Louis II (5 October 1377 – 29 April 1417) was Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence from 1384 to 1417; he claimed the Kingdom of Naples , but only ruled parts of the kingdom from 1390 to 1399. His father, Louis I of Anjou —the founder of the House of Valois-Anjou —was a younger son of King John II of France and the adopted son of Queen Joanna I of Naples . When his father died during a military campaign in Naples in 1384, Louis II was still a child. He inherited Anjou from his father, but his mother, Marie of Blois , could not convince his uncles, John, Duke of Berry and Philip II, Duke of Burgundy , to continue her husband's war for Naples. The Provençal nobles and towns refused to acknowledge Louis II as their lawful ruler, but Marie of Blois persuaded them one after another to swear fealty to him between 1385 and 1387.
50-2584: (Redirected from King Louis II ) Louis II may refer to: Kings [ edit ] Louis the German (804–876), king of East Francia Louis the Stammerer (846–879), Louis II of France Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (1506–1526) Louis II of Holland (1804–1831) Ludwig II of Bavaria (1845–1886), "Mad King Ludwig" Louis XIII , also known as Louis II of Navarre (1601–1643) Counts [ edit ] Louis II, Count of Chiny (died before 1066) Louis II, Count of Loon (died 1218) Louis I of Flanders , Louis II of Nevers, (1304–1346) Louis II of Châtillon (died 1372) Louis II of Flanders (1330–1384) Louis II, Count of Blois (died 1346) Louis II, Count of Wuerttemberg (1439–1457) Louis II, Count of Montpensier (1483–1501) Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1565–1627) Louis Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Ebeleben (1621–1681) Landgraves [ edit ] Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia (1128–1172) Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1438–1471) Dukes [ edit ] Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (1229–1294) Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (1337–1410) Louis II, Duke of Brieg (1380–1436) Louis II, Duke of Orléans (1462–1515) Louis II, Duke of Longueville (1510–1537) Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse (1777–1848) Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden (1824–1858) Charles II, Duke of Parma , previously reigned as Louis II of Etruria (1799–1883) Princes [ edit ] Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé (1621–1686), "the Great Condé" Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949) Louis Frederick II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1767–1807) Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1708–1790) Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal (1887–1908), a.k.a. Louis II, Duke of Braganza Other people [ edit ] Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (825–875) Louis II, Elector of Brandenburg (1328–1365) Louis II, Cardinal of Guise (1555–1588) Louis II d'Évreux (1336–1400) Louis II of Naples (1377–1417), Duke of Anjou and Count of Provence Louis II de la Trémoille (1460–1525), French general Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (1502–1532) See also [ edit ] Ludwig II (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
100-576: A synod at Worms to deal with the aftermath of the Photian schism and to get the church's support against Moravia. A report that the Emperor Louis II had died in Italy led to a peace between father and sons and attempts by Louis the German to gain the imperial crown for his oldest son Carloman. These efforts were thwarted by Louis II, who was in fact not dead, and Louis' old adversary, Charles
150-533: A "character devoid of leadership" and Ladislaus displayed that "acumen and ruthlessness which were to make him the terror of Italy". Louis' real authority was restricted to the city of Naples, because the Calabrian barons only formally acknowledged his rule. Charles VI of France openly abandoned Louis' case when he signed a treaty with Florence, promising not to intervene in Naples. The French clergy withdrew from
200-554: A military campaign to Apulia in February 1399. The Sanseverini abandoned him and his absence from Naples enabled Ladislaus to seize the town on 10 July. Louis could not continue the fight and left southern Italy for Provence in the same month. Louis married his first cousin once removed Yolande of Aragon at the St. Trophime Cathedral in Arles on 2 December 1400. On the same day, she
250-498: A series of major victories and captured Amalfi and Ravello in 1392. Most Calabrian barons (including the heads of the powerful Sanseverino and Ruffo families) also swore fealty to him by the autumn of 1392. In practice, the Kingdom of Naples was divided between Louis and Ladislaus. Charles VI of France showed the first symptoms of madness on 5 August 1392, which enabled Philip II of Burgundy to strengthen his position at
300-570: A severe crisis, with the East Frankish rebellions of the sons, as well as struggles to maintain supremacy over his realm. In the Treaty of Meerssen he acquired Lotharingia for the East Frankish kingdom in 870. On the other hand, he tried and failed to claim both the title of Emperor and Italy. In the East, Louis was able to reach a longer-term peace agreement in 874 after decades of conflict with
