100-595: Catherine ("Kitty") Wilkinson (24 October 1785–1860) was an Irish migrant and "wife of a labourer", who became known as the 'Saint of the Slums' due to her pioneering the public wash house movement. In 1832, during a cholera epidemic, she had the only boiler in her neighbourhood, so she invited those with infected clothes or linens to use it, thus saving many lives. This was the first public washhouse in Liverpool . Ten years later with public funds her efforts resulted in
200-568: A grant of arms in 2007. The coat of arms consists of a shield, a crest, a badge and a motto. The colours used are those of the suffragettes , and "reflect the commitment to the equality of women that drove the formation of the institution". The university's origins are represented by the three red roses of Lancashire in the shield and by the Liver bird in the crest, which refers to its original location in Liverpool. The coat of arms contains
300-552: A reservoir of infection, and seafood shipped long distances can spread the disease. Edge Hill University Edge Hill University is a campus-based public university in Ormskirk , Lancashire , England. The university, which originally opened in 1885 as Edge Hill College , was the first non-denominational teacher training college for women in England, before admitting its first male students in 1959. In 2005, Edge Hill
400-436: A temperate bacteriophage called CTXφ . Microbiologists have studied the genetic mechanisms by which the V. cholerae bacteria turn off the production of some proteins and turn on the production of other proteins as they respond to the series of chemical environments they encounter, passing through the stomach, through the mucous layer of the small intestine, and on to the intestinal wall. Of particular interest have been
500-493: A central student area, containing retail and catering outlets and IT facilities, as well as providing new accommodation for the Edge Hill Students' Union. It was formally opened by Sophie, Countess of Wessex on 15 October 2012. The current indoor and outdoor sports complex was opened in 2015 by Olympic heptathlete Katarina Johnson-Thompson . The Arts Centre houses the university's Performing Arts Department and
600-428: A day. Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Estimates of the ratio of asymptomatic to symptomatic infections have ranged from 3 to 100. Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death" because a person's skin may turn bluish-gray from extreme loss of fluids. Fever
700-428: A greatly reduced pathogen count—though it will not necessarily be perfectly safe, it is an improvement for poor people with limited options. In Bangladesh this practice was found to decrease rates of cholera by nearly half. It involves folding a sari four to eight times. Between uses the cloth should be rinsed in clean water and dried in the sun to kill any bacteria on it. A nylon cloth appears to work as well but
800-534: A massive inoculation program in British India . Persons who survive an episode of cholera have long-lasting immunity for at least 3 years (the period tested.) A number of safe and effective oral vaccines for cholera are available. The World Health Organization (WHO) has three prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. Dukoral , an orally administered, inactivated whole-cell vaccine , has an overall efficacy of about 52% during
900-541: A non-toxic B-subunit of cholera toxin and providing protection against V. cholerae O1; and two vaccines developed using the same transfer of technology—ShanChol (Shantha Biotec) and Euvichol (EuBiologics Co.), which have bivalent O1 and O139 oral killed cholera vaccines. Oral cholera vaccination could be deployed in a diverse range of situations from cholera-endemic areas and locations of humanitarian crises, but no clear consensus exists. Developed for use in Bangladesh ,
1000-865: A noted social reformer. Lancashire Hall was demolished in 1999 to make way for the Wilson Centre (Edge Hill Sport), but was originally built to house male students. Forest Court (Ash, Beech, Cedar, Elm, Holly, Larch, Maple, Oak, Rowan and Willow) added 300 bedrooms in the early 1990s. More recent Halls include Founders Court, named after the institution's founders Crosfield (William Crosfield); McDairmid (S. McDairmid); Matheson (Thomas Matheson); Smith ( Samuel Smith (1836–1906) ), Balfour ( Alexander Balfour ); Sinclair (WP Sinclair); and Sarah Yelf (the first Principal); and Graduates Court, named after alumni : Ainsworth ( Joe Ainsworth ), Annakin ( Ethel Annakin ), Maconie ( Stuart Maconie ), Normanton ( Helena Normanton ) and Pryce ( Jonathan Pryce ). In 2012, Chancellors Court
1100-408: A one-million fold increase in numbers of V. cholerae in the environment. The source of the contamination is typically other people with cholera when their untreated diarrheal discharge is allowed to get into waterways, groundwater or drinking water supplies. Drinking any contaminated water and eating any foods washed in the water, as well as shellfish living in the affected waterway , can cause
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#17327835478091200-430: A person to contract an infection. Cholera is rarely spread directly from person to person . V. cholerae also exists outside the human body in natural water sources, either by itself or through interacting with phytoplankton , zooplankton , or biotic and abiotic detritus. Drinking such water can also result in the disease, even without prior contamination through fecal matter. Selective pressures exist however in
