the country of Bangladesh to the west, north and south; and the Indian states of Assam to the north east; and Mizoram to the east. It is accessible by national highways passing through the Karimganj district of Assam and Mamit district of Mizoram. The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five anticlinal ranges of hills running north to south, from Baramura in
2737-410: Is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy , a feature it shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The Tripura government has three branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The Tripura Legislative Assembly consists of elected members and special office bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by
2856-406: Is in a trade deficit with India, its export to Tripura is significantly more than import from the state; a report in the newspaper The Hindu estimated Bangladesh exported commodities valued at about ₹ 3.5 billion (US$ 42 million) to the state in 2012, as opposed to "very small quantity" of import. Alongside legal international trade, unofficial and informal cross-border trade is rampant. In
2975-532: Is not documented. The Rajmala , a chronicle of Tripuri kings which was first written in the 15th century, provides a list of 179 kings, from antiquity up to Krishna Kishore Manikya (1830–1850), but it is not a reliable source. The boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the Sundarbans on the Bay of Bengal; east to Burma; and north to
3094-408: Is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state. The wild buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ) is extinct now. There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state. Wildlife sanctuaries of the state are Sipahijola , Gumti , Rowa and Trishna wildlife sanctuaries. National parks of the state are Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park . These protected areas cover
3213-840: The Bharatiya Janata Party won an overall majority in the state, resulting in the end of the Communist Party's uninterrupted twenty-five year rule. The BJP won 44 out of 60 seats in the Assembly by coalition with the IPFT . The CPI (M) only got 16 seats and Indian National Congress lost by huge margins in all constituencies. Communism in the state had its beginnings in the pre-independence era, inspired by freedom struggle activities in Bengal , and culminating in regional parties with communist leanings. It capitalised on
3332-658: The Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth Center . The Planning Commission estimates the poverty rate of all North East Indian states by using headcount ratio of Assam (the second largest state in North East India after Arunachal Pradesh). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22 per cent of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, the Tripura government's independent assessment, based on consumption distribution data, reported that, in 2001, 55 per cent of
3451-642: The Bureau of Indian Standards , on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the state lies in seismic zone V . The state has a tropical savanna climate , designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification . The undulating topography leads to local variations, particularly in the hill ranges. The four main seasons are winter, from December to February; pre-monsoon or summer, from March to April; monsoon, from May to September; and post-monsoon, from October to November. During
3570-636: The Chief Minister . The Governor, the titular head of state , is appointed by the President of India . The leader of the party or a coalition of parties with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. Tripura sends two representatives to
3689-493: The Comilla district of Bangladesh), in addition to the independent area known as Hill Tippera , roughly corresponding to the present-day Tripura state. Udaipur, in the south of Tripura, was the capital of the kingdom, until the king Krishna Manikya moved the capital to Old Agartala in the 18th century. It was moved to the new city of Agartala in the 19th century. Bir Chandra Manikya (1862–1896) modelled his administration on
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3808-608: The Geological Survey of India dates the rocks, on the geologic time scale , between the Oligocene epoch , approximately 34 to 23 million years ago , and the Holocene epoch, which started 12,000 years ago. The hills have red laterite soil that is porous. The flood plains and narrow valleys are overlain by alluvial soil, and those in the west and south constitute most of the agricultural land. According to
3927-588: The Kaka Kalelkar Commission visited Manipur, there was a concerted attempt by the Kuki and Naga tribes to delineate each tribe separately in the Schedule Tribe Order's list. Consequently, in 1956, the umbrella terms such as 'any Kuki' and 'any Naga' were deleted, and 29 tribes of Manipur were listed individually. This revision completely left out other unlisted tribes from the scheduled tribes list. In other states of India, however,
4046-616: The Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919 , the Kukis in Manipur were estimated to number 40,000. Cheitharol Kumbaba , the court chronicle of the Manipur kings, mentions various Kuki tribes and clans from 1404 onwards. The largest of the Kuki tribes, the Thadous , lived in the southern hills of the present-day Manipur, which was ungoverned territory for most of the historical period. The Manipuris referred to them as "Khongjais". The naming
