Misplaced Pages

#123876

48-570: The park is named after German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller who described several hundred species of Australian flora and who participated in and promoted the exploration of Australia in the mid-nineteenth century. The Subiaco Municipal Council announced the name in July 1906. In December 1916 the park was renamed Kitchener Park in response to war-time sensitivities. Present day Roberts Road and Winthrop Avenue ( Nedlands ) were renamed from Mueller Road and Ferdinand Street respectively at

96-594: A Prussian province), and were trying to preserve their traditional faith. They emigrated with the financial assistance of George Fife Angas and the Emigration Fund. Not all subsequent arrivals shared this religious motivation, but the Lutheran Church remained at the centre of the German settlers' lives right into the 20th century. Forty-Eighters is a term for those who participated in or supported

144-591: A passenger liner and an educational cruise ship before seeing extensive service as a troopship throughout World War II . She was taken over by the Royal Navy as a troopship before hostilities started, and was taking troops to the Far East when her crew heard the news of war at Malta on 3 September 1939. Dunera carried New Zealand troops to Egypt in January 1940. After Britain declared war on Germany,

192-483: A German-language radio program on SBS Radio 2 every weekday from 7 PM to 8 PM. They also air German broadcaster Deutsche-Welle's Der Tag news program every morning as part of its WorldWatch programming block. There were many German missionaries who emigrated to Australia, established mission stations and worked with Aboriginal Australians , in some cases helping to preserve their languages and culture. HMT Dunera HMT (Hired Military Transport) Dunera

240-533: A blanket deportation, and numerous Italian citizens. Notorious for the inhumane treatment present during the voyage, the 2,053 anti-Nazis, 451 prisoners of war, and approximately 55 Nazi sympathisers and others departed from Liverpool via HMT  Dunera shortly after the Fall of France in 1940. After the Second World War , Australia received a large influx of ethnic German displaced persons who were

288-686: A large number of Italians and Japanese were also imprisoned. The internees, which included women and children, had come from more than 30 different countries, including Finland, Hungary, Portugal and also the Soviet Union. In addition to the Australian residents who were imprisoned, there were also people of German and Japanese descent who were captured overseas and brought to Australia. These people came from England, Palestine , Iran , present-day Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , New Zealand and New Caledonia . The first of these groups arrived on

336-680: A per capita basis in Queensland and South Australia. In December 2001, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 15,000 Australian citizens resident in Germany. According to census data released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2004, German Australians are, by religion, 32.8% Lutheran , 21.7% Catholic , 16.5% Anglican , 24.8% No Religion and 4.2 Other Religions. In 2001,

384-895: A significant proportion of Australia's post war immigrants . A number of German scientists were recruited soon after the War through the ESTEA scheme some of them coming by migrant ships such as the SS Partizanka . In the 1950s and 1960s, German immigration continued under assisted migration programs promoted by the Australian Government. By July 2000, Germany was the fifth most common birthplace for settler arrivals in Australia after United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. By 1991, there were 112,000 German-born persons in Australia. The internment camps were maintained by

432-583: A statement by the Australian War Memorial organisation, there were a total of 7,000 people interned over the course of World War I, including roughly 4,500 Germans and British people of German background who had already been living in Australia for a long time. This meant approximately 4.5% of the German-Australian population were held in internment camps. One of the largest internment camps for imprisoned officers and soldiers of

480-730: The AMF on their release from internment and made Australia their homeland and greatly contributed to its development. Donated by the Shire of Hay – September 1990. In 2024, the State Library of New South Wales in Sydney presented an exhibition of over 200 artworks created by Dunera internees. HMT Dunera ' s next notable services were the Madagascar operations in September 1942,

528-667: The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, and in September 1944 she carried the headquarters staff for the US 7th Army for the invasion of southern France . After the Japanese surrender in 1945, Dunera transported occupation forces to Japan. She was later employed to transport troops to and from the Suez Canal Zone. In 1950/1951, Dunera was refitted by Barclay, Curle to improve her to postwar troopship specifications: her capacity

SECTION 10

#1732794420124

576-824: The Australian Army during World War I. At the time, they were also described as concentration camps. Old prison buildings in Berrima and Trial Bay Gaol were initially used as locations for camps in New South Wales . The largest internment camp in WWI was the Holsworthy Internment Camp , located west of Sydney. There were camps in Berrima; Bourke ; Holsworthy and Trial Bay (all New South Wales); Enoggera, Queensland ; Langwarrin, Victoria ;