1300-530: A result of transmission by food, while in developing countries it is more often water. Food transmission can occur when people harvest seafood such as oysters in waters infected with sewage , as Vibrio cholerae accumulates in planktonic crustaceans and the oysters eat the zooplankton . People infected with cholera often have diarrhea, and disease transmission may occur if this highly liquid stool, colloquially referred to as "rice-water", contaminates water used by others. A single diarrheal event can cause
1400-421: A severe case if they become infected. Any individual, even a healthy adult in middle age, can undergo a severe case, and each person's case should be measured by the loss of fluids, preferably in consultation with a professional health care provider . The cystic fibrosis genetic mutation known as delta-F508 in humans has been said to maintain a selective heterozygous advantage : heterozygous carriers of
1500-786: A social geographer, he has published extensively on race, housing, economic development and public policy and co-authored major research studies for the Social Science Research Council , the Commission for Racial Equality and their successor bodies. The current Deputy Vice-Chancellor is Steve Igoe. The current Pro Vice-Chancellors are Mark Allanson, who joined the university in August 2014 after working for Higher Education Funding Council for England , and Lynda Brady, who joined in April 2014, having previously worked for
1600-481: A sun, a quill, peacock feathers, and a lion. The university's motto – " In Scientia Opportunitas " – translates as "In knowledge there is opportunity". The Mace is the symbol of the university's authority to award degrees. Edge Hill University commissioned its mace in 2007, from silversmith Clive Burr. Inspired by the University Coat of Arms and the campus architecture, the mace took six months to produce and
1700-474: A warehouse porter , and they continued to live at the Denison Street house that she rented. In 1832, cholera broke out in Liverpool, part of the 1826–1837 cholera pandemic . Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her boiler, house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of 1 penny per week, and she showed them how to use a chloride of lime to get them clean. Boiling killed
1800-442: A year (uncertainty range: 21,000–143,000) as of 2015 . This occurs mainly in the developing world. In the early 1980s, death rates are believed to have still been higher than three million a year. It is difficult to calculate exact numbers of cases, as many go unreported due to concerns that an outbreak may have a negative impact on the tourism of a country. As of 2004, cholera remained both epidemic and endemic in many areas of
1900-555: A year. To date, seven cholera pandemics have occurred, with the most recent beginning in 1961, and continuing today. The illness is rare in high-income countries , and affects children most severely. Cholera occurs as both outbreaks and chronically in certain areas . Areas with an ongoing risk of disease include Africa and Southeast Asia . The risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, given improved treatment, but may be as high as 50% without such access to treatment. Descriptions of cholera are found as early as
2000-473: Is Dawn Airey , appointed in 2023. The founding Chancellor was Tanya Byron , a clinical psychologist, journalist, author and broadcaster. Byron served in the role from 2008 to 2018. The Pro-Chancellor is Clive Edwards who also serves as chair of the Board of Governors. The current Vice-Chancellor is John Cater , who has held the post since 1993. He received a CBE in the 2015 Queen's birthday honours. As
2100-596: Is endemic . If people are immunized broadly, herd immunity results, with a decrease in the amount of contamination in the environment. WHO recommends that oral cholera vaccination be considered in areas where the disease is endemic (with seasonal peaks), as part of the response to outbreaks, or in a humanitarian crisis during which the risk of cholera is high. Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) has been recognized as an adjunct tool for prevention and control of cholera. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified three bivalent cholera vaccines—Dukoral (SBL Vaccines), containing
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#17327835478092200-547: Is oral rehydration salts (ORS), the replacement of fluids and electrolytes by using slightly sweet and salty solutions. Rice-based solutions are preferred. In children, zinc supplementation has also been found to improve outcomes. In severe cases, intravenous fluids , such as Ringer's lactate , may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial. The choice of antibiotic is aided by antibiotic sensitivity testing . Cholera continues to affect an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths
2300-787: Is 50% larger than the old Library building. The development began in December 2016, when the old racing track was dug up. Catalyst opened on 9 July 2018. The original Halls of Residence were 'named Stanley, Clough, Lady Margaret and John Dalton "in honour" of the Derby Family' and "of three individuals famous in the history of Lancashire and of Education" ( Anne Jemima Clough was a pioneer of higher education for women, having founded Newnham College , Cambridge)' Five Halls, opened in 1963 by Princess Margaret , are named after Lady Openshaw, Katherine Fletcher (Chairs of Governors), EM Butterworth, Margaret Bain (Principals) and Eleanor Rathbone ,
2400-422: Is a common problem. Stool and swab samples collected in the acute stage of the disease, before antibiotics have been administered, are the most useful specimens for laboratory diagnosis. If an epidemic of cholera is suspected, the most common causative agent is V. cholerae O1. If V. cholerae serogroup O1 is not isolated, the laboratory should test for V. cholerae O139. However, if neither of these organisms