4165-543: The Lok Sabha (the lower house of the parliament of India ) and one representative to the Rajya Sabha (parliament's upper house ). In the 2019 Indian general election , both parliament lower house seats were won by the Bharatiya Janata Party . Panchayats , ( local self-governments ) elected by local body elections operate in many villages for self-governance. Tripura also has a unique tribal self-governance body,
4284-512: The Mizo people of Mizoram are kindred tribes of the Kukis. Collectively, they are termed the Zo people . Some fifty tribes of Kuki peoples in India are recognised as scheduled tribes in India, based on the dialect spoken by that particular Kuki community as well as their region of origin. The term "Kuki" is an exonym : it was used by Bengalis to refer to the tribes inhabiting Patkai–Arakan Yomas ,
4403-519: The National Highway 8 (NH-8), connects Tripura to the rest of India. Starting at Sabroom in southern Tripura, it heads north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as "Assam Road", the NH-8 is often called the lifeline of Tripura. However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on
4522-533: The North Cachar Hills , Manipur and Tripura . Further, the Changsan–Thadou combine was believed to have been in turn forced out by newer tribes in the 19th century, and then followed the same routes as the earlier tribes. The first two groups were referred to as Old Kukis and New Kukis by the British administrators, which did not receive endorsement from Soppitt. Modern scholars also disapprove
4641-618: The ONGC Tripura Power Company in Palatana. The ONGC plant has a capacity of 726.6 MW, with the second plant's commissioning in November 2014. It is the largest individual power plant in the northeast region. The state also has a hydro power station on the Gumti River. The combined power generation from these three stations is 100–105 MW . The North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) operates
4760-579: The Tripura Sundari Temple at Udaipur , one of the 51 Shakti Peethas (pilgrimage centres of Shaktism ), and to the legendary tyrant king Tripur, who reigned in the region. Tripur was the 39th descendant of Druhyu , who belonged to the lineage of Yayati , a king of the Lunar Dynasty . There are alternative theories regarding the origin of the name Tripura, such as a possible etymological reinterpretation to Sanskrit of
4879-651: The Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council . This council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527 villages with high density of the scheduled tribes. The main political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Left Front , the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress along with regional parties like the IPFT and INPT . Until 1977,
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4998-490: The "Lushais". The Manipuris used the term " Khongjai " to refer to the tribes to the south and southwest of the Imphal Valley , a usage witnessed from 1508. This appears to have been a geographical term. The "Old Kuki" tribes in Manipur were referred to by their individual names, which were also partly of geographical origin. Some Kuki and Chin tribes reject both of these terms as being of colonial origin, and use
5117-553: The 1980 Mandai massacre . This gradually abated following the establishment of a tribal autonomous district council and the use of strategic counter-insurgency operations. Tripura remains peaceful, as of 2016. In retaliation of the communal violence against the Hindu minority in neighbouring Bangladesh, mosques in several areas in Tripura were attacked from 19 to 26 October 2021. The influx of refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan and present day Bangladesh leads to minoritisation of
5236-521: The 84 MW Agartala Gas Turbine Power Plant near Agartala. As of November 2014, another thermal power plant is being built at Monarchak. With the newly added power generation capacity, Tripura has with enough capacity to supply all seven sister states of northeast India, as well export power to neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh. With recent discoveries, the state has abundant natural gas reserves to support many more power generation plants, but lacks pipeline and transport infrastructure to deliver
5355-461: The AFSPA to 30 police station areas. The last six-month extension to AFSPA was approved in November 2014, and after about 18 years of operation, it was repealed on 29 May 2015. figures in crores Indian rupee Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2022–23 was ₹ 640 billion (US$ 7.7 billion) at constant price (2022–23), recording 10.38% growth over the previous year. In the same period,
5474-847: The Burmese (spelt "Khyangs" in the original Burmese spelling). The British also used the term "Lushais" to refer to the tribes inhabiting the Lushai Hills region to the south of the Manipur valley , eventually dividing it into separate "Lushai Hills" in India and "Chin Hills" in Burma. Over time, the British came to distinguish the tribes currently called "Kukis" from the remaining "Lushais". An Intelligence Branch report from 1907 listed Ralte , Paite , Thadou , Lakher , Hmar and Poi tribes among Kukis. It stated that each of these tribes had its own language, and these languages were unintelligible to
