Misplaced Pages

#282717

95-398: In semiotics , Khôra (also chora ; Ancient Greek : χώρα ) is the space that gives a place for being . The term has been used in philosophy by Plato to designate a receptacle (as a "third kind" [ triton genos ]; Timaeus 48e4), a space, a material substratum, or an interval. In Plato's account, khôra is described as a formless interval, alike to a non-being , in between which

190-407: A computational semiotics method for generating semiotic squares from digital texts. Pictorial semiotics is intimately connected to art history and theory. It goes beyond them both in at least one fundamental way, however. While art history has limited its visual analysis to a small number of pictures that qualify as "works of art", pictorial semiotics focuses on the properties of pictures in

285-452: A psychoanalytic approach to the poststructuralist criticism. For example, her view of the subject , and its construction, shares similarities with Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan . However, Kristeva rejects any understanding of the subject in a structuralist sense; instead, she favors a subject always " in process " or "on trial". In this way, she contributes to the poststructuralist critique of essentialized structures, whilst preserving

380-496: A basis for musical allusion." Subfields that have sprouted out of semiotics include, but are not limited to, the following: Julia Kristeva Julia Kristeva ( French: [kʁisteva] ; born Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva , Bulgarian : Юлия Стоянова Кръстева ; on 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher , literary critic , semiotician , psychoanalyst , feminist , and novelist who has lived in France since

475-404: A busy world; but even these may be fine-tuned for specific cultures. Research also found that, as airline industry brandings grow and become more international their logos become more symbolic and less iconic. The iconicity and symbolism of a sign depends on the cultural convention and are, on that ground, in relation with each other. If the cultural convention has greater influence on the sign,

570-430: A clearly defined place in the field of human knowledge. Thomas Sebeok would assimilate semiology to semiotics as a part to a whole, and was involved in choosing the name Semiotica for the first international journal devoted to the study of signs. Saussurean semiotics have exercised a great deal of influence on the schools of structuralism and post-structuralism. Jacques Derrida , for example, takes as his object

665-402: A connotation that is culturally-bound, and that violates some culture code. Theorists who have studied humor (such as Schopenhauer ) suggest that contradiction or incongruity creates absurdity and therefore, humor. Violating a culture code creates this construct of ridiculousness for the culture that owns the code. Intentional humor also may fail cross-culturally because jokes are not on code for

760-567: A culture she is unfamiliar with". Almond notes the absence of sophistication in Kristeva's remarks concerning the Muslim world and the dismissive terminology she uses to describe its culture and believers. He criticizes Kristeva's opposition which juxtaposes "Islamic societies" against "democracies where life is still fairly pleasant" by pointing out that Kristeva displays no awareness of the complex and nuanced debate ongoing among women theorists in

855-574: A famous disambiguation of three types of feminism in "Women's Time" in New Maladies of the Soul (1993); while rejecting the first two types, including that of Beauvoir, her stands are sometimes considered rejecting feminism altogether. Kristeva proposed the idea of multiple sexual identities against the joined code of "unified feminine language". Kristeva argues her writings have been misunderstood by American feminist academics. In Kristeva's view, it

950-430: A general sense, and on how the artistic conventions of images can be interpreted through pictorial codes. Pictorial codes are the way in which viewers of pictorial representations seem automatically to decipher the artistic conventions of images by being unconsciously familiar with them. According to Göran Sonesson, a Swedish semiotician, pictures can be analyzed by three models: the narrative model, which concentrates on

1045-401: A sort of bastard reckoning, hardly trustworthy; and looking toward which we dream and affirm that it is necessary that all that is be somewhere in some place and occupy some khôra; and that that which is neither on earth nor anywhere in the heaven is nothing." — Plato, Timaeus , 52a-b "So likewise it is right that the substance which is to be fitted to receive frequently over its whole extent

SECTION 10

#1732772220283

1140-405: A way for audience members to safely reenact the process of abjection by vicariously expelling and destroying the mother figure. Kristeva is also known for her adoption of Plato ’s idea of the chora , meaning "a nourishing maternal space" (Schippers, 2011). Kristeva's idea of the chora has been interpreted in several ways: as a reference to the uterus, as a metaphor for the relationship between

1235-427: A wide variety of possibilities for pictorial semiotics. Some influences have been drawn from phenomenological analysis, cognitive psychology, structuralist, and cognitivist linguistics, and visual anthropology and sociology. Studies have shown that semiotics may be used to make or break a brand . Culture codes strongly influence whether a population likes or dislikes a brand's marketing, especially internationally. If

