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69-537: The area played a notable role in world history when the Kienthal Conference was held at Kiental (then known as Kienthal) in 1916. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent a Bear Paw issuant from a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert. Reichenbach im Kandertal is first mentioned about 1320 as Richenbach . During the Middle Ages, the village occupied a strategic location on the trade route into

138-608: A completely civilian airport. A secondary school was built in 1959–60. The Kienthal Conference was held in Kiental between 24 and 30 April 1916. The conference was a follow-on from the Zimmerwald Conference of the previous year, which Vladimir Lenin described as the "first step" in the development of an international movement against World War I . The manifesto drawn up by the Kienthal Conference

207-550: A compromise based on Lapinkis draft. Zinoviev called it the "Lapinski-Zinoviev-Modigliani draft...with amendments" and noted that the Italians gave an ultimatum reserving individual parties the right to call for a session of the Bureau. Though the official report claimed that the vote in favor of this resolution was unanimous, Zinoviev claimed in his report that Axelrod abstained and Dugoni voted against. The final document condemned

276-453: A great applause - and then added "but only once hostile troops leave France" which resulted in the second of the aforementioned assault attempts. He then offered a text of a draft manifesto that included, among other things, all of the criticisms that were being made against him and the French opportunists. None of the controversy around Brizons speech was reported in the official proceedings of

345-412: A population (as of December 2020) of 3,638. As of 2010, 3.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between 2000 and 2010, the population increased at a rate of 6.3%. Migration accounted for 2.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 1.4%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (3,230 or 97.1%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (26 or 0.8%) and French

414-540: A railroad was completed that linked the municipality with Spiez . This was followed by the Niesen train in 1910 and the Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon Railway in 1913. The new transportation links quickly changed Reichenbach into a tourist destination. The population grew and many vacation homes were built in the municipality. A military airport was built in the valley, but in 1994 it switched to

483-480: A revolutionary situation. While the delegates were in broad agreement on the causes of the war, the fact that the proletariat must take an active role in struggle against war and for peace, and condemnation of "bourgeois" peace schemes, there was disagreement on what exact measures the working class should take to end the war. They also agreed that the resolution should be more detailed in its reasons for taking its position, so as not to allow false interpretations. When

552-454: A single struggle for political power, socialism and the "unification of socialist peoples." The peace program of social democracy was for the proletariat to turn their weapons on their common enemy - the capitalist governments. The German Internationale groups draft, which also dealt with the ISB question, likewise blamed the war on imperialism and listed the various ways the war had immersirated

621-717: A source of construction materials. In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 48.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (14.8%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (8.9%) and the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (7%). In the federal election, a total of 1,411 votes were cast, and

690-467: A struggle for the realization of socialism " (emphasis in the original). On the basis of the Stuttgart, Copenhagen and Basel resolutions the delegates declared that it is a vital commandment to raise a call for an immediate truce and peace negotiations. The workers would succeed in hastening the end of the war and influencing the nature of the peace only to the extent that this call finds a response within

759-511: A total of 1,221 apartments (71.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 351 apartments (20.7%) were seasonally occupied and 126 apartments (7.4%) were empty. As of 2010, the construction rate of new housing units was 7.9 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2011, was 0.6%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Since 1910, the nearby mountain of Niesen (altitude 2,362 m [7,749 ft]) can be ascended at gradients of up to 68% via

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828-517: A vote was taken: 10 votes for the majority report of the commission; 12 for the minority report of the Zimmerwald Left; a new draft introduced by Lapinski, 15; another draft by Hoffman favoring calling the Bureau, 2; a draft by Serrati "approximately the same as the majority report" 10; and a draft by Zinoviev, 19. After this poll the resolutions were handed back to the commission, which now included Zinoviev and Nobs. This commission hammered out

897-484: Is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship . During the 2010–11 school year, there were a total of 382 students attending classes in Reichenbach im Kandertal. There were 4 kindergarten classes with a total of 62 students in

966-667: Is home to the Dorfbibliothek Reichenbach library. The library has (as of 2008) 7,898 books or other media, and loaned out 13,817 items in the same year. It was open a total of 300 days with average of 14 hours per week during that year. Kienthal Conference The Kienthal Conference (also known as the Second Zimmerwald Conference ) was held in the Swiss village of Kienthal , between April 24 and 30, 1916. Like its 1915 predecessor,