5593-464: The GDP of India was ₹ 277,520 billion (US$ 3.3 trillion), with a growth rate of 8.55%. Annual per capita income at current price of the state was ₹ 157,752 (US$ 1,900), compared to the national per capita income ₹ 197,280 (US$ 2,400). In 2009, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98 per cent of
5712-798: The Kuki fought with the Imperial Japanese Army and the Indian National Army led by Subhas Chandra Bose but the success of the Allied forces over the Axis group dashed their hopes. On 31 January 1860, Kuki Riang led the Kukis of Hill Tippera in raiding the Chhagalnaiya plains (then under the administration of the Twipra Kingdom ) which was inhabited by ethnic Bengalis and British officers. The Kukis looted
5831-641: The Kuki people was the Kuki Rebellion of 1917–19 , also known as the Anglo-Kuki War, after which their territory was subjugated by the British. Until their defeat in 1919, the Kukis had been an independent people ruled by their chieftains. The Dobashi, Lengjang Kuki was credited as responsible for preventing the Kukis of the Naga Hills from joining the Kuki Rebellion of Manipur. During World War II, seeing an opportunity to regain independence,
5950-521: The Kuki population of Manipur as 69,855, that in Assam as 18,200, and that in Tripura as 3,428. The 21 Kuki tribes of Manipur (as per the nomenclature used in the British colonial times) gathered together in 1948 to form an organisation called Kuki Company . They also contributed to the construction of Kuki Inn in Imphal, to serve as the office for the organisation. Soon afterwards, frictions developed over
6069-428: The Kukis had already fled to the jungles of the princely state and they never returned to Chhagalnaiya ever again. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Part C States) Order, 1951 included "any Kuki tribe", "any Lushai tribe" and "any Naga tribe" (as umbrella terms among the scheduled tribes in Assam, Manipur, and Tripura. Among the "any Kuki" classification, it listed 39 subtribes/clans. The 1951 census recorded
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#17327907242716188-608: The Kukis to the Christian God of the British, who was thought of as the victor. This led them to rapidly convert to Christianity. Conversion to Christianity has transformed their ideas, mentality and social practices at the cost of their traditions and customs. The majority of Kukis are now Christians , with most belonging to Protestant denominations, especially Baptist . Since the late 20th century, some of these peoples have begun following Messianic Judaism . The Bnei Menashe ( Hebrew : בני מנשה , "Sons of Menasseh ") are
6307-425: The Kukis' "migration from south", because they had inadequate knowledge of the Kukis already present in the hills of Manipur. In addition, some of the larger tribes such as Thadous are said to have been native to the southern hills (Churachandpur and Chandel districts) that were later added to Manipur territory in the 1890s. An important landmark in the history of the Kuki people was the arrival of missionaries and
6426-605: The North East region to ensure effective control of the international borders – three new states came into existence on 21 January 1972: Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura. Before Tripura's merger with the Union of India , majority of the population composed of indigenous Tripuri people . Ethnic strife between the Tripuri tribe and the predominantly immigrant Bengali community led to scattered violence, and an insurgency spanning decades, including occasional massacres such as
6545-666: The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in case of Speaker's absence. The Assembly is unicameral with 60 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). The members are elected for a term of five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. The judiciary is composed of the Tripura High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by
6664-542: The State. However, a study by the DWS Department found a depleting water table and excessive contamination. Still, packaged drinking water under brands "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop" and "Aqua Zoom" among others is manufactured and sold in the state. Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured ceramic type filters, are sold in the state although their acceptance in rural areas
6783-560: The Ukhrul subdivision, and as a result brought about the much needed peace and tranquility in the area. In post-independence India, the rising Naga nationalism and militancy led some of the Tangkhul nationalists to serve quit notice to Khokon villagers forgetting their contribution in the past. Their village was burnt down by Naga nationalists in 1961. The villagers were forced to leave their homes in 1961. Scholar Thongkholal Haokip notes that
6902-540: The area of Bakhshganj and murdered Kamal Poddar of Basantpur. They then proceeded to molest Poddar's women until Guna Ghazi and Jakimal waged war against them in the village of Kulapara. Whilst the Kukis abducted 700 women, Munshi Abdul Ali informed the British authorities of the atrocities. 185 Britons were assassinated, 100 of them were kidnapped and the Kukis remained in the plains for one or two days. British troops and policemen were finally despatched from Noakhali , Tipperah (Comilla) and Chittagong to suppress them but