1330-587: Is a branch of science that generally studies meaning-making (whether communicated or not) and various types of knowledge. Unlike linguistics , semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems . Semiotics includes the study of indication, designation, likeness, analogy , allegory , metonymy , metaphor , symbolism , signification, and communication. Semiotics is frequently seen as having important anthropological and sociological dimensions. Some semioticians regard every cultural phenomenon as being able to be studied as communication. Semioticians also focus on

1425-554: Is a realm associated with the musical, the poetic, the rhythmic, and that which lacks structure and meaning. It is closely tied to the "feminine", and represents the undifferentiated state of the pre-Mirror Stage infant. Upon entering the Mirror Stage, the child learns to distinguish between self and other, and enters the realm of shared cultural meaning, known as the symbolic . In Desire in Language (1980), Kristeva describes

1520-404: Is closely related to the infantile pre-Oedipal referred to in the works of Freud, Otto Rank , Melanie Klein , British Object Relation psychoanalysis, and Lacan's pre- mirror stage . It is an emotional field, tied to the instincts , which dwells in the fissures and prosody of language rather than in the denotative meanings of words." Furthermore, according to Birgit Schippers, the semiotic

1615-440: Is combining methods and theories developed in the disciplines of semiotics and the humanities, with providing new information into human signification and its manifestation in cultural practices. The research on cognitive semiotics brings together semiotics from linguistics, cognitive science, and related disciplines on a common meta-theoretical platform of concepts, methods, and shared data. Cognitive semiotics may also be seen as

1710-412: Is contrasted with the semiotic in that it is associated with the masculine, the law, and structure. Kristeva departs from Lacan in the idea that even after entering the symbolic, the subject continues to oscillate between the semiotic and the symbolic. Therefore, rather than arriving at a fixed identity, the subject is permanently "in process". Because female children continue to identify to some degree with

1805-485: Is covered in biosemiotics including zoosemiotics and phytosemiotics . The importance of signs and signification has been recognized throughout much of the history of philosophy and psychology . The term derives from Ancient Greek σημειωτικός (sēmeiōtikós)  'observant of signs' (from σημεῖον (sēmeîon)  'a sign, mark, token'). For the Greeks, 'signs' ( σημεῖον sēmeîon ) occurred in

1900-519: Is deeply concerned with non-linguistic signification. Philosophy of language also bears connections to linguistics, while semiotics might appear closer to some of the humanities (including literary theory ) and to cultural anthropology . Semiosis or semeiosis is the process that forms meaning from any organism's apprehension of the world through signs. Scholars who have talked about semiosis in their subtheories of semiotics include C. S. Peirce , John Deely , and Umberto Eco . Cognitive semiotics

1995-467: Is not even a receptacle. Khôra has no meaning or essence, no identity to fall back upon. She/it receives all without becoming anything, which is why she/it can become the subject of neither a philosopheme nor mytheme. In short, the khôra is tout autre [fully other], very. If, as one contributor concludes, " khôra " means "space", it is an interesting space that "at times appears to be neither this nor that, at times both this and that," wavering "between

SECTION 20

#1732772220283

2090-743: Is offered by Jean-Jacques Nattiez who, as a musicologist , considered the theoretical study of communication irrelevant to his application of semiotics. Semiotics differs from linguistics in that it generalizes the definition of a sign to encompass signs in any medium or sensory modality. Thus it broadens the range of sign systems and sign relations, and extends the definition of language in what amounts to its widest analogical or metaphorical sense. The branch of semiotics that deals with such formal relations between signs or expressions in abstraction from their signification and their interpreters, or—more generally—with formal properties of symbol systems (specifically, with reference to linguistic signs, syntax )

2185-486: Is possible to successfully pass a sign perceived as a cultural icon, such as the logos for Coca-Cola or McDonald's , from one culture to another. This may be accomplished if the sign is migrated from a more economically developed to a less developed culture. The intentional association of a product with another culture has been called "foreign consumer culture positioning" (FCCP). Products also may be marketed using global trends or culture codes, for example, saving time in

