Misplaced Pages

#508491

89-765: Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute ( KCRI ) is a medical research institute based in Moshi , Kilimanjaro , Tanzania . It forms the third pillar of the Good Samaritan Foundation (GSF), which is foundation based in research. Besides research, patient care is done in the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) and education is done in the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) . As being integrated in

178-590: A 2.5 km-wide (1.6-mile) caldera caused by the collapse of the summit. Within this caldera is the Inner Cone and within the crater of the Inner Cone is the Reusch Crater, which the Tanganyika government in 1954 named after Gustav Otto Richard Reusch, upon his climbing the mountain for the 25th time (out of 65 attempts during his lifetime). The Ash Pit, 350 m (1,150 ft) deep, lies within

267-580: A bird, or jyaro , a caravan . Early Western etymologies used a compound Swahili origin, with kilima translated as "mountain". In 1860, Johann Ludwig Krapf wrote that the Swahilis used the name Kilimanjaro and that it meant either "mountain of greatness" or "mountain of caravans", with a translation of njaro as greatness or jaro as "caravans". In 1885, Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson reported "white mountain" as an alternative, with njaro denoting whiteness. This Swahili etymological approach

356-420: A city was in its final stages. Moshi is administratively divided into 21 wards and then subdivided into 60 hamlets. As the capital of the region, it is the center of government activities, trade, finance, and tourism. In the first half of the 20th century, Moshi was traditionally an important railway town, center of banana agriculture, and commercial producer of pyrethrum . Moshi is one of tourism centers in

445-466: A community-established secondary school, such as Rau Secondary School and Kiboriloni Secondary School . There are also various English medium schools with pre-primary, primary, and secondary education, such as the Eden Garden schools. The main private hospital in the area is the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), a zonal referral hospital. This complex has more than 450 beds and serves

534-616: A deity that guarded the mountain from tresspassers. In the 1880s, the mountain became part of German East Africa and was called Kilima-Ndscharo in German. In 1889, Hans Meyer reached the highest summit on Kibo, which he named Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze for Kaiser Wilhelm . Following the Zanzibar Revolution and the formation of Tanzania in 1964, the summit was renamed Uhuru Peak: "Freedom Peak" in Swahili. Kilimanjaro

623-447: A filled caldera . The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion. Before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 and 5,200 m (16,100 and 17,100 ft) high. It is mostly composed of basaltic lavas, with some pyroclastics . The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from ring fractures , but there was no large-scale explosive activity . Two cones formed subsequently,

712-524: A long-term collaboration between Radboud University and KCMC since decades. Moshi, Tanzania Germany established a military camp in Moshi ( Neumoschi ) in August 1893. The northern line railroad reached Moshi in 1912. Moshi attained the status of a town in 1956. In 1988, it became a municipality under Tanzanian law, but as of 31 October 2014, the process for submitting its application to become

801-605: A member of Meyer's team and therefore must have been born around 1871. Lauwo died on 10 May 1996, 107 years after the first ascent. It is sometimes suggested that he was a co-first-ascendant of Kilimanjaro. Large animals are rare on Kilimanjaro and are more frequent in the forests and lower parts of the mountain. Elephants and Cape buffaloes are among the animals that can be potentially hazardous to trekkers. Bushbucks , chameleons , dik-diks , duikers , mongooses , sunbirds , and warthogs have also been reported. Zebras , leopards and hyenas have been observed sporadically on

890-541: A population of over 11 million individuals. The Good Samaritan Foundation of Tanzania founded KCMC in March 1971. Next to KCMC is the Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology (KCCO), which was founded in 2001 and is co-directed by Dr. Paul Courtright and Dr. Susan Lewallen. A new three-story building for KCCO was finished in 2007, funded by several individuals and non-governmental organizations. The KCCO

979-516: A powerful snort and blow the thief down onto the plain. The mountain may have been known to non-Africans since antiquity . Sailors' reports recorded by Ptolemy mention a "moon mountain" and a spring lake of the Nile, which may indicate Kilimanjaro, although available historical information does not allow differentiation among others in East Africa like Mount Kenya , the mountains of Ethiopia ,