7021-477: The border of the Manipur state to include the southern hills. The term "Kuki" to refer to these tribes was introduced by the British in the 1820s. By 1850s, they imported the terminology of "New Kuki" for the Khongjai tribes and "Old Kuki" for the other Kuki tribes such as Kom and Aimol . The scholars of Kuki Research Forum consider the terminology misleading because the historical record does not justify such
7140-725: The boundary of the Kamarupa kingdom in Assam . There were several Muslim invasions of the region from the 13th century onward, which culminated in Mughal dominance of the plains of the kingdom in 1733, although their rule never extended to the hill regions. The Mughals had influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings. Tripura became a princely state during British rule in India . The kings had an estate in British India, known as Tippera district or Chakla Roshanbad (now
7259-550: The capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Belonia and Gandacherra. Railway Agartala was connected to India's railway network with the advent of the railways in the subcontinent in 1853 but the link was broken when India was partitioned in 1947. Railway services were established in Tripura in 1964 by constructing 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) metre gauge track from Lumding in Assam to Dharmanagar and Kailasahar in Tripura but
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#17327907242717378-435: The capital city of Manipur . As per the Census of India 2011, Khokon has a literacy rate of 56.68%, out of which the male population is 61.05% and female is 52.17%. The people in the village had been largely converted during the 19th century, and they are affiliated to Kuki Baptist Convention , a Baptist Kuki denomination in Northeast India . Even though Khokonites were traditionally cultivators and animal rearers, with
7497-629: The capital of Bangladesh. In 2013, the two countries signed an agreement to establish a 15 km (9.3 mi) railway link between Agartala and the Akhaura junction of Bangladesh. Citizens of both countries need visa to legally enter the other country; however, illegal movement and smuggling across the border are widespread. Doordarshan (DD) has a television station in Agartala. Other full-time based channels are Headlines Tripura, News Vanguard, PB 24, Prime Television Network, Chini Khorang, Swrangchati News and many more. As of 2014, 56 daily and weekly newspapers are published in Tripura. Most of
7616-469: The capital, is located on a plain to the west. The state has a tropical savanna climate , and receives seasonal heavy rains from the south west monsoon . Forests cover more than half of the area, in which bamboo and cane tracts are common. Tripura has the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state. Due to its geographical isolation, economic progress in the state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague Tripura, which has
7735-433: The co-tribe Biate in one class, and Changsan along with the co-tribe Thadou in the other class. Each of them was grouped with several subtribes. Soppitt suggested that, by the 16th century, the Hrangkhols and Biate inhabited the Lushai Hills region (currently divided between Mizoram and Chin State ). He believed that they were pushed out by Changsan, who moved in from the east along with Thadou, forcing them to move to
7854-525: The community. It was also another learning institution. Every Lawm has a Lawm-upa (a senior member), a To’llai-pao (an overseer or superintendent) and a Lawm-tangvo (assistant superintendent). Besides being a source of traditional learning, the institution of the Lawm also facilitated the transmission of both technical as well as practical knowledge to its members, especially with regard to particular methods of farming , hunting , fishing and sporting activities such as Kung–Kal (high jump, especially over
7973-407: The eastern extension of the Himalayas running north–south between India and Myanmar. The term is witnessed in the chronicles of Tripura from the reign of Dhanya Manikya ( r. 1490–1515 ) and fairly regularly afterwards. From even earlier, a couplet in Sanskrit is found mentioning a 12th century land grant in Kukisthana (Kuki-land). The Tibetan Buddhist writer Taranatha (1575–1634) wrote
8092-432: The erstwhile villagers of Khokon are now spread out all over the state of Manipur. The then Khokon village chief Ngulthong Haokip later established a new village under the same name in the Saikul subdivision of Sadar Hills (now Kangpokpi district ). Khokon village is located at 24°59'33.3"N latitude, and 93°59'47.8"E longitude. It is situated at a height of 790 m above sea level, and just about 35 Kilometres from Imphal ,
8211-501: The existing four in January 2012 – Khowai , Unakoti , Sipahijala and Gomati . Six new subdivisions and five new blocks were also added. Each is governed by a district collector or a district magistrate, usually appointed by the Indian Administrative Service . The subdivisions of each district are governed by a sub-divisional magistrate and each subdivision is further divided into blocks. The blocks consist of Panchayat s (village councils) and town municipalities. As of 2012,
8330-418: The forests of Tripura. Tata Trusts signed a pact with Government of Tripura in July 2015 to improve fisheries and dairy production in the state. The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped – brickfields and tea industry are the only two organised sectors. Tripura has considerable reservoirs of natural gas. According to estimates by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC),