1035-733: Is part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch World Heritage Site . The Gasthof Bären, the Letzi Mülenen (a medieval fortified wall) and the Notar-Sieber-House are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance . The Letzi Mülenen was a castle and wall built in the 12th and 13th century by the Freiherr von Kien to control access to the alpine pass into the Canton of Valais. The castle passed to

1104-502: Is the third (17 or 0.5%). There are 6 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh . As of 2008, the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 1,621 Swiss men (47.2% of the population) and 65 (1.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,677 Swiss women (48.8%) and 70 (2.0%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 1,690 or about 50.8% were born in Reichenbach im Kandertal and lived there in 2000. There were 1,089 or 32.8% who were born in

1173-462: Is used for agricultural purposes, while 30.83 km (11.90 sq mi) or 24.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.84 km (1.10 sq mi) or 2.3% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.42 km (0.55 sq mi) or 1.1% is either rivers or lakes and 41.25 km (15.93 sq mi) or 32.8% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.0%. Out of

1242-576: The Canton of Valais . Two castles, Mülenen Castle , with the Letzi Mülenen wall , and Aris ob Kien Castle , were built during the Middle Ages to guard the road. A third castle, Faltschen Castle , may also be medieval, but this is not definitively known. The village was part of the Herrschaft of Mülenen. In 1352, Bern acquired the Herrschaft and with it the village. Originally Reichenbach

1311-577: The Lötschberg line and are served by hourly RegioExpress Lötschberger trains to Bern , Thun , Spiez and Brig . The municipality is also served by PostAuto bus services from the Reichenbach railway station up the valley of the Kander river to Reudlen, Wengi and Frutigen, and up the valley of the Chiene river to Scharnachtal, Kiental and Griesalp. The latter service is advertised by PostAuto as

1380-515: The Niesenbahn , which with a length of 3,499 m (11,480 ft) is the longest funicular railway in Europe. In summer, Griesalp and the Kiental valley is known for its mountain hikes and high altitude treks, with some 250 kilometres (160 mi) of hiking trails, flower meadows, forests, streams and waterfalls. In winter, the same area becomes a skiing area. The upper stretch of the valley

1449-604: The Sefinafurgga and Hohtürli passes towards Lauterbrunnen and Kandersteg respectively, forming part of the Alpine Pass Route , a long-distance hiking trail across Switzerland between Sargans and Montreux . The settlements of Aris, Faltsche, Mülenen, Reichenbach, Reudlen, Schwandi and Wengi all lie in or on the slopes of the Kander valley, whilst Griesalp, Kien, Kiental, Ramslauenen and Scharnachtal lie in

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1518-759: The Zimmerwald Conference , it was an international conference of socialists who opposed the First World War . The conference had been called by an Enlarged Session of the International Socialist Commission (ISC) in February 1916. The reasons for a second conference included the opposition that the International Socialist Bureau was putting up against the Zimmerwald movement, the opposition of

1587-417: The social patriots and bourgeois pacifists and stated categorically that the only way wars would end was if the working class took power and abolished private property. The major debate revolved around resolutions on the proletarian "peace policy" and the attitude toward the International Socialist Bureau , particularly in the event of its reconvening. With respect to the latter, three opinions emerged at

1656-441: The tertiary sector , with 89 businesses in this sector. There were 1,659 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.5% of the workforce. In 2008 there were a total of 943 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 200, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 378 of which 201 or (53.2%) were in manufacturing, 1

1725-439: The voter turnout was 52.4%. As of  2011, Reichenbach im Kandertal had an unemployment rate of 0.75%. As of 2008, there were a total of 1,290 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 361 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 136 businesses involved in this sector. 421 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 64 businesses in this sector. 508 people were employed in

1794-463: The Chiene valley. The peaks of the Ärmighorn , Bütlasse , Drättehorn , Dreispitz , Drunengalm , Dündenhorn , Fromberghorn , Gspaltenhorn , Hundshorn , Morgenhorn , Niesen, Schwalmere , Wätterlatte and Wildi Frau are all within, or on, the municipal boundary. The municipality has an area of 125.77 km (48.56 sq mi). Of this area, 49.41 km (19.08 sq mi) or 39.3%

1863-595: The Executive Committee of the ISB for not carrying out the resolutions of past Socialist Congresses; not calling a session of the Bureau despite demands for it from various parties; having the Chairman of the ISB ( Emile Vandervelde ) serve in a belligerent cabinet, thus making the ISB a tool of an "imperialist coalition"; its amicable relations with "social patriotic" parties and opposition to the Zimmerwald movement. The resolution did note, however, that under