SECTION 10

#1732775642509

1068-515: A system of hospital care and education, it forms the ideal environment for conducting medical research. The institute is equipped with biotechnology laboratory, Research clinic, Biorepository facility for long-term storage of biological samples, Archive facility and other repository facilities like ware house KCRI evolved from the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Centre (KCRC) in 2009. KCRC was established in 2006 with

1157-601: Is "dedicated to the elimination of avoidable blindness through programmes, training, and research focusing on the delivery of sustainable and replicable community ophthalmology services". The KCCO has an "official memorandum of understanding ... with the Department of Ophthalmology and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College under which the KCCO assumes or shares responsibility (subject to specific funding grants) for many teaching activities, running workshops and seminars, supervising

1246-411: Is a large dormant stratovolcano composed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo, the highest; Mawenzi at 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Shira, the lowest at 4,005 m (13,140 ft). Mawenzi and Shira are extinct , while Kibo is dormant and could erupt again. Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim. The Tanzania National Parks Authority , a Tanzanian government agency, and

1335-455: Is accompanied by the highest temperatures of the year. The southeast monsoon prevails from June through September. Unique among the world's monsoons, both monsoons in Tanzania are divergent in the low levels, shallow (averaging only 2 kilometres or 1.2 miles in depth), and capped by inversion and dry, subsiding air. These factors result in light or insignificant rainfall year-round except during

1424-556: Is an active sport in Moshi and it holds tournaments as well such as the annual Nyerere Cup hosted by the Sikh Community. Moshi has several football pitches where players from different ethnicities and backgrounds come together to enjoy the sport. The Ushirika Stadium is the only full - sized pitch where many official league matches have been played including the Tanzanian Premier League. Other pitches include

1513-503: Is annual fair, KiliFair , organized to be an international tourism & industry fair, promoting and presenting companies based in the Kilimanjaro region. The fair has the character of a business networking event for the tourism industry, in combination with a community fair to attract local people, families & expats. Recently, Karibu Fair (TATO) and Kilifair, both well-known tourism fairs decided to join into one and create by far

1602-414: Is caused by both melting and sublimation . While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appear to be unique within its almost twelve-millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe. In 2013, it was estimated that, at the current rate of global warming , most of the ice on Kilimanjaro will disappear by 2040, and "it

1691-451: Is criticized as kilima is a diminutive of mlima (mountain) and actually means "hill". However, mlima may have been misreported as kilima via conflation with the two peaks' names, Kipoo and Kimawenze . Krapf mentions an 1849 visit with a Wakamba chief that called the mountain Kima jajeu , meaning "mountain of whiteness". Another explanation is that jyaro may refer to a god or

1780-529: Is dangerous not only to the patient but also to his/her attendant...." The hospital includes a Care and Treatment Centre for people living with HIV/AIDS. The hospital's physical therapy department has a student learning program in cooperation with Norway, in which Norwegian physiotherapy students in their second and third years come as short term apprentices. Moshi is connected to other cities in Tanzania by Tanroads highway T2. Several bus companies operate intercity routes from Moshi. There are also local buses for

1869-405: Is despair, love where there is hate, and dignity where before there was only humiliation." — Julius Nyerere , first president of Tanganyika and Tanzania The first ascent of the highest summit of Mawenzi was made on 29 July 1912, by the German climbers Eduard Hans Oehler and Fritz Klute , who named it Hans Meyer Peak. Oehler and Klute went on to make the third-ever ascent of Kibo, via

SECTION 20

#1732775642509

1958-797: Is disputed. Although the Chagga people of the Kilimanjaro region have no name for the mountain, they call its two peaks Kipoo and Kimawenze . The peaks' names—usually rendered Kibo and Mawenzi—mean "spotted" in reference to Kibo's snow and "broken top" due to Mawenzi's jagged peak. "Kilimanjaro" may originate from the Chagga calling the mountain unclimbable— kilemanjaare or kilemajyaro —and explorers misinterpreting this as its name. This Kichagga language etymology relies on kileme , "that which defeats", or kilelema , "that which has become difficult or impossible". The -jaro could be derived from njaare ,

2047-430: Is highly unlikely that any ice body will remain after 2060". The Furtwangler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. This has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80 percent glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwangler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, was the fourth to ascend to the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912. A complete disappearance of