8449-649: The fuel or electricity to India's national grid. As of 2011, 255,241 hectares (985 sq mi) of land in Tripura cultivable, of which 108,646 hectares (419 sq mi) has the potential to be covered by irrigation projects. However, only 74,796 hectares (289 sq mi) is irrigated. The state lacks major irrigation projects; it depends on medium-sized projects sourced from Gumti, Khowai (at Chakmaghat) and Manu rivers, and minor projects administered by village-level governing bodies that utilise tube wells , water pumps, tanks and lift irrigation . ONGC and Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals are jointly building
8568-455: The garments and making the beds. The best students were recommended to the King's or the Chief's service, and eventually would achieve the office of Semang and Pachong (ministers) in their courts, or gal –lamkai (leaders, warriors) in the army. Lawm (a traditional type of youth club) was an institution in which boys and girls engaged in social activities for the benefit of the individual and
8687-605: The highway cut the state off from its neighbours. Another National Highway, NH 108 , connects the town of Panisagar in northern Tripura with Aizawl , Mizoram. The Tripura Road Transport Corporation is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport. The total length of roads in the state is 16,931 km (10,520 mi) of which national highways constitute 88 km (55 mi) and state highways 689 km (428 mi), as of 2009–10. Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as
8806-412: The hill slopes and the sandy river banks are dominated by species such as Dipterocarpus , Artocarpus , Amoora , Elaeocarpus , Syzygium and Eugenia . Two types of moist deciduous forests comprise the majority of the vegetation: moist deciduous mixed forest and Sal ( Shorea robusta )-predominant forest. The interspersion of bamboo and cane forests with deciduous and evergreen flora
8925-590: The hill tracts" in large numbers, according to the Residents, driving away the older inhabitants. The Residents believed that these Khongjais were driven north by stronger tribes from the south, and hence settled all around the Imphal Valley. Scholar Pum Khan Pau notes that, around 1830, when the British established a political agency in Manipur, the area to the south of present-day Manipur ( Tonzang and Tedim townships of present-day Chin State ) witnessed
9044-766: The indigenous peoples of Tripura. Tripura is a landlocked state in North East India , where the seven contiguous states – Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland and Tripura – are collectively known as the Seven Sister States . Spread over 10,491.69 km (4,050.86 sq mi), Tripura is the third-smallest among the 28 states in the country , behind Goa and Sikkim . It extends from 22°56'N to 24°32'N, and 91°09'E to 92°20'E. Its maximum extent measures about 178 km (111 mi) from north to south, and 131 km (81 mi) east to west. Tripura
9163-670: The largest city in the state. Tripura has 19 different tribal communities with a majority Bengali population. Bengali , English and Kokborok are the state's official languages. The area of modern Tripura — ruled for several centuries by the Manikya Dynasty — was part of the Tripuri Kingdom (also known as Hill Tippera). It became a princely state under the British Raj during its tenure, and acceded to independent India in 1947. It merged with India in 1949 and
9282-474: The late 20th century, an Israeli rabbi investigating their claims named them Bnei Menashe, based on their account of descent from Menasseh . Of the 3.7 million people living in these two northeast states only about 9,000 belong to the Bnei Menashe, several thousands have emigrated to Israel. Some have supported other movements to separate from India. Due to the close proximity to Muslim-majority Bengal ,
9401-431: The monsoon season, the south west monsoon brings heavy rains, which cause frequent floods. The average annual rainfall between 1995 and 2006 ranged from 1,979.6 to 2,745.9 mm (77.94 to 108.11 in). During winter, temperatures range from 13 to 27 °C (55 to 81 °F), while in the summer they fall between 24 and 36 °C (75 and 97 °F). According to a United Nations Development Programme report,
9520-583: The name "Kamhau-Sukte" and became "one of the most dreaded powers in Manipur, Lushai Hills and the Kale-Kabaw Valley". The domain of the Kamhau-Sukte tribes extended all the way to the south of the Manipur valley, encompassing major portions of the present-day Churachandpur and Chandel districts, driving the tribes in these districts further north. Their movement threatened the Naga tribes to
9639-690: The name may reflect vicinity to the sea. Although there is no evidence of lower or middle Paleolithic settlements in Tripura, Upper Paleolithic tools made of fossilised wood have been found in the Haora and Khowai valleys. The Indian epic, the Mahabharata ; ancient religious texts, the Puranas ; and the Edicts of Ashoka – stone pillar inscriptions of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka dating from
9758-510: The newspapers are published in Bengali, except for one Kokborok daily ( Hachukni Kok ), one Manipuri weekly ( Marup ) , two English dailies and three bilingual weeklies. Notable dailies include Ajkal Tripura , Daily Desher Katha , Dainik Sambad and Syandan Patrika . In a study by Indian Institute of Mass Communication in 2009, 93% of the sampled in Tripura rated television as very effective for information and mass education. In