350-409: A week were "carefully stage-managed propaganda for the royal house, deliberately contrived to show its fortunes in the hands of a younger generation", according to historian Jonathan Sumption . He promised to grant 300,000 florins to Louis to finance a military campaign to southern Italy. (Anti)pope Clement VII soon promised to pay further 500,000 florins to Louis. Charles VI announced his decision to
400-473: Is completely uncertain where the East Frankish king stayed between June 849 and July 850. At least 52 documents are addressed to Bavarian beneficiaries. However, the intensity of the documentary production for Bavarian recipients steadily decreased during his reign. As former stem duchy , the Rhine-Main area contained Frankfurt, Mainz and Worms, and had plenty of Imperial Palaces and treasuries. Since it
450-483: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Louis the German Louis the German ( German : Ludwig der Deutsche ; c. 806 /810 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II of Germany ( German : Ludwig II. von Deutschland ), was the first king of East Francia , and ruled from 843 to 876 AD. Grandson of emperor Charlemagne and the third son of Louis
500-633: The Bay of Naples on 6 August. His troops captured the Castel Sant'Elmo in October, and the Castel Nuovo weeks later. Clement VII's legate , Cardinal Pierre de Thury , who had accompanied Louis to Naples, administered the kingdom efficiently on his behalf. Louis was engaged to King John I of Aragon 's daughter, Yolande. Clement VII provided regular financial support to Louis whose troops achieved
550-650: The Duchy of Bavaria , following the practice of emperor Charlemagne of bestowing a local kingdom to a close family member who then would serve as his lieutenant and local governor. Louis ruled from Regensburg , the old capital of the Bavarii . In 825 he became involved in wars with the Wends and Sorbs on his eastern frontier. In 827, he married Hemma , sister of his stepmother Judith of Bavaria , both daughters of Welf , whose possessions ranged from Alsace to Bavaria . It
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#1732772581128600-512: The Moravians . His rule shows a marked decline in creation of written administration and government documents, a trend that would continue into Ottonian times. His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne , whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis the Pious divided his dominions between his sons in 817, Louis was made the ruler of
650-662: The Obotrites to accept his authority and put their prince, Gozzmovil, to death. Thachulf, Duke of Thuringia , then undertook campaigns against the Bohemians , Moravians , and other tribes, but was not very successful in resisting the ravaging Vikings . In 852 Louis sent his son Louis the Younger to Aquitaine , where nobles had grown resentful of Charles the Bald's rule. The younger Louis did not set out until 854, and returned
700-466: The Bald , by promising to give him the land in the new partition they would make after a victory. In 832 he led an army of Slavs into Alamannia, but was driven back by his father. Louis the Pious disinherited him, but to no effect; the emperor was soon captured by his own rebellious sons and deposed. Upon his swift reinstatement, however, the emperor Louis made peace with his son Louis and legally restored Bavaria (never actually lost) to him in 836. Louis
750-428: The Bald died as well. As there exist only 172 royal documents from 50 years of reign, it is impossible to create a detailed picture of Louis' whereabouts in the East Frankish kingdom. By comparison, Louis the Pious had 18 certificates created per year, and his half-brother Charles the Bald had 12 produced annually. This pattern of not producing many documents lasts for several months at certain times. For example, it
800-725: The Bald had been able to obtain the title of emperor by a swift move to Rome. His wife Hemma visited Louis for the last time in May 875. In 874 she had lost her voice as a result of a stroke. During his stay, he donated the Berg im Donaugau Abbey to the Marienkapelle, which he built. Hemma died at the end of January 876 in Regensburg. Louis then died after a short illness on 28 August 876 in his palace in Frankfurt. The following day he
850-671: The Bald. In the years 872 and 873, ambassadors of the Eastern Roman Emperor Basil I came to Louis in Regensburg and showed that his rule was perceived as far as Constantinople. After the death of Emperor Louis II in August 875, Louis tried to win the emperorship for himself and his descendants. For this purpose, Abbot Sigihard von Fulda undertook a trip to Rome to Pope John VIII . On 18 May 876 he returned to Ingelheim and reported to Louis that, in December 875, Charles