2500-503: Is a common source. Humans are the only known host for the bacteria . Risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation , insufficient clean drinking water , and poverty . Cholera can be diagnosed by a stool test , or a rapid dipstick test , although the dipstick test is less accurate. Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to clean water . Cholera vaccines that are given by mouth provide reasonable protection for about six months, and confer
2600-479: Is a partnership between Edge Hill University and regional health professionals and providers seeking to improve the quality of health and social care in the North West through education, research, and innovation. The Institute's main themes are primary care, fertility, neurology and psychiatry, orthopaedics and biomechanics, and biosciences. In 2015 the university launched its Tackling The Blues programme. This
2700-646: Is a sports and arts-based initiative attempting to improve the mental health of young people by promoting mental health literacy and assisting schools to develop approaches to wellbeing. The university won the 2022 "Mental Health and Wellbeing Award – University Sector" Educate the North award for the programme. It subsequently won the North West Coast Research and Innovation "Tackling Health Inequalities" award (together with partner organisations Tate Liverpool and Everton F.C. 's charity Everton in
2800-476: Is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea lasting a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance . This may result in sunken eyes , cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of
2900-442: Is available to determine the presence of V. cholerae . In those samples that test positive, further testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance. In epidemic situations, a clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a patient history and doing a brief examination. Treatment via hydration and over-the-counter hydration solutions can be started without or before confirmation by laboratory analysis, especially where cholera
3000-594: Is co-ordinated by Ailsa Cox, Reader in Creative Writing and English, and has three categories, the main literary award of £5,000, as well as a £1,000 Reader's Prize judged by BA Creative Writing students, and a £500 award for students on the university's MA Creative Writing course. The university returned twelve units of assessment in the UK's Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014 and has established three interdisciplinary research institutes through which to manage
3100-648: Is crafted from sterling silver. At the head is an 18-carat yellow gold dome enamelled by Jane Short, with a hand-engraved inscription of the university motto running around the silver edge. The main body has a hand-engraved decoration running around it, the design inspired by the acanthus leaves and stone columns of the entrance to the original University building. Edge Hill University's undergraduate courses include BA/BSc and LLB degrees, health pre-registration qualifications and teacher training degrees. Postgraduate provision includes PGCEs, Masters programmes, MBA, MPhil and PhD research degrees and MRes programmes. According to
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3200-446: Is effective for adults aged 18–64 as a single dose. One injectable vaccine was found to be effective for two to three years. The protective efficacy was 28% lower in children less than five years old. However, as of 2010 , it has limited availability. Work is under way to investigate the role of mass vaccination. The WHO recommends immunization of high-risk groups, such as children and people with HIV , in countries where this disease
3300-416: Is increasing within cholera bacteria. In Bangladesh , for example, most cases are resistant to tetracycline , trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , and erythromycin . Rapid diagnostic assay methods are available for the identification of multi-drug resistant cases. New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against cholera bacteria in in vitro studies. A rapid dipstick test
3400-487: Is isolated, it is necessary to send stool specimens to a reference laboratory. Infection with V. cholerae O139 should be reported and handled in the same manner as that caused by V. cholerae O1. The associated diarrheal illness should be referred to as cholera and must be reported in the United States. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends focusing on prevention, preparedness, and response to combat
3500-460: Is less in those with lowered gastric acidity (for instance those using proton pump inhibitors ). Children are also more susceptible, with two- to four-year-olds having the highest rates of infection. Individuals' susceptibility to cholera is also affected by their blood type , with those with type O blood being the most susceptible. Persons with lowered immunity , such as persons with AIDS or malnourished children, are more likely to develop
3600-754: Is maintained. The WHO only recommends antibiotics in those with severe dehydration. Doxycycline is typically used first line, although some strains of V. cholerae have shown resistance . Testing for resistance during an outbreak can help determine appropriate future choices. Other antibiotics proven to be effective include cotrimoxazole , erythromycin , tetracycline , chloramphenicol , and furazolidone . Fluoroquinolones , such as ciprofloxacin , also may be used, but resistance has been reported. Antibiotics improve outcomes in those who are both severely and not severely dehydrated. Azithromycin and tetracycline may work better than doxycycline or ciprofloxacin . In Bangladesh zinc supplementation reduced