9877-483: The north, in particular the Kabuis to the west of the Manipur valley. McCulloch arranged for a line of Kuki settlements to the south of their area to serve as a buffer and armed the settlers. These villages came to be known as "sepoy villages". According to McCulloch, sepoy villages were also set up along the southern frontier of the Manipur valley. According to modern scholars, the British administrators overemphasized
9996-460: The old classification of "any Kuki tribe" remained. In 2003, the term "any Kuki tribes" was re-added to the list in Manipur as well. The land of the Kukis has a number of customs and traditions . Sawm, a community centre for boys – was the centre of learning in which the Sawm-upa (an elder) did the teaching, while Sawm-nu took care of chores, such as combing of the boy's hair, washing of
10115-409: The other major crops cultivated in the state. Jackfruit and pineapple top the list of horticultural products. Traditionally, most of the indigenous population practised jhum method (a type of slash-and-burn ) of cultivation. The number of people dependent on jhum has declined over the years. Fish farming has made significant advances in the state. At the end of 2009–10, the state produced
10234-694: The partition of India, many Bengali Hindus migrated to Tripura as refugees fleeing religious persecution in Muslim-majority East Pakistan, especially after 1949. Settlement by Hindu Bengalis increased during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Parts of the state were shelled by the Pakistan Army during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . Following the war, the Indian government reorganised
10353-418: The passage of time they largely shifted to small businesses and other skilled professions such as knitting and yarning. The educated ones are engaged in teaching and research in various universities of India and also as medical practitioners. A sections of youths also migrated to different metropolitan cities in the country to work in various companies and BPOs. This article related to a location in Manipur
10472-524: The pattern of British India , and enacted reforms including the formation of Agartala Municipal Corporation. Following the independence of India in 1947, Tippera district – the estate in the plains of British India – became Comilla district of East Pakistan , and Hill Tippera remained under a regency council until 1949. The Maharani Regent of Tripura signed the Tripura Merger Agreement on 9 September 1949, making Tripura
10591-486: The plains of Cachar had 6,000 people. The Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), based on the same census, noted that the Kukis of Manipur wee composed of approximately 8,000 "Old Kukis" and 17,000 "New Kukis". Borders of Manipur were expanded after this date to include the Kuki-inhabited southern parts of the present Churachandpur and Chandel districts, adding further Kuki populations to the state of Manipur. During
10710-408: The population depends on agriculture for sustaining their livelihood. However agriculture and allied activities contribution to Gross State Domestic Production (GSDP) is only 23%, this is primarily because of low capital base in the sector. Despite the inherent limitation and constraints coupled with severe resource shortages for investing in basic infrastructure, this has brought consistent progress in
10829-403: The present-day Ukhrul district ). It was situated between two Tangkhul villages Kachai and Sumdal, which had ongoing rivalries between them. Khokon was established on a hill top between the two villages with the encouragement of the then state administration, under the leadership of chief Paokhoson Haokip. The villagers of Khokon, using their armed strength, controlled the two warring villages in
10948-490: The problem of excessive iron content in groundwater requiring the installation of Iron Removal Plants (IRP). Tripura State has received the best State Award for Water & Sanitation under the category of Small States in the IBN7 Diamond State Award function for doing commendable work to provide drinking water supply to the people with the sparsely distributed tribal population in hamlets of hilly regions of
11067-406: The quality of life and income of people across all sections of society. The state government through its Tripura Industrial Policy and Tripura Industrial Incentives Scheme, 2012, has offered heavy subsidies in capital investment and transport, preferences in government procurement, waivers in tender processes and fees, yet the impact has not been much significant beyond a few industries being set up in
11186-457: The rise of a powerful Sukte chieftain called Khan Thuam. Along with his son Kam Hau, he embarked upon a territorial expansion, pushing the less powerful tribes towards the border of Manipur. But many tribesmen also submitted to the Suktes, paid tribute, and participated in the expansion process. This period witnessed many raids from the south on the border of Manipur, which was roughly in line with
11305-716: The rural population was below the poverty line. Geographic isolation and communication bottlenecks coupled with insufficient infrastructure have restricted economic growth of the state. High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent. Air Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport , located 12 km northwest of Agartala at Singerbhil, is the second busiest airport in northeast India after Guwahati. There are direct flights to Kolkata , Imphal , Delhi , Shillong , Guwahati , Bangalore , Dibrugarh , Aizawl , Ahmedabad , Bangalore and Chittagong . The major airlines are flybig , Air India , Akasa Air , Spicejet and IndiGo . Passenger helicopter services are available between