2280-514: Is prominent in structuralist and poststructuralist thought. Kristeva is also the founder of the Simone de Beauvoir Prize committee. Born in Sliven , Bulgaria to Christian parents, Kristeva is the daughter of a church accountant. On her mother's side, she has distant Jewish ancestry. Kristeva and her sister attended a Francophone school run by Dominican nuns. Kristeva became acquainted with

2375-406: Is referred to as syntactics . Peirce's definition of the term semiotic as the study of necessary features of signs also has the effect of distinguishing the discipline from linguistics as the study of contingent features that the world's languages happen to have acquired in the course of their evolutions. From a subjective standpoint, perhaps more difficult is the distinction between semiotics and

2470-625: Is regarded as an inherently limiting and oppressive form of praxis . Kristeva articulates the khôra in terms of a presignifying state: "Although the khôra can be designated and regulated, it can never be definitively posited: as a result, one can situate the khôra and, if necessary, lend it a topology, but one can never give it axiomatic form." Semiotics Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs. Signs often are communicated by verbal language, but also by gestures, or by other forms of language, e.g. artistic ones (music, painting, sculpture, etc.). Contemporary semiotics

2565-653: Is the same way in which societies are constructed. On a broader scale, cultures exclude the maternal and the feminine, and by this come into being. Kristeva has been regarded as a key proponent of French feminism together with Simone de Beauvoir , Hélène Cixous , and Luce Irigaray . Kristeva has had a remarkable influence on feminism and feminist literary studies in the US and the UK, as well as on readings into contemporary art although her relation to feminist circles and movements in France has been quite controversial. Kristeva made

2660-414: Is the so-called semiotics (Charles Morris) which is now commonly employed by mathematical logicians. Semiotics is the theory of symbols and falls in three parts; Max Black argued that the work of Bertrand Russell was seminal in the field. Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way they are transmitted . This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of codes that may be

2755-453: Is ultimately totalitarian . Kristeva has written a number of novels that resemble detective stories. While the books maintain narrative suspense and develop a stylized surface, her readers also encounter ideas intrinsic to her theoretical projects. Her characters reveal themselves mainly through psychological devices, making her type of fiction mostly resemble the later work of Dostoevsky . Her fictional oeuvre, which includes The Old Man and

2850-731: The Hannah Arendt Prize , and the Vision 97 Foundation Prize, awarded by the Havel Foundation. Kristeva became influential in international critical analysis, cultural studies and feminism after publishing her first book, Semeiotikè , in 1969. Her sizeable body of work includes books and essays which address intertextuality , the semiotic , and abjection , in the fields of linguistics , literary theory and criticism, psychoanalysis , biography and autobiography, political and cultural analysis , art and art history . She

2945-408: The chora and the symbolic realm: the mother has access to culture and meaning, yet also forms a totalizing bond with the child. Kristeva is also noted for her work on the concept of intertextuality . Kristeva argues that anthropology and psychology , or the connection between the social and the subject, do not represent each other, but rather follow the same logic: the survival of the group and

Khôra - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-456: The khôra . Derrida argues that the subjectile is the space between the sensible and the intelligible, through which everything passes but in which nothing remains. For example, an image needs to be held by something, just as a mirror will hold a reflection. Following Derrida, John Caputo describes khôra as: neither present nor absent, active or passive, the good nor evil, living nor nonliving - but rather atheological and nonhuman - khôra

3135-437: The logical dimensions of semiotics, examining biological questions such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world. Fundamental semiotic theories take signs or sign systems as their object of study. Applied semiotics analyzes cultures and cultural artifacts according to the ways they construct meaning through their being signs. The communication of information in living organisms

3230-569: The nature–culture divide and identifying symbols as no more than a species (or sub-species) of signum . A monograph study on this question was done by Manetti (1987). These theories have had a lasting effect in Western philosophy , especially through scholastic philosophy. The general study of signs that began in Latin with Augustine culminated with the 1632 Tractatus de Signis of John Poinsot and then began anew in late modernity with

3325-477: The philosophy of language . In a sense, the difference lies between separate traditions rather than subjects. Different authors have called themselves "philosopher of language" or "semiotician." This difference does not match the separation between analytic and continental philosophy . On a closer look, there may be found some differences regarding subjects. Philosophy of language pays more attention to natural languages or to languages in general, while semiotics

3420-471: The values of the culture , and are able to add new shades of connotation to every aspect of life. To explain the relationship between semiotics and communication studies , communication is defined as the process of transferring data and-or meaning from a source to a receiver. Hence, communication theorists construct models based on codes, media, and contexts to explain the biology , psychology , and mechanics involved. Both disciplines recognize that