1932-509: The Freiherr von Wädenswil and the Lord of Turn who became indebted fighting against Bern. After passing through several other owners, it was sold in 1352 to Bern. Under Bernese rule it was the home of a castellan who managed the military and the high and low courts . However, by about 1400, the castellan moved to Frutigen and abandoned Mülenen. The castle and wall were demolished and used as

2001-502: The German proletariat. It set out a program of practical action against the war and the pro-war socialist parties that included refusal to vote for war credits, war tax resistance and the utilization of every organizational and parliamentary opportunity to harass and criticize the pro-war majority socialists and government in order to arouse the masses to action. It also encouraged particular attention toward propaganda among women, youth and

2070-521: The ISC, on the work of the Commission. In order to save time it was decided that oral reports would only be heard by delegates of Germany and France. Hoffman gave the first report, representing Germany. Pierre Brizon began his speech with the statement "Comrades, though I am an internationalist, I am still a Frenchman...I will not utter one word, nor will I make any gesture which might injure France, France,

2139-567: The International Socialist Bureau". The resolution further stated that the International could recover its political power only if it liberated itself from imperialist and chauvinist influences and resumed class struggle and mass action. If a plenum of the ISB should be called those Zimmerwaldist parties participating had to use the opportunity to expose the real intentions of the social patriots, while reaffirming

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2208-403: The International expel members who entered into cabinets of belligerent countries; that all parliamentary representatives of sections of the International vote against war credits; civil peace be broken and class struggle resumed; and all sections should use "all means" to hasten a peace without annexations or indemnities on the basis of national self-determination. After debate in the conference

2277-580: The Mensheviks and the Polish Socialist Party - Left which mostly dealt with post-war plans for supranational government schemes and why bourgeois attempts would continue the regime of imperialism while a "complete economic and political unification of all civilized nations" should be the chief tasks of socialists once the proletariat had taken power and abolished private property. The resolution finally adopted stated categorically that

2346-740: The Netherlands had transferred its mandate to Radek and the Social-Democracy of the Lettish Territory had transferred its mandate to Zinoviev. A Lithuanian group around the magazine Social-Democratas in London tried to affiliate with the Zimmerwald Left and authorized Jan Antonovich Berzin to sign a draft manifesto of left-wing delegates for them, but he had already transferred his mandate to Zinoviev and their vote

2415-460: The Presidium consisted of a German, a Frenchmen, an Italian and a Serb. Two tables for the delegates were placed on either side and perpendicularly to the presidents table. These the right and the left, exactly as in parliaments. The Italian delegation, being very numerous, took their seats at another table in front of the president. The conference began with a speech by Robert Grimm, chairman of

2484-465: The beginning of debate: the view of the Zimmerwald Left that the ISB was entirely discredited and focus should be on laying the groundwork for a Third International , though they did not rule out the possibility of attending the ISB in order to "tear the masks from their social chauvinist faces"; the view of some, like Pavel Axelrod , who wished for the Zimmerwaldists to try and win over more of

2553-682: The bourgeois nationalists and the "gradually maturing plans for peace". The following delegates participated in the conference: A number of delegates named by groups in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, Sweden, Norway and by the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia were unable to attend. Additionally, the Revolutionary Socialist League of

2622-636: The conception of national self-determination , as well as disarmament and the "arming of the people". In any event the "Left Zimmerwald" draft was endorsed by Lenin, Zinoviev and Armand on behalf of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, as well as Radek, Bronski and Dobrowski of Poland, "one delegate from town X" of the German Opposition, Platten, Nobs, Robmann, Kaclerovic, and Serrati. The Zimmerwald Left draft stated that imperialist rivalry

2691-568: The conference, but is recorded in the memoirs of Guilbeaux. Unlike the first conference, the manifesto did not engender much controversy and the text presented by Brizon as modified by a Commission was accepted unanimously. The manifesto stated that the war was caused by imperialism and militarism and would only end when all countries abolished their own militarism. While repeating the Zimmerwald Conferences condemnation of bourgeois governments, parties and press, it also criticized

2760-475: The conference. The conferences official report states that three resolutions were presented: those of Robert Grimm, of the Zimmerwald Left and the German Internationale group. However, another source states that the third draft was one drafted by Lenin and the Central Committee of the RSDLP, and that there was a heated disagreement between Bolsheviks and other members of the Zimmerwald Left over

2829-520: The dislocations of the war, such as unemployed movements and protest against the high cost of living and unite them into one international struggle for socialism. As at Zimmerwald, the Kienthal conference passed a resolution of sympathy for its "persecuted" comrades. It stated that there have been repressions in Russia, Germany, France, England and even neutral Switzerland and that these repression belie