624-604: The Auxiliary Military Pioneer Corps , as well as seven officers and the ship's crew, creating a total complement of almost twice the Dunera ' s capacity as a troop carrier of 1,600. Using the tune of " My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean " learned from their British warders, internees composed and sang "regularly on board the ship", "My luggage went into the ocean, My luggage went into the sea, My luggage

672-563: The European Revolutions of 1848 . Many emigrated as a result of those revolutions. In particular, following the ultimate failure of the "March Revolution" in Germany , a substantial number of Germans immigrated to Australia. See Forty-Eighters in Australia . By 1900, Germans were the fourth-largest European ethnic group on the continent, behind the English, Irish and Scots. By 1914, the number of German-Australians (including

720-674: The HMT Dunera from England in 1940 and their destination was the Hay Internment Camp in New South Wales. The internment camps in WWII were constructed for three reasons: residents could not be allowed to support Australia's enemies, the public needed to be placated, and those who had been captured overseas and transported to Australia had to be housed somewhere. All Japanese people were immediately imprisoned, but it

768-828: The Imperial German Navy from the warzones in the Pacific, in China and in Southeast Asia, was the Trial Bay Gaol. Among those interned were German and Austrian business people who had been captured on ships, as well as wealthy, high-standing Germans and Austrians living in Australia who were assumed to be sympathising with the enemy. The camp was opened in August 1915 and at its peak contained as many as 580 men. The internees were held in solitary cells within

816-418: The invasion of Britain , and a decision was made to deport them. Canada agreed to take some of them and Australia others, though, "not since the middle of the nineteenth century had Australia received the unwanted of Britain transported across the world for the purposes of incarceration ". On 10 July 1940, 2,542 detainees, all classified as " enemy aliens ", were embarked aboard Dunera at Liverpool . While

864-579: The 193 German marines from the SMS Emden which had been defeated by HMAS Sydney . After the war ended, the camps were shut down and most of the occupants were deported, but German immigration was only made legal again in 1925. The German population increased slowly as a result and eventually came to a halt in 1933 with Adolf Hitler 's rise to power . In World War I, the majority of internees were of German heritage. However, in World War II,

912-654: The Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport , features an interview with Dunera and Kindertransport survivor, Alexander Gordon. Nothing remains of Hay internment camp except a road called Dunera Way and a memorial stone which reads: This plaque marks the 50th anniversary of the arrival from England of 1,984 refugees from Nazi oppression, mistakenly shipped out on HMT Dunera and interned in Camps 7 & 8 on this site from 7. 9. 1940 to 20. 5. 1941. Many joined

960-497: The German language in government schools, and the renaming of many German place names. To avoid persecution and/or to demonstrate that they commit themselves to their new home, many German Australians changed their names into Anglicised or Francophone variants. During WWII, Australia was also place of incarceration of 2,542 "enemy aliens" deported from Britain, composed of many of the Austrian and German nationals who were expelled in

1008-526: The German language was spoken at home by 76,400 persons in Australia. German is the eighth most widely spoken language in the country after English, Chinese, Italian, Greek , Arabic , Vietnamese , Spanish, and Tagalog . The Australian wine industry was the creation of German settlers in the nineteenth century. The Goethe-Institut is active in Australia, there are branches in Melbourne and Sydney. The South Australian German Association has held

SECTION 20

#1732794420124

1056-600: The German-language items tossed overboard, "and picked up ... to inspect" by that captain's divers who concluded that the ship was carrying prisoners of war. On arrival in Sydney on 6 September 1940, the first Australian on board was medical army officer Alan Frost. He was appalled and his subsequent report led to a court martial at Chelsea Barracks , London, in May 1941. The officer in charge, Major William Patrick Scott

1104-524: The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941, the prisoners were reclassified as "friendly aliens" and released by the Australian Government. About a thousand volunteered to join the Australian Military Forces and, having shown themselves to be "dinkum", were offered residency at the end of the war. Almost all the rest made their way back to Britain, many of them joining the armed forces there. Others were recruited as interpreters or into

1152-590: The Molonglo camp at Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory ; Rottnest Island , Western Australia; and Torrens Island , South Australia. Smaller and temporary internment camps were also established on Bruny Island , Tasmania; Fort Largs , South Australia; and Garden Island , Western Australia. The camp on Rottnest Island, which operated from the end of 1914 until the end of 1915, housed 989 people in September 1915. Among this group were 841 Australian and Austrian internees, as well as 148 prisoners of war. According to