900-674: The French royal court. In November, Visconti sent an envoy to Paris to persuade the French to launch further military campaigns to Italy. Louis of Turenne, who had received the Duchy of Orléans from Charles VI, supported the plan, because he wanted to conquer large parts of the Papal States for himself; his maternal uncle, Louis II, Duke of Bourbon , also decided to lead a French army to Naples to support Louis. However, negotiations with their potential Italian allies and Clement VII proved that their goals could hardly be achieved, because of
950-477: The Pious , emperor of Francia , and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye , he received the appellation Germanicus shortly after his death, when East Francia became known as the kingdom of Germany . After protracted clashes with his father and his brothers, Louis received the East Frankish kingdom in the Treaty of Verdun (843). His attempts to conquer his half-brother Charles the Bald 's West Frankish kingdom in 858–59 were unsuccessful. The 860s were marked by
1000-565: The abdication of both popes at their general assembly in Paris on 2 February 1395. Louis of Orléans was determined to continue the military operations in Italy, but Charles VI's wife, Isabeau of Bavaria , and Philip II of Burgundy convinced him to withdraw his troops from Italy in late February. The conflict between France and Benedict XIII weakened Louis' position and Ladislaus could take advantage of his difficulties. When analysing their situation, historian Alan Ryder concludes that Louis revealed
1050-661: The area on the right bank of the Rhine outside the former Roman Empire and its inhabitants. Contemporaries gave Louis the epithet pius (pious) or piissimus (very pious). The contemporary coinage called him HLUDOVICUS PIUS REX. Louis was married to Hemma (died 31 January 876), and they had: Louis II of Naples His cousin, King Charles VI of France decided to support Louis II's bid for Naples in 1389. After Antipope Clement VII crowned him king in Avignon on 1 November 1389, Louis II moved to Naples. His troops could not occupy
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#17327725811281100-769: The burghers of Naples in a letter that was read out in the Naples Cathedral soon after the ritual liquefaction of the blood of Saint Januarius . Antipope Clement VII crowned Louis king in the chapel of the Popes' Palace in Avignon on 1 November 1389. Charles VI of France and his younger brother, Louis of Touraine , were also present at the ceremony, demonstrating their support to Louis. Gian Galeazzo Visconti also joined their alliance. Louis and his fleet of about 40 galleys sailed from Marseille in July 1390 and reached
1150-399: The consent of his brothers ( John, Duke of Berry and Philip II, Duke of Burgundy ) and their nephew, King Charles VI of France . Louis was only seven when his father died. His mother tried to persuade Louis' uncles Philip II of Burgundy and John of Berry to continue the military campaign against Naples. Bernabò Visconti supported her efforts, but both dukes refused to spend more money on
1200-557: The daughter of his father's principal enemy in May 1387. Louis' supporters took possession of the town of Naples, but his adversaries were able to retain the two most important fortresses, the Castel Nuovo and Castel Sant'Elmo . Charles VI of France reached the age of majority, dismissed the dukes of Burgundy and Berry and decided to provide support to Louis. He knighted Louis and his brother, Charles, at Saint-Denis Abbey in Paris in May 1389. The celebrations which lasted for
1250-513: The emperor Lothair I died in 855, Louis and Charles for a time cooperated in plans to divide Lothair's possessions between themselves, the only impediments to this being Lothair's sons and heirs— Lothair II (who received Lotharingia ), Louis II of Italy (who held the imperial title and the Iron Crown of Lombardy ) and Charles of Provence . In 868 at Metz Louis and Charles agreed to partition Lotharingia . When Lothair II died in 869, Louis
1300-454: The following two years. Charles of Durazzo fell victim to a plot while laying claim to Hungary in February 1386. His ten-year-old son, Ladislaus, succeeded him under the guardianship of his mother, Margaret of Durazzo . Urban VI's successor, Pope Boniface IX , confirmed Ladislaus' right to rule the Kingdom of Naples. Marie of Blois started negotiations about Louis' marriage with Ladislaus' sister, Joanna , but Louis flatly refused to marry
1350-596: The following year. Starting from 853 Louis made repeated attempts to gain the throne of West Francia , which, according to the Annals of Fulda ( Annales Fuldenses ), the people of that country offered him in their disgust with the cruel misrule of Charles the Bald. Encouraged by his nephews Peppin II and Charles of Provence , Louis invaded in West Francia in 858. Charles the Bald could not even raise an army to resist
1400-463: The invasion and fled to Burgundy . Later that year Louis issued a charter dated "the first year of the reign in West Francia." However, treachery and desertion in his army, and the continued loyalty of the Aquitanian bishops to Charles the Bald, brought about the failure of the whole enterprise. As such on 7 June 860 at Koblenz , both Louis and Charles made public vows to uphold the peace. After