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2898-418: The elements within the ISB, and therefore did not advocate calling a meeting of the Bureau, but did not rule out participation; and a tendency represented by the Italians that claimed the ISB could be "conquered" if reconvened with the participation of South African, Japanese, Australian and even Indian delegates, and therefore advocated calling a meeting of the Bureau. A commission was elected to try to settle

2967-436: The forested land, 20.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 9.6% is pastures and 29.4% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 8.9% is unproductive vegetation, 21.7% is too rocky for vegetation and 2.3% of the land is covered by glaciers. Reichenbach im Kandertal has

3036-490: The fundamental principles of the International. Two annexes provided for a meeting of the Enlarged Committee of the ISC should a plenary session of the ISB be called, to discuss joint action by the Zimmerwaldists. A second reaffirmed each individual parties right to call a session of the ISB on its own volition. There is some disagreement on the number of draft resolutions for a peace policy initially presented to

3105-477: The international proletariat and led them to "forceful action directed toward overthrowing the capitalist class." The proletariat also must struggle against annexations and attempts to create "pseudo-independent states" on the "pretext of liberating oppressed peoples". Socialists did not oppose annexations in order to return to the pre-1914 borders but because "...socialism strives to eliminate all national oppression by means of an economic and political unification of

3174-491: The issue and when the time came to vote on a peace declaration a number of different declarations were submitted. Because there was fundamental agreement on most issue and the delegates felt an exhaustive debate over every detail was unnecessary a resolution based on the Grimm draft was then unanimously adopted. The commission also received a lengthy and ponderous draft manifesto submitted by Axelrod, Martov and Lapinski on behalf of

3243-499: The issue. The commission consisted of Pavel Axelrod, Adolf Hoffman, Constantino Lazzari, Lenin , Charles Naine, Adolf Warski and an unnamed "German of the Internationale group". Two drafts came out of this commission. The majority endorsed by Axelrod, Hoffmann, Lazzari, and Naine called for the meeting of the ISB so that a new Executive Committee could be elected from socialists of the neutral countries; that all sections of

3312-477: The land of the Revolution " He then turned to Hoffman and told him to inform Kaiser Wilhelm that France would gladly exchange Madagascar for the return of Alsace-Lorraine . Brizons speech lasted several hours, was interrupted by him drinking coffee and eating and included at least two attempts to physically assault him. Finally, he declared that he would vote against all war credits - which brought forth

3381-439: The municipality and 877 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 12.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.6% used a private car. The municipality of Reichenbach im Kandertal is served by two railway stations, Reichenbach im Kandertal station and Mülenen station . Both of these are on

3450-429: The municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 3.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 3.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 12 primary classes and 211 students. Of the primary students, 5.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During

3519-666: The overthrow of capitalism. Interspersed within the debates, the ISC presented a financial statement to the conference. The Commission reminded the conference that they received no compensation, even for translation services. Dr%C3%A4ttehorn The Drättehorn (also known as Drettenhorn ) is a mountain of the Bernese Alps , located north of the Schilthorn in the Bernese Oberland . This Switzerland mountain, mountain range, or peak related article

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3588-434: The peoples on a democratic basis, something which cannot be realized within the limits of capitalist states." So long as socialism has not achieved this, the proletariat's duty was still to oppose national oppression, attacks on weaker states, war indemnities, support the protection of minorities, and the autonomy of peoples on a "basis of real democracy". Finally, socialists should take advantage of mass movements originating in

3657-562: The population) did not answer the question. In Reichenbach im Kandertal about 1,291 or (38.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 211 or (6.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the 211 who completed tertiary schooling, 76.8% were Swiss men, 15.2% were Swiss women, 4.7% were non-Swiss men and 3.3% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten , followed by six years of Primary school. This

3726-420: The population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish , and 20 (or about 0.60% of the population) who were Islamic . There were 3 individuals who were Buddhist , 5 individuals who were Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 117 (or about 3.52% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 159 individuals (or about 4.78% of

3795-400: The pressure of the "growing indignation of the masses" the Executive Committee was examining the possibility of holding a session of the ISB. A session called under these circumstances, however, might be made to serve the interest of either or both imperialist coalition. Therefore, the resolution demanded the Zimmerwald parties to "watch carefully all the activities of the Executive Committee of