11424-585: The self-designation " Zo ", which is a generic term that has variants in most Kuki-Chin dialects. " Zomi " (meaning "Zo people") is also used. The term "Kuki" is still enthusiastically adopted by the Thadou language -speaking clans. Thus, "Kuki" is sometimes used in this narrow sense to refer to the Thadou-speaking Kukis, with even the Thadou language referred to as the "Kuki language". By 2023,
11543-495: The seven-year period from 1993 to 2000. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) was first enforced in Tripura on 16 February 1997 when terrorism was at its peak in the state. The Act, as per its provisions, was subsequently reviewed and extended every six months. However, in view of the improvement in the situation and fewer terrorist activities being reported, the Tripura government in June 2013 reduced operational areas of
11662-442: The southern boundary of the Manipur valley. A popular folk song summarised the position of Khan Thuam: What I rule extends to Manipur in the north, and ends at Falam in the south; Manipur to the north and Falam to the south, I am the tiger in the middle. After Khan Thuam's death, his dominion came to be divided between his elder son Kam Hau, based at Mualpi and the younger son Za Pau, based at Tedim . The combined tribe earned
11781-447: The spread of Christianity among them. Missionary activity had considerable social, cultural and political ramifications while the acceptance of Christianity marked a departure from the traditional religion of the Kuki peoples as well as their ancestral customs and traditions. The spread of English education introduced the Kuki people to the "modern era". William Pettigrew , the first foreign missionary, came to Manipur on 6 February 1894 and
11900-408: The state and the major cities of the newly-independent India had to follow a more circuitous route, around East Pakistan. The road distance between Kolkata and Agartala before the partition was less than 350 km (220 mi), and increased to 1,700 km (1,100 mi), as the route now avoided East Pakistan. The geopolitical isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail transport. After
12019-507: The state are known as tillas , and the narrow fertile alluvial valleys, mostly present in the west, are called Doóng/lungas . A number of rivers originate in the hills of Tripura and flow into Bangladesh. The Khowai, Dhalai , Manu , Juri and Longai flow towards the north; the Gumti to the west; and the Muhuri and Feni to the south west. The lithostratigraphy data published by
12138-651: The state had eight districts, 23 subdivisions and 58 development blocks. National census and state statistical reports are not available for all the new administrative divisions, as of March 2013. Agartala , the capital of Tripura, is the most populous city. Other major towns with a population of 10,000 or more (as per 2015 census) are Sabroom , Dharmanagar , Jogendranagar , Kailashahar , Pratapgarh , Udaipur , Amarpur , Belonia , Gandhigram , Kumarghat , Khowai , Ranirbazar , Sonamura , Bishalgarh , Teliamura , Mohanpur , Melaghar , Ambassa , Kamalpur , Bishramganj , Kathaliya , Santirbazar and Baxanagar . Tripura
12257-494: The state has 400 billion metres reserves of natural gas, with 16 billion metres is recoverable. ONGC produced 480 million metres natural gas in the state, in 2006–07. In 2011 and 2013, new large discoveries of natural gas were announced by ONGC. Tourism industry in the state is growing – the revenue earned in tourism sector crossed ₹ 10 million (US$ 120,000) for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassed ₹ 15 million (US$ 180,000) in 2010–11. Although Bangladesh
12376-547: The state lies in "very high damage risk" zone from wind and cyclones. Like most of the Indian subcontinent, Tripura lies within the Indomalayan realm . According to the Biogeographic classification of India , the state is in the "North-East" biogeographic zone. In 2011 forests covered 57.73% of the state. Tripura hosts three different types of ecosystems: mountain, forest and freshwater. The evergreen forests on
12495-596: The state was governed by the Indian National Congress. The Left Front was in power from 1978 to 1988, and then again from 1993 to 2018. In 1988–93, the Congress and Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti were in a ruling coalition. In the 2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election , the Left Front won 50 out of 60 seats in the Assembly. The 2018 assembly election resulted in loss for the Left Front ;
12614-518: The state's economy compared to 23.07 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95 per cent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing). According to the Economic Census of 2005, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21% of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60%), public administration (14.54%), and education (14.40%). Tripura