1450-408: The lack of sufficient financial support. Clement VII died unexpectedly in Avignon on 16 September 1394. Charles VI and his counsellors wanted to put an end to the schism and asked Clement VII's cardinals not to elect a new pope. The cardinals ignored their request and elected an Aragonese cardinal who took the name Benedict XIII. Louis supported Benedict, but the French prelates decided to enforce
1500-618: The left bank of the river (see also Oaths of Strasbourg 842). His territories included Bavaria (where he made Regensburg the centre of his government), Thuringia , Franconia , and Saxony . Louis may be called the founder of the German kingdom , though his attempts to maintain the unity of the Empire proved futile. Having in 842 crushed the Stellinga rising in Saxony, in 844 he compelled
1550-433: The obedience to Benedict XIII and a French army laid siege to Avignon in July 1398. The legitimacy of Louis's rule in Naples derived from his coronation by Benedict XIII's predecessor, but his mother who administered Provence was to support the French action. Deprived of his revenues from France, Benedict XIII was no more able to finance Louis's troops in Naples. The Apulian barons rose up against Louis, forcing him to launch
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1600-874: The popes' suzerainty since 1130, but two rival popes were competing for the supreme authority after the Western Schism of 1378 . Joanna's subjects regarded Urban VI as the lawful pope, but she preferred Urban's opponent, Clement VII . In retaliation, Pope Urban confirmed Charles' claim to her realms and crowned him king of Naples (formally, king of Sicily) in Rome in June 1381. Charles of Durazzo invaded southern Italy, but Louis I could not leave France to protect his adoptive mother, because his brother, King Charles V of France had recently died. Charles of Durazzo captured Queen Joanna and occupied Naples in September. Louis I
1650-402: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_II&oldid=1257891022 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1700-472: The two counties. His military campaign decided Queen Joanna's fate, because Charles of Durazzo ordered her jailers to smother her in July. Louis I crossed the borders of the Kingdom of Naples in September, but Charles of Durazzo avoid to give a pitched battle. Louis I's most mercenaries deserted by the end of 1382, forcing him to offer to abandon his claim to Naples in return for Provence, but Charles of Durazzo rejected his offer. The seven-year-old Louis, who
1750-449: The unification of the kingdom. In June 842 the three brothers met on an island in the river Saône to negotiate a peace and each appointed forty representatives to arrange the boundaries of their respective kingdoms. This developed into the Treaty of Verdun , concluded by 10 August 843, by which Louis received the bulk of the lands lying east of the Rhine ( East Francia ), together with a district around Speyer , Worms , and Mainz , on
1800-588: The unsuccessful enterprise. The Duke of Burgundy clearly stated that "all these little ventures" should be forgotten. Bernabò Visconti was arrested by his nephew Gian Galeazzo Visconti on 6 May 1385, which put an end to negotiations about the marriage of his daughter and Louis. Most towns and noblemen supported Charles of Durazzo in Provence and Forcelquier. They entered into a formal alliance against Louis and his mother in Aix-en-Provence . Marie, who
1850-571: The whole Empire, Louis allied with Charles the Bald , and defeated Lothair I and their nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine , son of Pepin I of Aquitaine , at the Battle of Fontenoy in June 841. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. According to the Annals of Fulda , it was the biggest bloodbath the Franks had experienced since time immemorial. At the same time, it was Louis's last battle in the struggle for
1900-691: The whole kingdom, thus it was practically divided between Louis II and his opponent, Ladislaus of Naples . The conflict between Clement VII's successor, Antipope Benedict XIII , and France weakened Louis' position and Ladislaus forced him to leave Naples for Provence in 1399. Louis was the elder of the two sons of Louis I of Anjou and Marie of Blois . Louis I was a younger son of King John II of France who granted Anjou and Maine to him as hereditary appanage in 1360. The childless Queen Joanna I of Naples adopted Louis I as her son and heir in 1380, because she needed French support against her rival, Charles of Durazzo . The rulers of Naples had acknowledged
1950-592: Was buried by his son Louis in Lorsch Abbey. However, according to Wilfried Hartmann, it cannot be determined with certainty whether the dead man in his sarcophagus is the Carolingian king. After Louis' death, Charles the Bald tried to win over the Eastern kingdom as well. However, Louis the Younger defeated him on 8 October 876 at Andernach with a squad of Franks, Saxons and Thuringians. One year later, Charles