3864-433: The question was sent to a commission, there was further debate on the merits of such reforms as international arbitration and disarmament. While all agreed that these reforms could not abolish imperialist-rooted war, others felt they might have some use as ameliorative measures. When these measures could not be resolved in commission they were sent back to the conference plenum. However, the plenum never got around to discussing

3933-683: The same canton, while 257 or 7.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 140 or 4.2% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2010, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 58.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.7%. As of 2000, there were 1,377 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,642 married individuals, 222 widows or widowers and 84 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 359 households that consist of only one person and 136 households with five or more people. In 2000,

4002-431: The same year, there were 6 lower secondary classes with a total of 109 students. There were 1.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 2.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. As of 2000, there were 18 students in Reichenbach im Kandertal who came from another municipality, while 93 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Reichenbach im Kandertal

4071-516: The stated objectives of a "war for liberation" and that these were inspiring examples of revolutionaries who fought social patriotism as much as the policy of their governments. The resolution particularly condemned the persecution of the Jews in Russia and greeted the French and German women who were being released from captivity. It urged the affiliated organization to follow the example of the persecuted comrades to continue to stir up discontent and hasten

4140-531: The steepest post bus service in Europe. The Niesenbahn funicular links Mülenen station with the summit of the Niesen , and a chair lift links Kiental with Ramslauenen. From the 2000 census, 129 or 3.9% were Roman Catholic , while 2,710 or 81.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.24% of the population), and there were 332 individuals (or about 9.98% of

4209-441: The unemployed, who were particularly affected or radicalized by the war. The draft resolution also took a very firm line against the official party and unions, urging a clear socialist reformation from below to restore the party to its original principles and the party bureaucracy replaced by functionaries responsible to the membership. Every "crisis" or dislocation caused by the war was to be used to develop class conscientiousness and

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4278-467: The valley of the Kander river , and the municipality includes a 4.5 km (2.8 mi) long section of this valley and the slopes on either side. However it also extends some 16.5 km (10.3 mi) up the valley of the Chiene river , from its confluence with the Kander to its source below the Schilthorn and the Blüemlisalp massif . From the upper part of the Chiene valley, rough tracks cross

4347-495: The village of Kiental in 1929, while Wengi and Schwandi are still part of the Frutigen parish. Traditionally the villages lived from farming and seasonal alpine herding as well as some trade over the mountain pass. Beginning in the 16th century, the local farmers began raising cattle for export. In 1865 a match stick factory opened in the area. The post carriage began operating between Reichenbach and Thun in 1814. In 1901

4416-465: The war was a consequence of bourgeois property relations which had produced a series of imperialist antagonisms. The war would not end the capitalist economy or imperialism so therefore it would not do away with the causes of future wars. Schemes such as courts of international arbitration, disarmament and the democratization of foreign policy could not end wars, as long as the capitalist system existed. " The struggle for lasting peace can, therefore, be only

4485-581: Was "lost". A member of the Independent Labour Party was present as a "guest". The delegates met at the small Swiss village of Kienthal at the foot of the Blüemlisalp from April 24 to 30, 1916. Portuguese delegate Edmondo Peluso gave a very detailed account: The spacious dining room of the Hotel Baren was transformed into conference chamber. The presidents chair was in the center and, as behooved an international conference,

4554-576: Was an advance on the Zimmerwald Manifesto and helped to crystallize the internationalist elements of whom the Communist Third International was subsequently formed. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Frutigen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Frutigen-Niedersimmental. The village of Reichenbach im Kandertal lies in

4623-479: Was in mining and 176 (46.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 365. In the tertiary sector; 120 or 32.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 19 or 5.2% were in the movement and storage of goods, 101 or 27.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 11 or 3.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 32 or 8.8% were in education and 54 or 14.8% were in health care. In 2000, there were 321 workers who commuted into

4692-489: Was part of the parish of Aeschi bei Spiez. During the 15th century the chapel of St. Nicholas was built in the village. The chapel was first mentioned in 1453 and rebuilt in 1484. During the 18th and 19th centuries it was renovated and expanded. After Bern accepted the Protestant Reformation , Reichenbach converted to the new faith in 1529 and created its own parish. A filial church was established in

4761-548: Was the cause of the war and that plans developed by the opportunists and "social pacifists" such as a United States of Europe , disarmament, compulsory courts of arbitration etc. only deceived the masses because they gave the illusion of a "capitalism without war". The revolutionary struggle would arise out of the misery of the masses and the unification of a number of struggles - such as abolishing imperialist debts, unemployed movements, republicanism , repudiating annexations, liberating colonies and "abolishing state boundaries" - into

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