3515-472: The " Forms " were received from the intelligible realm (where they were originally held) and were "copied", shaping into the transitory forms of the sensible realm; it "gives space" and has maternal overtones (a womb, matrix): “Moreover, a third kind is that of the Khôra (χώρας), everlasting, not admitting destruction, granting an abode to all things having generation, itself to be apprehended with nonsensation, by

3610-465: The Greek semeîon , 'sign'). It would investigate the nature of signs and the laws governing them. Since it does not yet exist, one cannot say for certain that it will exist. But it has a right to exist, a place ready for it in advance. Linguistics is only one branch of this general science. The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable in linguistics, and linguistics will thus be assigned to

3705-461: The Ministry of Interior. The process was long and difficult because anyone who made it to the west could declare political asylum. Kristeva has called the allegations "grotesque and false". On 30 March, the state Dossier Commission began publishing online the entire set of documents reflecting Kristeva's activity as an informant of the former Committee for State Security. She vigorously denies

3800-498: The Muslim world, and that she does not refer to anything other than the Rushdie fatwa in dismissing the entire Muslim faith as "reactionary and persecutory". In Impostures intellectuelles (1997), physics professors Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont devote a chapter to Kristeva's use of mathematics in her early writings. They argue that Kristeva fails to show the relevance of the mathematical concepts she discusses to linguistics and

3895-524: The Saussurean relationship of signifier and signified, asserting that signifier and signified are not fixed, coining the expression différance , relating to the endless deferral of meaning, and to the absence of a "transcendent signified". In the nineteenth century, Charles Sanders Peirce defined what he termed "semiotic" (which he would sometimes spell as "semeiotic") as the "quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs," which abstracts "what must be

Khôra - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-502: The Saussurean semiotic is dyadic (sign/syntax, signal/semantics), the Peircean semiotic is triadic (sign, object, interpretant), being conceived as philosophical logic studied in terms of signs that are not always linguistic or artificial. Peirce would aim to base his new list directly upon experience precisely as constituted by action of signs, in contrast with the list of Aristotle's categories which aimed to articulate within experience

4085-571: The Wolves , Murder in Byzantium , and Possessions , while often allegorical, also approaches the autobiographical in some passages, especially with one of the protagonists of Possessions , Stephanie Delacour—a French journalist—who can be seen as Kristeva's alter ego. Murder in Byzantium deals with themes from orthodox Christianity and politics; she referred to it as "a kind of anti- Da Vinci Code ". For her "innovative explorations of questions on

4180-500: The abyssal nothing mu inspired by his reading of the Plato's notion of khôra. Jacques Derrida has written a short text with the title Khôra . Jacques Derrida uses khôra to name a radical otherness that "gives place" for being, characterizing khôra as a formless interval, alike to a non-being , in between which the " Forms " were received from the intelligible realm (where they were originally held) and were "copied", shaping into

4275-435: The animal Umwelt a relation of self-identity within objects which transforms objects experienced into 'things' as well as +, –, 0 objects. Thus, the generically animal objective world as Umwelt , becomes a species-specifically human objective world or Lebenswelt ( ' life-world ' ), wherein linguistic communication, rooted in the biologically underdetermined Innenwelt ( ' inner-world ' ) of humans, makes possible

4370-421: The attainment of any end, especially happiness: or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into these three sorts. Locke then elaborates on the nature of this third category, naming it Σημειωτική ( Semeiotike ), and explaining it as "the doctrine of signs" in the following terms: Thirdly,

4465-628: The attempt in 1867 by Charles Sanders Peirce to draw up a "new list of categories ". More recently Umberto Eco , in his Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language , has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the work of most, perhaps all, major thinkers. John Locke (1690), himself a man of medicine , was familiar with this "semeiotics" as naming a specialized branch within medical science. In his personal library were two editions of Scapula's 1579 abridgement of Henricus Stephanus ' Thesaurus Graecae Linguae , which listed σημειωτική as

4560-418: The characters of all signs used by…an intelligence capable of learning by experience," and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes. Peirce's perspective is considered as philosophical logic studied in terms of signs that are not always linguistic or artificial, and sign processes, modes of inference, and the inquiry process in general. The Peircean semiotic addresses not only