1200-698: The annual traditional Adelaide Schützenfest in Brooklyn Park Australia There are the following German international schools in Australia: Historically, German newspapers were set up by early settlers, with many being forced to close or merge due to labour shortages caused by the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s-1860s. A number of the earliest South Australian newspapers were printed primarily in German, and these included: The Special Broadcasting Service airs

1248-601: The camps were at their largest, with a total of 12,000 internees in the country. In addition to British people of German origin, Australian fascists could not escape imprisonment: leading members of the Australia First Movement were interned, including Adela Pankhurst and P. R. Stephensen . German Australians constitute one of the largest ancestry groups in Australia, and German is the fifth most identified European ancestry in Australia behind English, Irish, Scottish and Italian. German Australians are one of

1296-400: The descendants of German-born migrants of the second and third generation who had become Australians by birth) was estimated at approximately 100,000. Throughout both world wars Australians of German ancestry were considered an "enemy within" and a number were interned or deported – or both. The persecution of German Australians also included the closure of German schools, the banning of

1344-491: The detainees included 200 Italian and 251 German prisoners of war , as well as several dozen Nazi sympathizers , the majority were 2,036 Italian and German civilians who were anti-Nazi, most of them Jewish refugees . Some had already been to sea but their ship, the SS ; Arandora Star , had been torpedoed en route to Canada, with great loss of life. In addition to the passengers were 309 poorly trained guards, mostly from

1392-734: The government set up aliens tribunals to distinguish Nazi sympathisers from refugees who had fled from Nazism. As a result, 568 were classified as unreliable, 6,800 were left at liberty but subject to restrictions, and 65,000 were regarded as "friendly". However, after the fall of France , the loss of the Low Countries and Italy's declaration of war, Britain stood alone against the Axis and anxieties became acute. In what Winston Churchill later regretted as "a deplorable and regrettable mistake", all Austrians and Germans, and many Italians, were suspected of being enemy agents, potentially helping to plan

1440-485: The guards and spent the rest of the voyage in the hospital. While passing through the Irish Sea , the Dunera was struck by a torpedo that failed to detonate; a second torpedo passed underneath the vessel, which was lifted out of its path by the rough seas. After the war it was discovered, partly from a German submarine captain's diary, that, on another occasion, the Dunera was saved from being destroyed because of

1488-404: The hasty deportations, especially of those who had been seeking Britain's aid. A fund of £35,000 (equivalent to £2.4 million in 2023) was set up to compensate the Dunera passengers for the loss of their belongings. While interned in Australia, the internees set up and administered their own township with Hay currency (which is now a valuable collectors' item) and an unofficial "university." When

Mueller Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-506: The intelligence services. In 1941, as honorary secretary of the Zionist Federation of Australia and New Zealand, Benzion Patkin organised the migration from Tatura internment camp to Israel of 150 of the refugees; he subsequently published Dunera Internees (1979). Among the transportees on the Dunera were: The 1985 Australian mini series The Dunera Boys depicts the events. The 2001 Oscar-winning documentary, Into

1584-483: The internees' monument was destroyed. It was once again constructed in 1960 and now leads the way to the memorial site on the hill. Some Australians believed that the prisoners were being treated too well. However, they were under constant surveillance, their post was censored and contact with the outside world (as well as contact with internees from other camps) was not allowed. Many internees from Western Australia were transported to camps in New South Wales, including

1632-400: The internees, and some later testified at the soldiers' courts-martial . The ship was an overcrowded Hell-hole. Hammocks almost touched, many men had to sleep on the floor or on tables. There was only one piece of soap for twenty men, and one towel for ten men, water was rationed, and luggage was stowed away so there was no change of clothing. As a consequence, skin diseases were common. There

1680-471: The internees, but as letters arrived from Australia there was a clamour to have them released and heated exchanges in the House of Commons. Colonel Victor Cazalet , a Conservative MP said, on 22 August 1940: Frankly I shall not feel happy, either as an Englishman or as a supporter of this government, until this bespattered page of our history has been cleaned up and rewritten. Churchill reportedly regretted

1728-415: The largest ancestry groups in Australia, and German is the fifth most identified European ancestry in Australia behind English, Irish, Scottish and Italian. German Australians are one of the largest groups within the global German diaspora . Germans have been in Australia since the commencement of European settlement in 1788. At least seventy-three Germans arrived in Australia as convicts. Germans formed

1776-691: The largest groups within the global German diaspora . At the 2021 census, 1,026,135 respondents stated that they had German ancestry (whether alone or in combination with another ancestry), representing 4% of the total Australian population. At the 2021 census, there were 101,255 Australian residents who were born in Germany . At the 2021 census, states and territories with the largest numbers of residents nominating German ancestry were Queensland (309,723), New South Wales (242,546), Victoria (212,907), South Australia (135,225) and Western Australia (78,337). German Australians are therefore overrepresented on