2136-481: Is poorly known because there has not been any significant erosion to expose the igneous strata that comprise the volcano's structure. Eruptive activity at the Shira center commenced about 2.5 million years ago, with the last important phase occurring about 1.9 million years ago, just before the northern part of the edifice collapsed. Shira is topped by a broad high plain at 3,800 m (12,500 ft), which may be

2225-652: Is regular passenger service to Arusha and Dar Es Salaam. Moshi hosts the Kilimanjaro Marathon, Tanzania's largest sport event, held annually at the end of February or beginning of March since 2002. The race is a member of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races . Apart from promoting tourism, the race promotes the sport in Tanzania and has the official backing of the Tanzania Tourist Board , Athletics Tanzania , and

2314-534: Is severely underfunded. In late 2010, its surgical services were suspended indefinitely by the Government and Private Hospitals Inspection Committee of the Tanzanian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. The head of the committee, Dr. Pamella Sawa, said, "During our inspection, we inspected the theatre room of Mawenzi Hospital and found it very dirty, with no[t] enough ventilation, the situation which

2403-489: Is the largest cone on the mountain and is more than 24 km (15 mi) wide at the Saddle Plateau altitude. The last activity here, dated to 150,000–200,000 years ago, created the current Kibo summit crater. Kibo still has gas-emitting fumaroles in its crater. Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with escarpments rising 180 to 200 m (590 to 660 ft) on the south side. These escarpments define

2492-593: The Drygalski Glacier , and descended via the Western Breach. The mountain lent its name to the 1914 Battle of Kilimanjaro during World War I . In 1989, the organizing committee of the 100-year celebration of the first ascent decided to award posthumous certificates to the African porter-guides who had accompanied Meyer and Purtscheller. One person in pictures or documents of the 1889 expedition

2581-513: The International Association of Athletics Federations . In 2015, 313 persons finished the 42.2 kilometres (26.2 mi) full marathon, and 2,593 persons finished the 21.1 kilometres (13.1 mi) half marathon. The race also includes a 5 kilometer (3.1 mile) fun run. Moshi has one field hockey pitch, formerly known as Sikh Club and it is home to well known hockey teams from Moshi like Moshi Khalsa and Kili Vijana. Hockey

2670-874: The Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU), the College of African Wildlife Management (CAWM), the Kilimanjaro School of Pharmacy (KSP), and the Tanzania Training Centre for Orthopaedic Technologists (TATCOT). Moshi also has several secondary schools. The government schools are Mawenzi Secondary School , Moshi Technical School , Moshi Secondary School , and J. K. Nyerere Secondary School . The private schools are Majengo Secondary School , Northern Highland Secondary School , United World College East Africa , and Kibo Secondary School . In addition, each ward of Moshi has

2759-681: The Seven Summits , Kilimanjaro is a major hiking and climbing destination. There are seven established routes to Uhuru Peak, the mountain's highest point. Although not as technically challenging as similar mountains, the prominence of Kilimanjaro poses a serious risk of altitude sickness . One of several mountains arising from the East African Rift , Kilimanjaro was formed from volcanic activity over 2 million years ago. Its slopes host montane forests and cloud forests . Multiple species are endemic to Mount Kilimanjaro, including

Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-704: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization lists the height of Uhuru Peak as 5,895 m (19,341 ft), based on a British survey in 1952. The height has since been measured as 5,892 m (19,331 ft) in 1999, 5,902 m (19,364 ft) in 2008, and 5,899 m (19,354 ft) in 2014. A map of the Kibo cone on Mount Kilimanjaro was published by the British government's Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) in 1964 based on aerial photography conducted in 1962 as

2937-546: The Virunga Mountains , the Rwenzori Mountains , and Kilimanjaro. Before Ptolemy, Aeschylus and Herodotus referred to "Egypt nurtured by the snows" and to a spring between two mountains, respectively. One of these mentions two tall mountains in the coastal regions with a valley with traces of fire between them. Martín Fernández de Enciso , a Spanish traveler to Mombasa who obtained information about

3026-517: The giant groundsel Dendrosenecio kilimanjari . The mountain possesses a large ice cap and the largest glaciers in Africa, including Credner Glacier , Furtwängler Glacier , and the Rebmann Glacier . This ice cap is rapidly shrinking, with over 80% lost in the 20th century. The cap is projected to disappear entirely by the mid-21st century. The origin and meaning of the name Kilimanjaro