3700-613: Is midway between Liverpool and the county town of Preston . The university used to operate from the Woodlands campus based in Chorley , central Lancashire, where it offered continuing professional development programmes and part-time study. However, in recent years operations have been centralised back to the main University campus. Most of the university's subjects and departments are based in specialist buildings developed since
3800-469: Is not as affordable. Continued eating speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. The WHO recommends this generally for cases of diarrhea no matter what the underlying cause. A CDC training manual specifically for cholera states: "Continue to breastfeed your baby if the baby has watery diarrhea, even when traveling to get treatment. Adults and older children should continue to eat frequently." The most common error in caring for patients with cholera
3900-442: Is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness, seizures , or even coma due to electrolyte imbalances are common, especially in children. Cholera bacteria have been found in shellfish and plankton . Transmission is usually through the fecal-oral route of contaminated food or water caused by poor sanitation . Most cholera cases in developed countries are
4000-412: Is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet. Kussmaul breathing , a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of acidosis from stool bicarbonate losses and lactic acidosis associated with poor perfusion . Blood pressure drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse
4100-406: Is rare. For example, the last major outbreak of cholera in the United States occurred in 1910–1911. Cholera is mainly a risk in developing countries in those areas where access to WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) infrastructure is still inadequate. Effective sanitation practices, if instituted and adhered to in time, are usually sufficient to stop an epidemic. There are several points along
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4200-586: Is the preferred solution, often with added potassium. Large volumes and continued replacement until diarrhea has subsided may be needed. Ten percent of a person's body weight in fluid may need to be given in the first two to four hours. This method was first tried on a mass scale during the Bangladesh Liberation War , and was found to have much success. Despite widespread beliefs, fruit juices and commercial fizzy drinks like cola are not ideal for rehydration of people with serious infections of
4300-404: Is to underestimate the speed and volume of fluids required. In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer. Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficiency. In severe cases with significant dehydration, intravenous rehydration may be necessary. Ringer's lactate
4400-449: The Gs alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein . This results in constitutive cAMP production, which in turn leads to the secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into the lumen of the small intestine and rapid dehydration. The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer . Virulent strains of V. cholerae carry a variant of
4500-627: The Open University . The university has three Faculties: The Faculty comprises Departments of The Department of English and Creative Arts currently operates the Student Radio station, 'Edgehog Radio. The Faculty runs initial teacher training programmes for the age phases of education in the UK, together with Continuing Professional Development for the school workforce. The most recent Ofsted Initial Teacher Education inspection report (2011) awarded Grade 1 in all 33 cells covering
4600-406: The human stomach . The few surviving bacteria conserve their energy and stored nutrients during the passage through the stomach by shutting down protein production. When the surviving bacteria exit the stomach and reach the small intestine , they must propel themselves through the thick mucus that lines the small intestine to reach the intestinal walls where they can attach and thrive. Once
4700-479: The potassium level may be normal, even though large losses have occurred. As the dehydration is corrected, potassium levels may decrease rapidly, and thus need to be replaced. This is best done by Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS). Antibiotic treatments for one to three days shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms. Use of antibiotics also reduces fluid requirements. People will recover without them, however, if sufficient hydration
4800-411: The "sari filter" is a simple and cost-effective appropriate technology method for reducing the contamination of drinking water. Used sari cloth is preferable but other types of used cloth can be used with some effect, though the effectiveness will vary significantly. Used cloth is more effective than new cloth, as the repeated washing reduces the space between the fibers. Water collected in this way has
4900-643: The 1990s: Faculty of Education, Faculty of Health and Social Care, Business School, BioSciences, GeoSciences, Creative Edge (Media and Social Sciences), Performing Arts, the Wilson Centre (Sport and Physical Activity) and Psychology. The Tech Hub was opened in 2016 by entrepreneur Sir Robin Saxby . The university also operates a campus in Manchester City centre in the St. James Buildings, Manchester mainly for medical science courses. This building opened in 2011 as
