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43-434: Inthraracha was the eldest son of King Ekathotsarot with his first class concubine. He was in the priesthood for 8 years before government servants asked him to leave and ascend the throne with the title Phrachao Songtham at the age of 29. King Ekathotsarot died in 1610/11 and was succeeded by King Si Saowaphak . Ruling less than a year, and showing no ability, he was murdered. Before his death, Japanese traders stormed

86-411: A dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of

129-565: A second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form

172-666: A Siamese-installed Lanna noble. Naresuan sent Ekathotsarot to claim the conflicts by dividing Lanna into two parts. Naresuan died in 1605 while planning to invade the Burmese Shan states . Ekathotsarot was crowned as his successor. Upon his coronation , the Ayutthaya kingdom had reached the maximum extent. However, immediately after the coronation, the Lanna kingdom broke away. In 1612, an English expedition arrived in Siam carrying

215-571: A diplomatic report on the Siamese Embassy, Ambassades du Roy de Siam envoyé à l'Excellence du Prince Maurice, arrive a La Haye, le 10. September, 1608 ( " Embassy of the King of Siam sent to his Excellence Prince Maurice, September 10, 1608 " ), which soon diffused across Europe. Following the embassy, a treaty was concluded between the Republic and Siam in 1617. Ekathotsarot's reign saw

258-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of

301-600: A letter from King James I of England requesting permission for English merchants to trade in Siam. The King warmly welcomed the party and granted them a station for trading as well as presenting them with lavish gifts. In 1613–1614, Burmese king Anaukpetlun invaded the Tenasserim coast. He gained Tavoy but was driven back with heavy losses at Mergui . (The Burmese then invaded Lan Na in April 1614. Lan Na sought help from Lan Xang but no help ever came, and Chiang Mai fell to

344-530: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and

387-443: Is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form

430-542: The Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It

473-624: The Dutch Republic by Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge on board the Oranje , leaving Bantam on January 28, 1608. The embassy arrived in The Hague on September 10, 1608, and met with Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange . This visit coincided with the application for a patent of the telescope by the Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey , and this new device was mentioned at the end of

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516-466: The Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along

559-570: The Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on

602-518: The Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Ieyasu who commissioned Red Seal Ships to Siam. Around this time the Siamese metallurgists learned the arts of forging mortars from Westerners and combined with traditional methods giving rise to the praised Siamese mortars known for their qualities. Ekathotsarot had two legitimate sons: Prince Suthat and Prince Sri Saowabhak . Prince Suthat was invested with

645-653: The Black Prince and White Prince, along with Ayutthaya king Maha Chakkraphat. The two princes were educated and overseen by Bayinnaung, along with other captive princes. When Ayutthaya revolted in May 1568, Maha Thammarachathirat remained loyal to Bayinnaung, and became the vassal king of Siam when Bayinnaung's forces retook Ayutthaya in August 1569. The Black and White Prince then returned to Ayutthaya in 1571. Prince Ekathotsarot joined his brother Naresuan in various wars with

688-514: The Burmese in December 1614. Note that according to Damrong, in 1618 Siam and Burma reached an agreement in which Burma would control Martaban and Siam would control Chiang Mai. But international scholarship accepts that Lan Na again became a Burmese vassal. During the reign of Ekathotsarot, a Siamese embassy reached the Dutch city of The Hague , in 1608. The embassy of 16 was brought to

731-556: The Burmese. Naresuan declared independence in May 1584, and fought off a series of Burmese invasions from 1584 to 1593. In 1590, Maha Thammarachathirat died. Naresuan was crowned as the King of Ayutthaya while Ekathotsarot was made Uparaja but with equal honor to Naresuan (As in the case of Mongkut and Pinklao ). The end of this series of Burmese invasions came in January 1593. Crown Prince of Burma, Mingyi Swa invaded Siam once more. He conducted an elephant duel with Naresuan, and

774-617: The Iberians were technically disgraced from Siam after nearly a hundred years of royal support. Songtham wanted his son, Chettha , to succeed him, though he was young. He therefore asked Phraya Siworawong (later Prasat Thong ), to protect him from danger. After Songtham's death, Siworawong arrested and executed all those who had been opposed to Songtham's wishes. Ekathotsarot Ekathotsarot ( Thai : เอกาทศรถ , pronounced [ʔēː.kāː.tʰót.sā.rót] , Ekādaśaratha ) or Sanphet III ( Thai : สรรเพชญ์ที่ ๓ ); 1560 – 1610/11)

817-695: The Japanese shōgun in 1621, 1623, 1626, 1629, to Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada and Iemitsu . In 1624, captain Fernando de Silva (not to be confused with governor of the Philippines Fernando de Silva ) led a Spanish contingent to sack a Dutch ship near the Siamese shoreline. This enraged Songtham who held the Dutch in great preference and ordered the attacks and seizures of all the Spaniards. The Portuguese, however, were treated alike and all

860-555: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to

903-598: The Siamese. During his reign, Cambodia and Lanna revolted and became independent once more. The English first arrived aboard the East India Company ship Globe in 1612, delivering a letter from King James I . They were given a place between the Japanese and Dutch in Ayutthaya, and were later joined by the French East India Company . An English ship called the Tryal sinked in 1622 off