3115-591: The highest free-standing mountain above sea level in the world : 5,895 m (19,341 ft) above sea level and 4,900 m (16,100 ft) above its plateau base. It is also the highest volcano in the Eastern Hemisphere and the fourth most topographically prominent peak on Earth. Kilimanjaro's southern and eastern slopes served as the home of the Chagga Kingdoms until their abolition in 1963 by Julius Nyerere . The origin and meaning of

3204-412: The phonolitic one at the northwest end of the ridge and the doleritic Platzkegel in the caldera center. Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago. They are separated by the Saddle Plateau at 4,400 m (14,400 ft) elevation. The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old. Mawenzi forms a horseshoe-shaped ridge with pinnacles and ridges opening to

3293-551: The " Chagga home gardens" agroforestry . Native vegetation at this altitude range ( Strombosia , Newtonia , and Entandrophragma ) is limited to inaccessible valleys and gorges and is different from vegetation at higher altitudes. On the southern slope, montane forests first contain Ocotea usambarensis as well as ferns and epiphytes ; farther up in cloud forests Podocarpus latifolius , Hagenia abyssinica and Erica excelsa grow, as well as fog-dependent mosses. On

3382-848: The "Subset of Kilimanjaro, East Africa (Tanganyika) Series Y742, Sheet 56/2, D.O.S. 422 1964, Edition 1, Scale 1:50,000". Tourist mapping was first published by the Ordnance Survey in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping at a scale of 1:100,000, with 100 ft (30 m) contour intervals, as DOS 522. West Col Productions produced a map with tourist information in 1990, at a scale of 1:75,000, with 100 m (330 ft) contour intervals; it included inset maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and with 50 m (160 ft) contour intervals. In recent years, numerous other maps have become available, of various qualities. The volcanic interior of Kilimanjaro

3471-546: The ... [Ophthalmic Resource Centre for Eastern Africa], serving in an advisory capacity for planning Eye Department services, conducting epidemiologic and clinical research in prevention or treatment of vision loss or related fields, and serves on committees". Moshi also hosts the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute (KCRI), which is the research arm of KCMC. KCRI evolved from the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Centre (KCRC) in 2009. KCRC

3560-500: The Austrian Lieutenant Ludwig von Höhnel made an attempt to climb the mountain. Approaching from the saddle between Mawenzi and Kibo, Höhnel stopped at 4,950 m (16,240 ft), but Teleki continued until he reached the snow at 5,300 m (17,400 ft). Later in 1887, the German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the lower edge of the ice cap on Kibo, where he was forced to turn back because he lacked

3649-634: The Hindu Mandal ground and the Moshi Club. Moshi has two golf courses, Moshi Golf Course operated by Moshi Gymkhana Club (MGC) and TPC Moshi Golf Course operated by TPC Club. The clubs host various national and regional events, annually, coordinated by the Tanzania Golf Union. Moshi has a tropical wet and dry climate . Its weather is dominated year round by monsoonal flow. The northeast monsoon prevails December through March and

Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-419: The Moshi region in 1893. The Kilimanjaro Native Co-operative Union was established in 1929 by the district commissioner, Charles Cecil Farquharson Dundas . Its purpose was to enable Chagga coffee growers to compete on equal terms in world markets with European growers. KNCU collects coffee from 96 village societies, representing over 150,000 small-scale farmers. KNCU handles between 50 and 70 percent of

3827-911: The Reusch Crater. About 100,000 years ago, part of Kibo's crater rim collapsed, creating the area known as the Western Breach and the Great Barranco. An almost continuous layer of lava buries most older geological features, except exposed strata within the Great West Notch and the Kibo Barranco. The former exposes intrusions of syenite . Kibo has five main lava formations: Kibo has more than 250 parasitic cones on its northwest and southeast flanks that were formed between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and erupted picrobasalts , trachybasalts , ankaramites , and basanites . They reach as far as Lake Chala and Taveta in