5000-457: The 5th century BC in Sanskrit . In Europe, cholera was a term initially used to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, and was not used for this disease until the early 19th century. The study of cholera in England by John Snow between 1849 and 1854 led to significant advances in the field of epidemiology because of his insights about transmission via contaminated water, and a map of the same
5100-723: The Chancellors Court blocks on the Eastern side of the campus, was completed in summer 2014. The Halls are named after individuals associated with the institution including Laverty (Bernard Laverty, Pro-Chancellor and chair of the Edge Hill University Board of Governors since 2014, Chartered Accountant and Director of Lancashire textile company David Whitehead & Sons Limited), Jenkins (Miss JA Jenkins, Vice-Principal of Edge Hill from 1906 and Acting Principal from 1909 to 1910), Millins (Mr PKC 'Ken' Millins
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#17327835478095200-532: The Community). Edge Hill University Students' Union (SU) is the representative body of students at the university run by four elected, sabbatical officers and student trustees who sit on the board. The Sabbatical officers are the SU President, Vice President of Activities, Vice President of Academic Representation and Vice President of Welfare. All students at the university are automatically enrolled into
5300-738: The Higher Education Statistical Agency, in the 2022/23 academic year there were 10,025 undergraduate students and 3,535 postgraduate students. The statistics may not show international students. In 2013, Senior Lecturer and bassist in The Farm , Carl Hunter , launched a not-for-profit record label in association with the students of Edge Hill University called The Label Recordings. The Label has released and promoted music by acts including The Inkhearts, Hooton Tennis Club , Oranj Son, Feral Love and Youth Hostel. The Label operates like an industry placement for students and
5400-536: The Institute of Baths Management Incorporated’,argued that Kitty Wilkinson's life had become "a civic myth". John Dobie, a trained historian and a civil servant in the education system, drew on extensive primary material such as town council records to show that the first baths and wash-house opened in 1842, several years before the one which the Wilkinsons supervised, and that the legend of "Catherine of Liverpool"
5500-641: The Rose and Studio Theatres. The Arts Centre was officially opened by British screenwriter and writer of the London 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony Frank Cottrell Boyce who is an Honorary Doctor of Literature at the university. The Arts Centre includes a 234-seat professional theatre (The Rose Theatre) and a 140-seat Studio Theatre. Catalyst serves as the Students' library on the Ormskirk campus, as well as
5600-514: The Students' Union which seeks to promote the interests of its members, act as a representative channel between students and the university, and to provide advice and recreational activities for its members. The Students' Union has over 70 societies which students can join, including a range of sports teams, subject-related groups and social societies. 'Team Edge Hill' is the SU's sport brand which encompasses all sport teams and individuals who compete for
5700-715: The University of Liverpool voted to change one of the names of the rooms in the Liverpool Guild's building. After 1,400 votes, it was chosen to rename the room the Kitty Wilkinson room. In 1910 The Life of Kitty Wilkinson was published by Winifred Rathbone which provided a more accurate story of her life than previously available in "Catherine of Liverpool" in Chambers' Miscellany . A series of articles in 1972, published in Baths Service ‘The Journal of
5800-491: The absorption of the former Sefton School of Health Studies. In 2005, Edge Hill was granted Taught Degree Awarding Powers by the Privy Council . On 18 May 2006 the institution became Edge Hill University and in August 2008 the university was granted the power to award research degrees. Edge Hill University is based on a 160-acre (650,000 m ) campus in Ormskirk , the administrative centre of West Lancashire . It
5900-566: The added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea caused by E. coli . In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine called Vaxchora for adults aged 18–64 who are travelling to an area of active cholera transmission. It offers limited protection to young children. People who survive an episode of cholera have long-lasting immunity for at least three years (the period tested). The primary treatment for affected individuals
6000-474: The aquatic environment that may reduce the virulence of V. cholerae . Specifically, animal models indicate that the transcriptional profile of the pathogen changes as it prepares to enter an aquatic environment. This transcriptional change results in a loss of ability of V. cholerae to be cultured on standard media, a phenotype referred to as ' viable but non-culturable ' (VBNC) or more conservatively ' active but non-culturable ' (ABNC). One study indicates that
6100-422: The cholera bacteria reach the intestinal wall, they no longer need the flagella to move. The bacteria stop producing the protein flagellin to conserve energy and nutrients by changing the mix of proteins that they express in response to the changed chemical surroundings. On reaching the intestinal wall, V. cholerae start producing the toxic proteins that give the infected person a watery diarrhea. This carries
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#17327835478096200-493: The cholera bacteria. Once these activities came to their attention, Wilkinson was supported by the District Provident Society and William Rathbone . Convinced of the importance of cleanliness in combating disease, she pushed for the establishment of public baths where the poor could bathe. In 1842 the combined public baths and washhouse was opened on Upper Fredrick Street in Liverpool, and in 1846 Wilkinson