1824-695: The largest non-English-speaking group in Australia up to the 20th century. Old Lutherans emigrated in response to the 1817 Prussian Union and organized churches both among themselves and with other German speakers, such as the Kavel-Fritzsche Synod . Although a few individuals had emigrated earlier, the first large group of Germans arrived in South Australia 1838, not long after the British colonisation of South Australia . These "Old Lutherans" were from Province of Brandenburg (then

1872-475: The prison, with the exception of those with a high social or military rank, who were kept in cabins on the bay. The prisoners were free to swim, fish, and sunbathe on the beach or play tennis in the prison yard on a court they had built themselves. In 1916 they held a theatre performance of the comedy Minna von Barnhelm by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing . They had their own orchestra and in 1917 created their own newspaper named Welt am Montag (World on Monday), which

1920-479: The rural town of Hay in southern New South Wales. The treatment on the train was in stark contrast to the horrors of the Dunera – the men were given packages of food and fruit, and Australian soldiers offered them cigarettes. There was even one story of a soldier asking one of the internees to hold his rifle while he lit his cigarette. Back in Britain relatives had not at first been told what had happened to

1968-472: The same time. The park currently comprises 4.3 hectares (11 acres). In 1981 the park was renamed back to its original name when the two-tier stand redevelopment of Subiaco Oval was completed. 31°56′41″S 115°50′04″E  /  31.9446°S 115.8344°E  / -31.9446; 115.8344 German Australian German Australians (German: Deutsch-Australier ) are Australians with German ancestry. German Australians constitute one of

Mueller Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-530: Was "severely reprimanded" as was Sergeant Arthur Helliwell; RSM Charles Albert Bowles was reduced to the ranks and given a twelve-month prison sentence and then discharged from the British Army . Lieutenant John O'Neill VC was an officer of the Pioneers. After leaving the Dunera the pale and emaciated refugees were transported through the night by train 750 kilometres (470 mi) west of Sydney to

2064-565: Was a British passenger ship which, in 1940, became involved in a controversial transportation of thousands of "enemy aliens" to Australia . The British India Steam Navigation Company had operated a previous Dunera  (1891) , which served as a troopship during the Second Boer War . After sea trial in 1937, she was handed over to the British India Steam Navigation Company and served as

2112-416: Was a hospital on board but no operating theatre. Toilet facilities were far from adequate, even with makeshift latrines erected on the deck and sewage flooded the decks. Dysentery ran through the ship. Blows with rifle butts and beatings from the soldiers were daily occurrences. One refugee tried to go to the latrines on deck during the night – which was out-of-bounds. He was bayoneted in the stomach by one of

2160-656: Was now 123 First Class, 95 Second Class, 100 Third Class and 831 troops; tonnages now 12,615 gross , 7,563 net and 3,675 tons deadweight . The Ministry of Defence terminated Dunera ' s trooping charter in 1960 and she was refitted by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company at Hebburn-on-Tyne in early 1961 for her new role as an educational cruise ship. New facilities (classrooms, swimming pool, games rooms, library and assembly rooms) were introduced. Her capacity became 187 cabin passengers and 834 children; 12,620  GRT , 7,430  NRT . Tam Dalyell , who later went on to become member of parliament for West Lothian ,

2208-524: Was only after the war criminals of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were discovered that Germans and Italians were sent to the internment camps. This was especially true for those living in northern Australia, because that was where the enemy was expected to invade. More than 20 percent of Italians in Australia were held in internment camps as well as a total of 7,000 people with connections to the enemy, 1,500 of which who were British nationals. 8,000 people from overseas were detained in Australian camps and in 1942,

2256-481: Was published once a week. In memory of the four Germans who died in the camp, the internees built a monument on the hill at Trial Bay. The internees were transferred in 1918 due to fears that German warships would be able to land in the bay. They were moved to the Holsworthy internment camp near Sydney, now Holsworthy Barracks . After it became known that graves of the Allied forces in Germany had been vandalised,

2304-488: Was thrown in the ocean, Oh, bring back my luggage to me!" Most internees were kept below decks throughout the voyage, except for daily 10-minute exercise periods, during which internees would walk around the deck under heavy guard; during one such period, a guard smashed beer bottles on the deck so that the internees would have to walk on the shards. In contrast to the Army personnel, the ship's crew and officers showed kindness to

#123876