3916-532: The Shira plateau. Specific species associated with the mountain include the Kilimanjaro shrew and the chameleon Kinyongia tavetana . Natural forests cover about 1,000 km (250,000 acres) on Kilimanjaro. In the foothill area, maize , beans, sunflowers and, on the western side, wheat are cultivated. There are remnants of the former savanna vegetation with Acacia , Combretum , Terminalia and Grewia . Between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 1,800 m (5,900 ft), coffee appears as part of

4005-768: The Tanzania Poverty and Human Development Report 2005, the Moshi urban district had the highest literacy rate for persons over 15 years of age when compared to any of the 128 other districts in Tanzania. Moshi hosts a number of higher education facilities, which include the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College (KCMCo), the Stefano Moshi Memorial University College (SMMUCo), the Mwenge Catholic University (MWECAU),

4094-622: The base of opposition politics since the struggle for independence. The last Mangi Mkuu (Paramount Chief) of the Chagga, Thomas Lenana Marealle II , whose palace was located in Moshi, worked for the independence of Tanganyika when it was still a United Nations trust territory under British administration. In his speech to the United Nations Trusteeship Council on 17 June 1957, he said that Tanganyika could become self-governing within ten to fifteen years. This speech occurred one day before Julius Nyerere addressed

4183-462: The beginning of the Holocene epoch (11,500 years BP) allowed the ice cap to reform. The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP. In the late 1880s, the summit of Kibo was completely covered by an ice cap about 20 km (7.7 sq mi) in extent with outlet glaciers cascading down the western and southern slopes, and except for

4272-516: The coffee grown in the area and trades over 5,250 tons of Arabica coffee, or about 11 percent of national production. In recent years, efforts have been made to diversify Moshi's agricultural economy beyond traditional coffee production. In 2019, a dairy cooperative located on the eastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro partnered with the Poland-East Africa Economic Foundation and Polish Aid to boost dairy farming in

4361-409: The crater, cresting the rim at Hans Meyers Notch. In total, Meyer and Purtscheller spent 16 days above 4,600 m (15,000 ft) during their expedition. They were accompanied in their high camps by Mwini Amani of Pangani , who cooked and supplied the sites with water and firewood. "We will light a candle on top of Mount Kilimanjaro which will shine beyond our borders, giving hope where there

4450-405: The drier and colder conditions. The Tussock Grassland is an area on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro that contains many unique species of vegetation, such as the water holding cabbage . The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain, which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial trade winds and the high altitude anti-trades , and by the isolated position of

4539-467: The drier northern slopes olive , Croton - Calodendrum , Cassipourea , and Juniperus form forests in order of increasing altitude. Between 3,100 m (10,200 ft) and 3,900 m (12,800 ft) lie Erica bush and heathlands, followed by Helichrysum , until 4,500 m (14,800 ft). Neophytes have been observed, including Poa annua . The lower northern and western slopes are dominated by Acacia savanna, while most of

SECTION 50

#1732775642509

4628-405: The elevation of those glaciers occurred between 1948 and 2005. Although air temperatures at that elevation are always below freezing, solar radiation causes melting on vertical faces. Vertical ice margin walls are a unique characteristic of the summit glaciers and a major place of the shrinkage of the glaciers. They manifest stratifications, calving , and other ice features. "There is no pathway for

4717-585: The equipment needed to progress across the ice. The following year, Meyer planned another attempt with Oscar Baumann , a cartographer , but the mission was aborted after the pair were held hostage and ransomed during the Abushiri Revolt . In the autumn of 1888, the American naturalist Abbott and the German explorer Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers approached the summit from the northwest. While Abbott turned back earlier, Ehlers at first claimed to have reached

4806-518: The exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent Younger Dryas stadial , the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct around 11,500 years BP. Ice cores taken from Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field (NIF) indicates that the glaciers there have a basal age of about 11,700 years, although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP. Higher precipitation rates at

4895-580: The guide merely called it 'cold' and at once I knew it could be neither more nor less than snow.... Immediately I understood how to interpret the marvelous tales Dr. Krapf and I had heard at the coast, of a vast mountain of gold and silver in the far interior, the approach to which was guarded by evil spirits. In August 1861, the Prussian officer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken accompanied by English geologist Richard Thornton attempted to climb Kibo but "got no farther than 2,500 m (8,200 ft) owing to