4655-483: The charges. Neal Ascherson wrote: "...the recent fuss about Julia Kristeva boils down to nothing much, although it has suited some to inflate it into a fearful scandal... But the reality shown in her files is trivial. After settling in Paris in 1965, she was cornered by Bulgarian spooks who pointed out to her that she still had a vulnerable family in the home country. So she agreed to regular meetings over many years, in

4750-488: The company did not research the codes underlying European culture. Its storybook retelling of European folktales was taken as elitist and insulting, and the strict appearance standards that it had for employees resulted in discrimination lawsuits in France. Disney souvenirs were perceived as cheap trinkets. The park was a financial failure because its code violated the expectations of European culture in ways that were offensive. However, some researchers have suggested that it

4845-511: The company is unaware of a culture's codes, it runs the risk of failing in its marketing. Globalization has caused the development of a global consumer culture where products have similar associations, whether positive or negative, across numerous markets. Mistranslations may lead to instances of " Engrish " or " Chinglish " terms for unintentionally humorous cross-cultural slogans intended to be understood in English. When translating surveys ,

SECTION 50

#1732772220283

4940-559: The conversation surrounding musical tropes—or "topics"—in order to create a collection of musical figures that have historically been indicative of a given style. Robert Hatten continues this conversation in Beethoven, Markedness, Correlation, and Interpretation (1994), in which he states that "richly coded style types which carry certain features linked to affect, class, and social occasion such as church styles, learned styles, and dance styles. In complex forms these topics mingle, providing

5035-531: The copies of all things intelligible and eternal should itself, of its own nature, be void of all the forms. Wherefore, let us not speak of her that is the Mother and Receptacle of this generated world, which is perceptible by sight and all the senses, by the name of earth or air or fire or water, or any aggregates or constituents thereof: rather, if we describe her as a Kind invisible and unshaped, all-receptive, and in some most perplexing and most baffling partaking of

5130-524: The course of which she seems to have told her handlers nothing more than gossip about Aragon , Bataille & Co. from the Left Bank cafés – stuff they could have read in Le Canard enchaîné ... the combined intelligence value of its product and her reports was almost zero. The Bulgarian security men seem to have known they were being played. But never mind: they could impress their boss by showing him

5225-512: The dimension of being that is independent of experience and knowable as such, through human understanding. The estimative powers of animals interpret the environment as sensed to form a "meaningful world" of objects, but the objects of this world (or Umwelt , in Jakob von Uexküll 's term) consist exclusively of objects related to the animal as desirable (+), undesirable (–), or "safe to ignore" (0). In contrast to this, human understanding adds to

5320-562: The dream started with "dream thoughts" which were like logical, verbal sentences. He believed that the dream thought was in the nature of a taboo wish that would awaken the dreamer. In order to safeguard sleep, the midbrain converts and disguises the verbal dream thought into an imagistic form, through processes he called the "dream-work." Semiotics can be directly linked to the ideals of musical topic theory, which traces patterns in musical figures throughout their prevalent context in order to assign some aspect of narrative, affect, or aesthetics to

5415-462: The existence of signs that are symbols; semblances ("icons"); and "indices," i.e., signs that are such through a factual connection to their objects. Peircean scholar and editor Max H. Fisch (1978) would claim that "semeiotic" was Peirce's own preferred rendering of Locke's σημιωτική. Charles W. Morris followed Peirce in using the term "semiotic" and in extending the discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals. While

5510-444: The external communication mechanism, as per Saussure, but the internal representation machine, investigating sign processes, and modes of inference, as well as the whole inquiry process in general. Peircean semiotic is triadic, including sign, object, interpretant, as opposed to the dyadic Saussurian tradition (signifier, signified). Peircean semiotics further subdivides each of the three triadic elements into three sub-types, positing

5605-413: The further dimension of cultural organization within the otherwise merely social organization of non-human animals whose powers of observation may deal only with directly sensible instances of objectivity. This further point, that human culture depends upon language understood first of all not as communication, but as the biologically underdetermined aspect or feature of the human animal's Innenwelt ,

5700-414: The gesture. Danuta Mirka's The Oxford Handbook of Topic Theory presents a holistic recognition and overview regarding the subject, offering insight into the development of the theory. In recognizing the indicative and symbolic elements of a musical line, gesture, or occurrence, one can gain a greater understanding of aspects regarding compositional intent and identity. Philosopher Charles Pierce discusses