2000-586: Was crowned queen. This gave him a possibility of inheriting the throne of Aragon through her right. Her father, King John I of Aragon had died in 1396, and her uncle king Martin I of Aragon died in 1410. Louis founded a university in Aix-en-Provence in 1409. In 1409, Louis liberated Rome from Ladislaus' occupation; in 1410, as an ally of the antipope John XXIII he attacked Ladislaus and defeated him at Roccasecca (1411). Eventually Louis lost his Neapolitan support and had to retire. His claim to Naples passed to his son, Louis III . His son, Louis,
2050-513: Was determined to restore their rule in the two wealthy counties, hurried to Marseille. Louis accompanied his mother and they jointly received the oaths of fealty of the three highest-ranking magistrates of the town on 24 August 1385. In return, they ceremoniously pledged that they would always observe the burghers' liberties. Marie entered into negotiations with the members of the League of Aix and persuaded them one by one to accept Louis' rule during
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2100-565: Was determined to seize her inheritance, which included the counties of Provence and Forcalquier and a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in addition to Naples. The earliest plans about Louis' marriage were related to his father's search for allies against Charles of Durazzo. In November 1381, Louis I was planning to forge an alliance with Aragon through the marriage of Louis and Louis' younger brother, Charles , with King Peter IV of Aragon 's granddaughters, Joanna and Yolande . The plan
2150-453: Was followed by the second son Louis the Younger , who was joined by his brother Charles the Fat . In 864 Louis was forced to grant Carloman the kingdom of Bavaria, which he himself had once held under his father. In 865 he divided the remainder of his lands— Saxony with Franconia and Thuringia went to Louis the Younger and Swabia with Raetia to Charles the Fat. In May 868, Louis convoked
2200-630: Was initially betrothed to Catherine of Burgundy, a daughter of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy . However, after the Duke of Burgundy instigated a mob attack on the Dauphin of France , Louis and his wife joined the Armagnac Faction . The betrothal to Catherine was repudiated, which caused the enmity of the Duke of Burgundy. He was not present at the Battle of Agincourt , because he had
2250-620: Was located in the geographic centre of the East Frankish kingdom, it was easily accessible by road. As a result, it was the region in which most East Frankish synods and imperial assemblies were hosted. Louis was only nicknamed "the German" in the 18th century. Contemporary West Frankish sources called Louis rex Germaniae ("King of Germania") or rex Germanorum ("King of the Teutons"). However, in this context, Germania or Germani does not mean "Germany" or "the Germans", but, as in ancient Latin,
2300-503: Was lying seriously ill, and his armies were engaged in a war with the Moravians. Charles the Bald quickly seized Lothair's lands, but Louis, having recovered, compelled him by threat of war to agree to the Treaty of Meerssen , which divided Lothair's lands among all the claimants. The later years of Louis the German were troubled by rebellions of his sons. The eldest, Carloman of Bavaria , revolted in 861 and again two years later. This
2350-620: Was not until 826 that Louis first came to rule Bavaria . In 828 and 829 he undertook two campaigns against the Bulgarians who wanted to penetrate into Pannonia without great success. During his time as Unterkönig, he tried to extend his rule to the Rhine-Main area. His involvement in the first civil war against his father's reign was limited, but in the second his elder brothers, Lothair I , then King of Italy , and Pepin I , Duke of Aquitaine , persuaded him to invade Alamannia which their father had given to their young half-brother Charles
2400-572: Was soon set aside, because Louis I realized that an alliance with a powerful Italian ruler could serve his purposes. After in early 1382 he decided to launch a military campaign against Charles of Durazzo, he started negotiations with Bernabò Visconti , Lord of Milan . Bernabò agreed to hire troops to fight against Charles of Durazzo and engaged his daughter, Lucia , to Louis on 13 March 1382. Louis I had meanwhile come to Avignon where Clement VII crowned him king. He took possession of Provence and Forcalquier, allowing his mercenaries to freely loot
2450-553: Was staying in Anjou, sent a ring to Lucia Visconti to Milan in token of their engagement on 6 May 1384. He was styled as Duke of Calabria in the letter. Louis I died in Bari on 20 September 1384. In his last will, he asked Clement VII to support his son to seize the Kingdom of Naples. He appointed Enguerrand VII of Coucy to administer the occupied parts of the kingdom as viceroy, stipulating that his widow could only remove Coucy with
2500-470: Was the instigator of the third civil war, which began in 839. A strip of his land having been given to the young half-brother Charles, Louis invaded Alamannia again. This time emperor Louis responded quickly, and soon the younger Louis was forced into the far southeastern corner of his realm, the March of Pannonia . Peace was then made by force of arms. When the emperor Louis died in 840, and Lothair I claimed
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