4984-582: The ice cap is interrupted by the presence of the Kibo crater. The summit glaciers and ice fields do not display significant horizontal movements because their low thickness precludes major deformation. Geological evidence shows five successive glacial episodes during the Quaternary period, namely First (500,000 BP ), Second (greater than 360,000 years ago to 240,000 BP), Third (150,000 to 120,000 BP), Fourth (also known as "Main") (20,000 to 17,000 BP), and Little (16,000 to 14,000 BP). The Third may have been

5073-482: The ice would be of only "negligible importance" to the water budget of the area around the mountain. The forests of Kilimanjaro, far below the ice fields, "are [the] essential water reservoirs for the local and regional populations". Kilimanjaro is drained by a network of rivers and streams, especially on the wetter and more heavily eroded southern side and especially above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Below that altitude, increased evaporation and human water usage reduce

5162-455: The icy slope. Three days later, they reached the highest summit, on the southern rim of the crater. They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater. After descending to the saddle between Kibo and Mawenzi, Meyer and Purtscheller attempted to climb the more technically challenging Mawenzi but could only reach the top of Klute Peak, a subsidiary peak, before retreating due to illness. On 18 October, they reascended Kibo to enter and study

5251-493: The inclemency of the weather". In December 1862, von der Decken tried a second time together with Otto Kersten , reaching a height of 4,300 m (14,000 ft). In August 1871, missionary Charles New became the "first European to reach the equatorial snows" on Kilimanjaro at an elevation of slightly more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In June 1887, the Hungarian Count Sámuel Teleki and

5340-426: The inner cone, the entire caldera was buried. Glacier ice also flowed through the Western Breach. The slope glaciers retreated rapidly between 1912 and 1953, in response to a sudden shift in climate at the end of the 19th century that made them "drastically out of equilibrium", and more slowly thereafter. Their continuing demise indicates they are still out of equilibrium in response to a constant change in climate over

5429-689: The interior from native caravans, said in his Summa de Geografía (1519) that west of Mombasa "stands the Ethiopian Mount Olympus, which is exceedingly high, and beyond it are the Mountains of the Moon, in which are the sources of the Nile". The German missionaries Johannes Rebmann of Mombasa and Johann Krapf were the first Europeans known to have attempted to reach the mountain. According to English geographer Halford Mackinder and English explorer Harry Johnston , Rebmann in 1848

SECTION 60

#1732775642509

5518-709: The intracity travel. Kilimanjaro International Airport , which is operated by the Kilimanjaro Airport Development Company and located in Hai District approximately 40 km along the Moshi-Arusha Highway. There is also a small airport nearby (Moshi Airport) approximately 5 km from the city center. The airport serves mostly chartered and private flights. Tanga Line passes through Moshi. The line carries cargo mostly cement from Tanga to Moshi and Arusha. There

5607-400: The largest and most important Tourism Trade Fair in East Africa. The newly formed “Karibu/KiliFair” is expecting to host 350+ exhibitors from East and Central Africa, 300+ international hosted and semi-hosted buyers, as well as approximately 4000 trade visitors during the days of the fair. The fair will annually alternate between Moshi and Arusha starting 2018 event. Moshi is the home to one of

5696-467: The last glaciation. According to reports gathered in the 19th century from the Maasai , Lake Chala on Kibo's eastern flank was the site of a village that was destroyed by an eruption. Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow line . The cap is divergent and at the edges splits into individual glaciers. The central portion of

5785-639: The main crops grown on the higher slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro , coffee and bananas, do not thrive there. The surrounding areas in Moshi district are known for extensive farms of maize and beans, grown once per year during the long rainy season (known as "masika" in Kiswahili). In addition, the Tanganyika Planting Company operates a very large sugar cane plantation and company town 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Moshi. Roman Catholic missionaries introduced Arabica coffee cultivation to

5874-692: The most extensive, and the Little appears to be statistically indistinguishable from the Fourth. A continuous ice cap covering approximately 400 km (150 sq mi) down to an elevation of 3,200 m (10,500 ft) covered Kilimanjaro during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Pleistocene epoch (the Main glacial episode), extending across the summits of Kibo and Mawenzi. Because of