5795-439: The individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body movements they make to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear. To coin a word to refer to a thing , the community must agree on a simple meaning (a denotative meaning) within their language, but that word can transmit that meaning only within the language's grammatical structures and codes . Codes also represent

SECTION 60

#1732772220283

5890-477: The intelligible, we shall describe her truly." — Plato, Timaeus , 51a In Ancient Greek : χώρα , romanized :  khṓrā is the space where something is, or any generic place. Aristotle merged his teacher's concept with his definitions of prima materia ( hylé ), place (topos) and substratum ( hypokeimenon ), in the book 4 of Physics : "This is why Plato says in the Timaeus that matter and

5985-1078: The intersection of language, culture and literature", Kristeva was awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize in 2004. She won the 2006 Hannah Arendt Prize for Political Thought. She has also been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, and the Vaclav Havel Prize. On October 10, 2019, she received an honoris causa doctorate from Universidade Católica Portuguesa . Roman Jakobson said that "Both readers and listeners, whether agreeing or in stubborn disagreement with Julia Kristeva, feel indeed attracted to her contagious voice and to her genuine gift of questioning generally adopted 'axioms,' and her contrary gift of releasing various 'damned questions' from their traditional question marks." Roland Barthes comments that "Julia Kristeva changes

6080-526: The khôra are the same; for the receptive and the khôra are one and the same. Although the manner in which he speaks about the receptive in the Timaeus differs from that in the so-called unwritten teachings, nevertheless he declares that place and the khôra are the same". Key authors addressing khôra include Martin Heidegger , who refers to a "clearing" in which being happens or takes place. Kitaro Nishida stated that he based his concept of basho , Place, on

6175-401: The logic of exclusion and that of participation." (Derrida, The Name , 89). Julia Kristeva deploys the " khora " as part of her analysis of the difference between the semiotic and symbolic realms, as the emancipatory employment of semiotic activity as a way of evading the allegedly phallocentric character of symbolic activity (signification through language), which, following Jacques Lacan ,

6270-493: The mid-1960s. She has taught at Columbia University , and is now a professor emerita at Université Paris Cité . The author of more than 30 books, including Powers of Horror , Tales of Love , Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia , Proust and the Sense of Time , and the trilogy Female Genius , she has been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor , Commander of the Order of Merit , the Holberg International Memorial Prize ,

6365-400: The mother and child, and as the temporal period preceding the Mirror Stage. In her essay Motherhood According to Giovanni Bellini from Desire in Language (1980), Kristeva refers to the chora as a "non-expressive totality formed by drives and their stases in a motility that is as full of movement as it is regulated." She goes on to suggest that it is the mother's body that mediates between

6460-561: The mother figure, they are especially likely to retain a close connection to the semiotic. This continued identification with the mother may result in what Kristeva refers to in Black Sun (1989) as melancholia ( depression ), given that female children simultaneously reject and identify with the mother figure. It has also been suggested (e.g., Creed, 1993) that the degradation of women and women's bodies in popular culture (and particularly, for example, in slasher films ) emerges because of

6555-672: The name for ' diagnostics ' , the branch of medicine concerned with interpreting symptoms of disease (" symptomatology "). Physician and scholar Henry Stubbe (1670) had transliterated this term of specialized science into English precisely as " semeiotics ", marking the first use of the term in English: "…nor is there any thing to be relied upon in Physick, but an exact knowledge of medicinal phisiology (founded on observation, not principles), semeiotics, method of curing, and tried (not excogitated, not commanding) medicines.…" Locke would use

6650-560: The name to subtitle his founding at the University of Tartu in Estonia in 1964 of the first semiotics journal, Sign Systems Studies . Ferdinand de Saussure founded his semiotics, which he called semiology , in the social sciences: It is…possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology, and hence of general psychology. We shall call it semiology (from

6745-478: The novelist Philippe Sollers , born Philippe Joyaux. Kristeva taught at Columbia University in the early 1970s, and remains a Visiting Professor. She has also published under the married name Julia Joyaux. After joining the ' Tel Quel group' founded by Sollers, Kristeva focused on the politics of language and became an active member of the group. She trained in psychoanalysis, and earned her degree in 1979. In some ways, her work can be seen as trying to adapt