6300-612: The cholera transmission path at which its spread may be halted: Handwashing with soap or ash after using a toilet and before handling food or eating is also recommended for cholera prevention by WHO Africa. Surveillance and prompt reporting allow for containing cholera epidemics rapidly. Cholera exists as a seasonal disease in many endemic countries, occurring annually mostly during rainy seasons . Surveillance systems can provide early alerts to outbreaks, therefore leading to coordinated response and assist in preparation of preparedness plans. Efficient surveillance systems can also improve
6400-424: The culturability of V. cholerae drops 90% within 24 hours of entering the water, and furthermore that this loss in culturability is associated with a loss in virulence. Both toxic and non-toxic strains exist. Non-toxic strains can acquire toxicity through a temperate bacteriophage . About 100 million bacteria must typically be ingested to cause cholera in a normal healthy adult. This dose, however,
6500-433: The duration and severity of diarrhea in children with cholera when given with antibiotics and rehydration therapy as needed. It reduced the length of disease by eight hours and the amount of diarrhea stool by 10%. Supplementation appears to be also effective in both treating and preventing infectious diarrhea due to other causes among children in the developing world. If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly,
6600-489: The first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease. His vaccine and inoculation was rather controversial and was rejected by his peers and several investigation commissions but it ended up demonstrating its effectiveness and being recognized for it: out of the 30 thousand people he vaccinated only 54 died. Russian-Jewish bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine also developed a human cholera vaccine in July 1892. He conducted
6700-480: The first year after being given and 62% in the second year, with minimal side effects. It is available in over 60 countries. However, it is not currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for most people traveling from the United States to endemic countries. The vaccine that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends, Vaxchora , is an oral attenuated live vaccine , that
6800-420: The genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump chloride ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell. The chloride and sodium ions create a salt-water environment in the small intestines, which through osmosis can pull up to six liters of water per day through
6900-462: The genetic structure. Two clusters have been identified: Cluster I and Cluster II. For the most part, Cluster I consists of strains from the 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II largely contains strains from the 1980s and 1990s, based on the change in the clone structure. This grouping of strains is best seen in the strains from the African continent. In many areas of the world, antibiotic resistance
7000-401: The hands and feet. Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish . Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure. Cholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae , with some types producing more severe disease than others. It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. Undercooked shellfish
7100-467: The historic Lancashire County Palatine : Carrington (artist Leonora Carrington ), Glazebrook (physicist Richard Glazebrook ), Pankhurst (campaigner for women's suffrage Emmeline Pankhurst ), Roscoe (abolitionist and historian William Roscoe ), Lowry (artist L. S. Lowry ), Peel (Prime Minister and architect of the modern police force Robert Peel ) and Wilkinson (politician, sometime Minister for Education Ellen Wilkinson ). The university's Chancellor
7200-474: The impact and external engagement of research carried out. The Institute for Creative Enterprise is Edge Hill University's interdisciplinary research forum which connects the university with the digital and creative economy and with cultural institutions. The Institute for Public Policy and Professional Practice (I4P) is a cross-disciplinary research and knowledge exchange initiative established at Edge Hill University in 2013. The Postgraduate Medical Institute
7300-466: The intestinal cells, creating the massive amounts of diarrhea. The host can become rapidly dehydrated unless treated properly. By inserting separate, successive sections of V. cholerae DNA into the DNA of other bacteria, such as E. coli that would not naturally produce the protein toxins, researchers have investigated the mechanisms by which V. cholerae responds to the changing chemical environments of
7400-400: The intestines, and their excessive sugar content may even harm water uptake. If commercially produced oral rehydration solutions are too expensive or difficult to obtain, solutions can be made. One such recipe calls for 1 liter of boiled water, 1/2 teaspoon of salt, 6 teaspoons of sugar, and added mashed banana for potassium and to improve taste. As there frequently is initially acidosis ,
7500-441: The mill and returned to live with her mother in Liverpool, where they both were in domestic service . In 1812 she married a sailor, Emanuel Demontee, although her mother continued to live with her. After two children in quick succession, with her husband drowned at sea, she returned to domestic service. But shortly thereafter, upon being gifted with a mangle , she set herself up as a laundress. In 1823, she married Thomas Wilkinson,