5963-639: The mountain. Kilimanjaro has daily upslope and nightly downslope winds , a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain. The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly. Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons, one from March to May and another around November. The northern slopes receive much less rainfall than the southern ones. The lower southern slope receives 800 to 900 mm (31 to 35 in) annually, rising to 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in) at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) altitude and peaking "partly over" 3,000 mm (120 in) in

6052-423: The name Kilimanjaro is unknown, but may mean "mountain of greatness" or "unclimbable". Although described in classical sources, Germany missionary Johannes Rebmann is credited as the first European to report the mountain's existence, in 1848. After several European attempts, Hans Meyer reached Kilimanjaro's highest summit in 1889. The mountain was incorporated into Kilimanjaro National Park in 1973. As one of

6141-499: The northeast, with a tower-like shape resulting from deep erosion and a mafic dike swarm . Several large cirques cut into the ring and the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge. Also notable are the East and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the eastern side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a subsidiary peak , Neumann Tower, 4,425 m (14,518 ft). Kibo

6230-498: The northern safari circuit of Tanzania. The closest tourism spots include Kilimanjaro National Park , Mkomazi National Park , Lake Jipe , and Lake Chala . There are also several waterfalls, natural springs, and tropical forests. Tours can also be arranged from Moshi to other areas such as Serengeti National Park , Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Arusha National Park , Lake Manyara National Park , and Tarangire National Park . The city has several hotels and recreation centers. There

6319-460: The past century. In contrast to the persistent slope glaciers, the glaciers on Kilimanjaro's crater plateau have appeared and disappeared repeatedly during the Holocene epoch, with each cycle lasting a few hundred years. It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century. No clear warming trend at

6408-546: The plateau glaciers other than to continuously retreat once their vertical margins are exposed to solar radiation." The Kilimanjaro glaciers have been used for deriving ice core records, including two from the southern icefield. Based on this data, this icefield formed between 1,250 and 1,450 years BP. Almost 85 percent of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared between October 1912 and June 2011, with coverage decreasing from 11.40 km (4.40 sq mi) to 1.76 km (0.68 sq mi). Between 1912 and 1953, there

6497-617: The region. The cooperative expanded significantly, benefiting over 900 local farmers and establishing new facilities to support milk production and processing Like all of Tanzania, Moshi has universal primary education. According to the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010, the Kilimanjaro Region, which includes Moshi, had the second highest female literacy rate and the third highest male literacy rate among Tanzania's then-existing 26 regions. According to

6586-609: The same body. In 2010, the unsuccessful Chadema presidential candidate, Willibrod Slaa , received 55.6 percent of the popular vote in the Moshi Urban District compared to 43.5 percent for the nationwide winner, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete of the Chama cha Mapinduzi party. In 2010, the Chadema parliamentary candidate, Philemon Kiwelu Ndesamburo, was elected to office with 62.3 percent of the vote. As of May 2012, six of

6675-553: The seven special seats on the Moshi Municipal Council are held by Chadema party members. In 1953, Journalist John Gunther described Moshi as "the kind of town Somerset Maugham , if he ever wrote about Africa, might have invented." Mt Kilimanjaro Mount Kilimanjaro ( / ˌ k ɪ l ɪ m ə n ˈ dʒ ɑː r oʊ / ) is a dormant volcano in Tanzania . It is the highest mountain in Africa and

6764-585: The southeast and the Lengurumani Plain in the northwest. Most of these cones are well preserved, except the Saddle Plateau cones which were heavily affected by glacial action. Despite their mostly small size, lava from the cones has obscured large portions of the mountain. The Saddle Plateau cones are mostly cinder cones with terminal effusion of lava, while the Upper Rombo Zone cones mostly generated lava flows. All Saddle Plateau cones predate

6853-406: The southern and eastern slopes of the mountain in sovereign Chagga states , tell how a man named Tone once provoked a god, Ruwa, to bring famine upon the land. The people became angry at Tone, forcing him to flee. Nobody wanted to protect him but a solitary dweller who had stones that turned miraculously into cattle. The dweller bid that Tone never open the stable of the cattle. When Tone did not heed

6942-533: The summit rim, but after severe criticism of the claim, withdrew it. In 1889, Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller for a third attempt. This attempt was based on the establishment of several campsites with food supplies so that multiple attempts at the top could be made without having to descend too far. Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on 3 October but turned back exhausted from hacking footsteps in