6840-624: The other fields she studies, and that no such relevance exists. In 2018, Bulgaria's state Dossier Commission announced that Kristeva had been an agent for the Committee for State Security under the code name "Sabina". She was supposedly recruited in June 1971. Five years earlier she left Bulgaria to study in France. Under the People's Republic of Bulgaria , any Bulgarian who wanted to travel abroad had to apply for an exit visa and get an approval from

6935-658: The place of things: she always destroys the last prejudice, the one you thought you could be reassured by, could be take [sic] pride in; what she displaces is the already-said, the déja-dit, i.e., the instance of the signified, i.e., stupidity; what she subverts is authority -the authority of monologic science, of filiation." Ian Almond criticizes Kristeva's ethnocentrism. He cites Gayatri Spivak 's conclusion that Kristeva's book About Chinese Women "belongs to that very eighteenth century [that] Kristeva scorns" after pinpointing "the brief, expansive, often completely ungrounded way in which she writes about two thousand years of

7030-602: The post- Baudrillardian world of ubiquitous technology. Its central move is to place the finiteness of thought at the root of semiotics and the sign as a secondary but fundamental analytical construct. The theory contends that the levels of reproduction that technology is bringing to human environments demands this reprioritisation if semiotics is to remain relevant in the face of effectively infinite signs. The shift in emphasis allows practical definitions of many core constructs in semiotics which Shackell has applied to areas such as human computer interaction , creativity theory, and

7125-449: The prominent cognitive semioticians are Per Aage Brandt , Svend Østergaard, Peer Bundgård, Frederik Stjernfelt , Mikkel Wallentin, Kristian Tylén, Riccardo Fusaroli, and Jordan Zlatev. Zlatev later in co-operation with Göran Sonesson established CCS (Center for Cognitive Semiotics) at Lund University , Sweden. Finite semiotics , developed by Cameron Shackell (2018, 2019), aims to unify existing theories of semiotics for application to

7220-483: The receiving culture. A good example of branding according to cultural code is Disney 's international theme park business. Disney fits well with Japan 's cultural code because the Japanese value " cuteness ", politeness, and gift-giving as part of their culture code; Tokyo Disneyland sells the most souvenirs of any Disney theme park. In contrast, Disneyland Paris failed when it launched as Euro Disney because

7315-531: The relationship between pictures and time in a chronological manner as in a comic strip; the rhetoric model, which compares pictures with different devices as in a metaphor; and the Laokoon model, which considers the limits and constraints of pictorial expressions by comparing textual mediums that utilize time with visual mediums that utilize space. The break from traditional art history and theory—as well as from other major streams of semiotic analysis—leaves open

7410-433: The relationship of icons and indexes in relation to signification and semiotics. In doing so, he draws on the elements of various ideas, acts, or styles that can be translated into a different field. Whereas indexes consist of a contextual representation of a symbol, icons directly correlate with the object or gesture that is being referenced. In his 1980 book Classic Music: Expression, Form, and Style, Leonard Ratner amends

7505-534: The same symbol may mean different things in the source and target language thus leading to potential errors. For example, the symbol of "x" is used to mark a response in English language surveys but "x" usually means ' no ' in the Chinese convention. This may be caused by a sign that, in Peirce's terms, mistakenly indexes or symbolizes something in one culture, that it does not in another. In other words, it creates

7600-494: The signs get more symbolic value. The flexibility of human semiotics is well demonstrated in dreams. Sigmund Freud spelled out how meaning in dreams rests on a blend of images, affects , sounds, words, and kinesthetic sensations. In his chapter on "The Means of Representation," he showed how the most abstract sorts of meaning and logical relations can be represented by spatial relations. Two images in sequence may indicate "if this, then that" or "despite this, that." Freud thought

7695-483: The study of meaning-making by employing and integrating methods and theories developed in the cognitive sciences. This involves conceptual and textual analysis as well as experimental investigations. Cognitive semiotics initially was developed at the Center for Semiotics at Aarhus University ( Denmark ), with an important connection with the Center of Functionally Integrated Neuroscience (CFIN) at Aarhus Hospital. Amongst

7790-425: The subject. Furthermore, in her analysis of Oedipus , she claims that the speaking subject cannot exist on his/her own, but that he/she "stands on the fragile threshold as if stranded on account of an impossible demarcation" ( Powers of Horror , p. 85). In her comparison between the two disciplines, Kristeva claims that the way in which an individual excludes the abject mother as a means of forming an identity,