7600-505: The mortality rate is less than 1%; however, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%. For certain genetic strains of cholera, such as the one present during the 2010 epidemic in Haiti and the 2004 outbreak in India, death can occur within two hours of becoming ill. Cholera affects an estimated 2.8 million people worldwide, and causes approximately 95,000 deaths
7700-448: The multiplying new generations of V. cholerae bacteria out into the drinking water of the next host if proper sanitation measures are not in place. The cholera toxin (CTX or CT) is an oligomeric complex made up of six protein subunits : a single copy of the A subunit (part A), and five copies of the B subunit (part B), connected by a disulfide bond . The five B subunits form a five-membered ring that binds to GM1 gangliosides on
7800-400: The mutation (who are not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to V. cholerae infections. In this model, the genetic deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the intestinal epithelium , thus reducing the effects of an infection. When consumed, most bacteria do not survive the acidic conditions of
7900-641: The opening of a combined washhouse and public baths, the first in the United Kingdom . Wilkinson was born Catherine Seaward to a skilled working class family in Londonderry, Northern Ireland on 24 October 1785. Her mother worked in spinning and lace-making , whilst her father's occupation is unknown. It is likely that he was a soldier. Wilkinson had a younger brother and sister. The family set sail to migrate to Liverpool in February 1794, when Kitty
8000-554: The phases of initial teacher training: Primary & Early Years, Secondary and Post-Compulsory Education and Training. The Faculty comprises Departments of The Faculty delivers pre-registration training for nurses, midwives, operating department practitioners and paramedics; qualifying social work degrees; and professional development in the fields of health and social care. The Faculty comprises Departments of The Graduate School supports research students on MRes, MPhil and PhD programmes and their supervisors. The university received
8100-408: The present Ormskirk campus laid on 26 October 1931 by J.T. Travis-Clegg, Chairman of Lancashire County Council. The main buildings consisted of a main education block, four halls of residence (named Stanley, Clough, Lady Margaret and John Dalton), an Assembly Hall, a library, craft room, gymnasium, lecture theatres, classrooms and a music room. Between 1939 and 1946, during World War II , the college
8200-399: The risk assessment for potential cholera outbreaks. Understanding the seasonality and location of outbreaks provides guidance for improving cholera control activities for the most vulnerable. For prevention to be effective, it is important that cases be reported to national health authorities. Spanish physician Jaume Ferran i Clua developed the first successful cholera inoculation in 1885,
8300-406: The spread of cholera. They also stress the importance of an effective surveillance system. Governments can play a role in all of these areas. Although cholera may be life-threatening, prevention of the disease is normally straightforward if proper sanitation practices are followed. In developed countries , due to their nearly universal advanced water treatment and sanitation practices, cholera
8400-646: The stomach, mucous layers, and intestinal wall. Researchers have discovered a complex cascade of regulatory proteins controls expression of V. cholerae virulence determinants. In responding to the chemical environment at the intestinal wall, the V. cholerae bacteria produce the TcpP/TcpH proteins, which, together with the ToxR/ToxS proteins, activate the expression of the ToxT regulatory protein. ToxT then directly activates expression of virulence genes that produce
8500-468: The student services and information centre. The original library, which opened in the 1990s, was replaced with a new purpose-built multi-storey building, located on the old running track, adjacent to the Wilson Centre, and equidistant between the Student Hub and Creative Edge Buildings, as part of a £36 million development. The £26 million building houses a study space that is 8,000 square metres, which
8600-613: The surface of the intestinal epithelium cells. The A1 portion of the A subunit is an enzyme that ADP-ribosylates G proteins , while the A2 chain fits into the central pore of the B subunit ring. Upon binding, the complex is taken into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis . Once inside the cell, the disulfide bond is reduced, and the A1 subunit is freed to bind with a human partner protein called ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6). Binding exposes its active site, allowing it to permanently ribosylate
8700-410: The toxins, causing diarrhea in the infected person and allowing the bacteria to colonize the intestine. Current research aims at discovering "the signal that makes the cholera bacteria stop swimming and start to colonize (that is, adhere to the cells of) the small intestine." Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the pandemic isolates of V. cholerae has revealed variation in
8800-451: The world. Recent major outbreaks are the 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak and the 2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak . In October 2016, an outbreak of cholera began in war-ravaged Yemen . WHO called it "the worst cholera outbreak in the world". In 2019, 93% of the reported 923,037 cholera cases were from Yemen (with 1911 deaths reported). Between September 2019 and September 2020, a global total of over 450,000 cases and over 900 deaths