7031-710: The support of the Dutch government through the Netherlands-African partnership for Capacity development and Clinical interventions Against Poverty-related disease (NACCAP). It was part of the APRIORI programme run by Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen , the Netherlands. The guiding principles of APRIORI included: capacity building, multidisciplinary approach, equal partnership, open communication, long-term commitment, and sustainability. APRIORI followed on

7120-469: The three Coca-Cola bottlers in Tanzania, Bonite Botters Ltd. Serengeti Breweries, an East African Breweries company, also has a manufacturing plant in Moshi. Just south of the city, there is a sugar production facility by TPC Ltd which owns one of the largest and oldest sugar cane plantation in the country. There are several small and medium scale manufacturing facilities in dairy and food packaging sector. Moshi's lower altitude and drier climate mean that

7209-673: The transitional periods between the monsoons. Moshi's altitude keeps temperatures lower than surrounding cities, even without the maritime effects that a coastal city enjoys. Nighttime temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year, averaging from 15 to 17 degrees Celsius. Moshi has noticeably warmer daytime temperatures from October through March, when average high temperatures exceed 30 degrees Celsius, and noticeably cooler daytime temperatures from May through August, when average high temperatures are 25 to 26 degrees Celsius. Moshi's wettest months are March through May, when around 71 percent of its annual rainfall occurs. Moshi has been

7298-428: The warning and the cattle escaped, Tone followed them, but the fleeing cattle threw up hills to run on, including Mawenzi and Kibo. Tone finally collapsed on Kibo, ending the pursuit. Another Chagga legend tells of ivory-filled graves of elephants on the mountain, and of a cow named Rayli that produces miraculous fat from her tail glands. If a man tries to steal such a gland but is too slow in his moves, Rayli will blast

7387-537: The water flows. The Lumi and Pangani rivers drain Kilimanjaro on the eastern and southern sides, respectively. In respect of it being 'the highest stratovolcano of the East African Rift that maintains a glacier on its summit', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included 'The Pleistocene Kilimanjaro volcano' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around

7476-537: The wooded grassland of the lower southern and eastern slopes have been destroyed for cultivation. Records from the Maundi crater at 2,780 m (9,120 ft) indicate that the vegetation of Kilimanjaro has varied over time. Forest vegetation retreated during the Last Glacial Maximum and the ericaceous vegetation belt lowered by 1,500 m (4,900 ft) between 42,000 and 30,000 years ago because of

7565-509: The world in a listing published in October 2022. The organization defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.' Kilimanjaro is attested to in numerous stories by the people who live in East Africa. The Chagga , who traditionally lived on

7654-505: Was about a 1.1 percent average annual loss of ice coverage. The average annual loss for 1953 to 1989 was 1.4 percent, while the loss rate for 1989 to 2007 was 2.5 percent. Of the ice cover still present in 2000, almost 40 percent had disappeared by 2011. Ice climber Will Gadd noticed differences between his 2014 and 2020 climbs. The glaciers are thinning in addition to losing areal coverage, and do not have active accumulation zones; retreat occurs on all glacier surfaces. Loss of glacier mass

7743-501: Was established in 2006 with the support of the Dutch government through the Netherlands-African partnership for Capacity development and Clinical interventions Against Poverty-related disease (NACCAP). The primary public hospital in Moshi is the Mawenzi Regional Hospital , which started sometime before 1920 as a small dispensary for German soldiers and became a hospital in 1956. The hospital has about 300 beds but

7832-407: Was the first European to report the existence of Kilimanjaro. Hans Meyer has claimed that Rebmann first arrived in Africa in 1846 and quotes Rebmann's diary entry of 11 May 1848 as saying, This morning, at 10 o'clock, we obtained a clearer view of the mountains of Jagga, the summit of one of which was covered by what looked like a beautiful white cloud. When I inquired as to the dazzling whiteness,

7921-437: Was thought to match a living inhabitant of Marangu , Yohani Kinyala Lauwo. Lauwo did not know his own age, nor remember Meyer or Purtscheller. He did recall joining a Kilimanjaro expedition involving a Dutch doctor who lived near the mountain, and that he did not wear shoes during the climb. Lauwo claimed that he had climbed the mountain three times before the beginning of World War I . The committee concluded that he had been

#508491