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946-491: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to

989-510: The coast of western Australia while losing its course to Ayutthaya. The ship's manifest noted gifts as 'spangles for the king of Siam'. In the following year, the English closed their factory. Songtham signed a treaty with the Dutch on 12 June 1617. All trading however, was through the King's government. Colonies from China, Malay, Japan, Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam were tolerated. Songtham sent four embassies (about 20 people each) to

1032-873: The command of Yamada Nagamasa . Right around Ekathotsarot's reign, the English first came to Siam in 1612. The White Prince was the son of Maha Thammarachathirat of Phitsanulok and Queen Wisutkasat . White Prince had an elder brother who was called The Black Prince, and an elder sister known as the Golden Princess. In November 1563, Phitsanulok came under attack by King Bayinnaung of Burma . Faced with an overwhelming force, Maha Thammarachathirat surrendered in January 1564, and agreed to join Bayinnaung's assault on Ayutthaya. With Phitsanulok's help, Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat of Ayutthaya to surrender in February 1564. Bayinnaung brought back

1075-545: The dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of

1118-463: The influx of foreigners into Siam as traders and mercenaries. Ekathotsarot established Krom Asa s ('committee of volunteers', i.e. volunteered regiments) of foreign soldiers, for example; Krom Asa Mon , Krom Asa Cham , Krom Asa Yipun (Japanese mercenaries), and Krom Asa Maen Puen (literally 'committee of volunteer marksman' – the Portuguese and Dutch). Ekathotsarot had close relations with

1161-494: The kingdom under control but was repelled by King Chey Chettha II of Oudong . Songtham sent his brother Uparaja Si Sin to invade again in 1622 and failed. During this invasion, King Songtham was supported by the Dutch East India Company . Two warships from Batavia were sent by Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen to assist the Siamese fleet. In, 1622 King Anaukpetlun of Pegu took Tavoy away from

1204-528: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of

1247-551: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled

1290-462: The palace and took the king hostage. He was released only after promising not to harm any of the Japanese. The Japanese rebels then took the Sangharaja (Supreme Patriarch) as a hostage until they could flee the country. Prince Chula Chakrabongse states, "the king went insane before he died...His younger son, who had killed the elder brother when their father was alive but helpless, now seized

1333-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,

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1376-575: The ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as

1419-492: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to

1462-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as

1505-425: The throne." He became King Songtham, "The Pious" or "The Just", after he repented his act. Songtham was said to be very religious - both by the Siamese and van Vliet - as for his religious youth. His name Songtham was a posthumous reverence that means "maintaining the virtues". His reign was the glamorous time for Siamese peasants who were free from wars and suppression. The most prominent achievement in his reign

1548-447: The title of Uparaja in 1607. However, only four months later, Prince Suthat asked his father to release a prisoner; but instead angered his father, who accused Prince Suthat of a rebellion. Prince Suthat committed suicide by poison the same night, much to the grief of Ekathotsarot. This is one of the most mysterious historical scenes of Siamese history, as no one knows who was the prisoner Prince Suthat tried to free, nor why Ekathotsarot

1591-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after

1634-453: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed

1677-481: Was dead, Ekathotsarot did not appoint his second son, Prince Sri Saowabhak, Uparaja , as expected. It was said that Ekathotsarot died of depression following the Prince Suthat incident, in 1610/11. Prince Sri Saowabhak succeeded to the throne anyway. Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by

1720-482: Was slain in the armed conflict. In 1595, Pegu faced rebellions by various tributaries and royal princes. Naresuan planned a massive invasion of Pegu but the city was taken beforehand by the Lord of Toungoo, with the support of Arakan . The efforts to capture Toungoo failed in May 1600, and Naresuan decided to retreat. In Lanna , however, a conflict arose between Nawrahta Minsaw , the Burmese king of Lanna, and Phraya Ram,

1763-405: Was so angry. Some historians hypothesized that the prisoner was one of the powerful nobles whose power was a challenge to the monarchy. The nature of Prince Suthat's death was also disputed, as he may have been poisoned by someone else. Whatever the fact may be, the Prince Suthat incident laid the grounds for future princely struggles that would plague Ayutthaya for about another century. As his son

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1806-450: Was the King of Ayutthaya from 1605 to 1610/11 and overlord of Lan Na from 1605 to 1608/09, succeeding his brother Naresuan . His reign was mostly peaceful as Siam was a powerful state through the conquests of Naresuan. It was also during his reign that foreigners of various origin began to fill the mercenary corps. In particular, the king had a regiment of professional Japanese guards under

1849-490: Was the discovery of Buddha's Footprint at Saraburi . Songtham ordered the construction of a temple, Wat Phra Phutthabat , over the footprint - the footprint itself can still be seen today. From Songtham onwards, Ayutthayan kings paid annual respect to the Buddha's Footprint in a grand river procession. On martial affairs, however, King Songtham was less successful. In 1621 he himself led Siamese armies into Cambodia to bring

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