12733-441: The state, as of 2011. Till 2014, Tripura was a power deficit state. In late 2014, Tripura reached surplus electricity production capacity by using its recently discovered natural gas resources, and installing high efficiency gas turbine power plants. The state has many power-generating stations. These are owned by Tripura State Electricity Corporation (TSECL), natural gas-powered thermal power stations at Rokhia and Baramura, and
12852-452: The study, 67% of the sampled listened to radio and 80–90% read newspaper. Most of the major Indian telecommunication companies are present in the state, such as Airtel , Vi , Jio and BSNL . Mobile connections outnumber landline connections by a wide margin. As of 2011, the state-controlled BSNL has 57,897 landline subscribers and 325,279 GSM mobile service connections. There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in
12971-561: The terminology of "Old Kukis" and "New Kukis", but it does appear that the two groups followed different migration routes and thus developed significant cultural differences. Per the 1881 census, the Kukis are estimated to have numbered 20,000 in the North Cachar Hills (present-day Dima Hasao district ), 15,000 in the Naga Hills (present-day Nagaland ), 30,000–40,000 in Manipur and 6,000 in Tipperah ( Tripura ). In addition,
13090-619: The third century BC – all mention Tripura. An ancient name of Tripura (as mentioned in the Mahabharata) is Kirat Desh (English: "The land of Kirat"), probably referring to the Kirata Kingdoms or the more generic term Kirata . However, it is unclear whether the extent of modern Tripura is coterminous with Kirat Desh . The region was under the rule of the Twipra Kingdom for centuries, but when this dynasty began
13209-630: The track did not reach Agartala. Rail transport was absent in the state until 2008–09 when the railway track was extended to the capital Agartala. The metre gauge rail track was connected to 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ) broad gauge at Lumding. The major railway stations in this line are in Agartala, Dharmanagar , and Kumarghat . This metre gauge track was converted to 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge in 2016 and now trains run from Agartala to Kolkata and Delhi . The total length of this railway track in Tripura state
13328-637: The tribal dissatisfaction with the mainstream rulers, and has been noted for connection with the "sub-national or ethnic searches for identity". Since the 1990s, there has been an ongoing irredentist Tripura rebellion , involving militant outfits such as the National Liberation Front of Tripura and the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF); terrorist incidents involving the ATTF claimed a recorded number of 389 victims in
13447-403: The use of locally crafted musical instruments and clothes; and the worship of regional deities. The sculptures at the archaeological sites Unakoti , Pilak and Devtamura provide historical evidence of artistic fusion between organised and indigenous religions. Tripura is surrounded with serene atmosphere. The name Tripura is linked to the Hindu goddess Tripura Sundari , the presiding deity of
13566-572: The use of the Thadou language for the business of the organisation. As a result, almost all the tribes other than Thadou Kukis left the Kuki Company, and formed a separate Khulmi National Union . In 1950s, ten Old Kuki tribes changed their affiliation to 'Naga', induced to do so by the Tangkhuls . Seven New Kuki tribes eventually adopted the Zomi identity in the 1990s. In the 1950s, when
13685-477: The village and the community. Prior to conversion in the early 20th century to Christianity by Welsh Baptist missionaries, the Chin, Kuki, and Mizo peoples were animists ; among their practices were ritual headhunting . Christian missionaries entered Manipur in the late 19th century but did not yet make inroads into the tribal areas. The victory of the British in Anglo-Kuki War of 1917–1919 opened up their mind of
13804-577: The west, through Atharamura , Longtharai and Shakhan , to the Jampui Hills in the east. The intervening synclines are the Agartala–Udaipur, Khowai–Teliamura, Kamalpur–Ambasa, Kailasahar–Manu and Dharmanagar–Kanchanpur valleys. At an altitude of 939 m (3,081 ft), Betling Shib in the Jampui range is the state's highest point. The small isolated hillocks interspersed throughout
13923-471: Was apparently based on a village called "Khongchai" in the Tuipui river valley, with the surrounding hills also referred to as Khongjai Hills. The Manipur ruler Ching-Thang Khomba (also known as Bhagyachandra and Jai Singh) made war on this region in 1786, and subjugated the Kuki chieftain in the central village. Other regions in southern hills remained relatively untouched until 1894 when the British defined
14042-413: Was designated as a 'Part C State' ( union territory ). It became a full-fledged state of India in 1972. Tripura lies in a geographically isolated location in India, as only one major highway, National Highway 8 , connects it with the rest of the country. Five mountain ranges — Baramura , Atharamura , Longtharai , Shakhan and Jampui Hills — run north to south, with intervening valleys; Agartala ,
14161-772: Was sponsored by the American Baptist Mission Union . He, along with Dr. Crozier, worked in the North and the Northeast of Manipur. In the south, Watkins Robert of the Welsh Presbytery mission organised the Indo-Burma Thadou-Kuki Pioneer Mission in 1913. To have a broader scope, the mission's name was changed to North East India General Mission (NEIGM) in 1924. The first resistance to British hegemony by
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