8900-544: Was 'highly commended' in the 2016 Times Higher Education Awards . The Edge Hill Short Story Prize is purported to be the only UK award that recognises excellence in a single author, published short story collection. The prize attracts established authors who compete alongside relative newcomers. Previous winners have been John Burnside , Kevin Barry , Colm Tóibín , Claire Keegan , Chris Beckett , Jeremy Dyson , Graham Mort , Sarah Hall and Jessie Greengrass . The prize
9000-630: Was appointed superintendent of the public baths. In 1846 the Mayor presented Wilkinson with a silver teapot from Queen Victoria inscribed "The Queen, the Queen Dowager, and the Ladies of Liverpool to Catherine Wilkinson, 1846." Wilkinson died in Liverpool and was buried in the St. James Cemetery. with the inscription: CATHERINE WILKINSON. Died 11 November 1860, aged 73. Indefatigable and self-denying She
9100-435: Was bult up over generations, starting with William Rathbone. In 2000, a fuller biography, The Life of Kitty Wilkinson , was written by Liverpool author and civic historian Michael Kelly. Kelly also starred in a short documentary about Wilkinson's life, produced by a group of students at Edge Hill University in 2014, with the title Kitty: The Saint of the Slums . Cholera Cholera ( / ˈ k ɒ l ər ə / )
9200-706: Was evacuated to Bingley in Yorkshire , and the Ormskirk site was requisitioned for use by the military. The Durning Road premises were destroyed in a bombing raid on 17 November 1940, during the Liverpool Blitz , which killed 166 people. Edge Hill became a mixed college, admitting its first male students in October 1959, when it had about 500 students in total. In 1963 the college recorded having 660 students and 59 members of staff. The institution has since expanded, with further developments at Ormskirk and
9300-422: Was granted Taught Degree Awarding Powers by the Privy Council and became Edge Hill University on 18 May 2006. The university has three faculties: Arts and Sciences, Education, and Health and Social Care; these teach at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Edge Hill College opened on 24 January 1885 on Durning Road, Edge Hill , Liverpool , by a group of seven Liverpool businessmen and philanthropists. It
9400-508: Was named after the district in which it was sited, and was the first non-denominational teacher training college for women in England. By 1892, Edge Hill was one of only two colleges in England combining teacher training and degree course study. As student numbers increased, Edge Hill quickly outgrew its surroundings. The institution was handed over to the Lancashire Education Committee, with the foundation stone for
9500-481: Was nine years old. During the passage, their ship's mast snapped in a severe storm and the vessel ran aground on Hoyle Bank at the mouth of the river Mersey . Wilkinson's father and younger sister died, leaving Mrs Seaward to arrive in Liverpool a widow with two young children. At twelve years of age Wilkinson went to work at a cotton mill in Caton , Lancashire , where she was an indentured apprentice. At age 20 she left
9600-860: Was opened, adding Halls named after individuals associated with the institution including Chairs of the Board of Governors: Blake, Booth, Bradshaw, Fulton, Millner, Pinfold, Tomkins, and Wilson as well as Byron ( Tanya Byron , the first Chancellor of the university), and Williams (politician Shirley Williams ). Additional Halls added in 2013 are, in Chancellors Court: Binns (Sir Arthur Lennon Binns), Boyce (J.S.B Boyce), Lord (Sir Percy Lord), and Meadon (Sir Percival Edward Meadon); and in Founders Court: Dewhurst (M. K. Dewhurst), Fenemore (Mildred Fenemore), Feuchsel (Harriet D Feuchsel) and Holt ( George Holt (merchant) ). Chancellors South, an additional 246 accommodation units to complete
9700-629: Was reported; however, the accuracy of these numbers suffer from over-reporting from countries that report suspected cases (and not laboratory confirmed cases), as well as under-reporting from countries that do not report official cases (such as Bangladesh, India and Philippines). Although much is known about the mechanisms behind the spread of cholera, researchers still do not have a full understanding of what makes cholera outbreaks happen in some places and not others. Lack of treatment of human feces and lack of treatment of drinking water greatly facilitate its spread. Bodies of water have been found to serve as
9800-718: Was the Widow's friend. The support of the Orphan. The fearless and unwearied nurse of the sick. The originator of Baths and Wash-houses for the poor. 'For all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living.' St. Mark, 12th Chapter, 44th Verse. In 2012, a marble statue of Kitty Wilkinson was unveiled in St George's Hall . The non-profit Kitty's Laundrette , named after Wilkinson, opened in Everton in 2018. In May 2017, students at
9900-551: Was the first male Principal of Edge Hill, leading the institution between 1964 and 1979 and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in 2010), Aitken (Sir James Aitken served on the Education Committee of Lancashire County Council from 1921 to 1948, and was chair of the council from 1946 to 1948) and Welch (John Welch was chair of the Education Committee of Lancashire County Council between 1955 and 1958). Palatine Court Halls are named after prominent individuals associated with
10000-440: Was the first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking. The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid. These symptoms usually start suddenly, half a day to five days after ingestion of the bacteria. The diarrhea is frequently described as "rice water" in nature and may have a fishy odor. An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea
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