7885-412: The symbolic as the space in which the development of language allows the child to become a "speaking subject," and to develop a sense of identity separate from the mother. This process of separation is known as abjection, whereby the child must reject and move away from the mother in order to enter into the world of language, culture, meaning, and the social. This realm of language is called the symbolic and

7980-408: The teachings of psychoanalysis. She travelled to China in the 1970s and later wrote About Chinese Women (1977). One of Kristeva's most important contributions is that signification is composed of two elements, the symbolic and the semiotic , the latter being distinct from the discipline of semiotics founded by Ferdinand de Saussure . As explained by Augustine Perumalil, Kristeva's "semiotic

8075-556: The technical process cannot be separated from the fact that the receiver must decode the data, i.e., be able to distinguish the data as salient , and make meaning out of it. This implies that there is a necessary overlap between semiotics and communication. Indeed, many of the concepts are shared, although in each field the emphasis is different. In Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics , Marcel Danesi (1994) suggested that semioticians' priorities were to study signification first, and communication second. A more extreme view

8170-528: The term sem(e)iotike in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (book IV, chap. 21), in which he explains how science may be divided into three parts: All that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation: or, secondly, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for

8265-420: The third branch [of sciences] may be termed σημειωτικὴ , or the doctrine of signs, the most usual whereof being words, it is aptly enough termed also Λογικὴ , logic; the business whereof is to consider the nature of signs the mind makes use of for the understanding of things, or conveying its knowledge to others. Juri Lotman introduced Eastern Europe to semiotics and adopted Locke's coinage ( Σημειωτική ) as

8360-407: The threat to identity that the mother's body poses: it is a reminder of time spent in the undifferentiated state of the semiotic, where one has no concept of self or identity. After abjecting the mother, subjects retain an unconscious fascination with the semiotic, desiring to reunite with the mother, while at the same time fearing the loss of identity that accompanies it. Slasher films thus provide

8455-468: The transitory forms of the sensible realm; it "gives space" and has maternal overtones (a womb, matrix):. For Derrida, khôra defies attempts at naming or either/or logic, which he "deconstructs". The project proposed the construction of a garden in the Parc de la Villette in Paris, which included a sieve, or harp-like structure that Derrida envisaged as a physical metaphor for the receptacle-like properties of

8550-449: The way to understanding an action of signs beyond the realm of animal life (study of phytosemiosis + zoösemiosis + anthroposemiosis = biosemiotics ), which was his first advance beyond Latin Age semiotics. Other early theorists in the field of semiotics include Charles W. Morris . Writing in 1951, Jozef Maria Bochenski surveyed the field in this way: "Closely related to mathematical logic

8645-486: The work of Martin Krampen , but takes advantage of Peirce's point that an interpretant, as the third item within a sign relation, "need not be mental". Peirce distinguished between the interpretant and the interpreter. The interpretant is the internal, mental representation that mediates between the object and its sign. The interpreter is the human who is creating the interpretant. Peirce's "interpretant" notion opened

8740-531: The work of Mikhail Bakhtin at this time in Bulgaria. Kristeva went on to study at the University of Sofia , and while a postgraduate there obtained a research fellowship that enabled her to move to France in December 1965, when she was 24. She continued her education at several French universities, studying under Lucien Goldmann and Roland Barthes , among other scholars. On August 2, 1967, Kristeva married

8835-416: The world of nature and 'symbols' ( σύμβολον sýmbolon ) in the world of culture. As such, Plato and Aristotle explored the relationship between signs and the world. It would not be until Augustine of Hippo that the nature of the sign would be considered within a conventional system. Augustine introduced a thematic proposal for uniting the two under the notion of 'sign' ( signum ) as transcending

8930-524: Was not enough simply to dissect the structure of language in order to find its hidden meaning. Language should also be viewed through the prisms of history and of individual psychic and sexual experiences. This post-structuralist approach enabled specific social groups to trace the source of their oppression to the very language they used. However, Kristeva believes that it is harmful to posit collective identity above individual identity, and that this political assertion of sexual, ethnic, and religious identities

9025-451: Was originally clearly identified by Thomas A. Sebeok . Sebeok also played the central role in bringing Peirce's work to the center of the semiotic stage in the twentieth century, first with his expansion of the human use of signs ( anthroposemiosis ) to include also the generically animal sign-usage ( zoösemiosis ), then with his further expansion of semiosis to include the vegetative world ( phytosemiosis ). Such would initially be based on

#282717