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70-578: The Kingston Bypass is a A$ 41 million, 2.8-kilometre-long (1.7 mi) highway bypassing the southern Hobart community of Kingston , Tasmania . The proposal of a bypass was originally published in the Hobart Area Transportation Study during 1965. The bypass was completed in 2011, after the need to such a road was realised several years earlier when the Channel Highway reached an 18,000 AADT . Construction of

140-538: A built-up area and/or as replacement for roads that became obsolete and inactive because devastating natural disasters — those who oppose the development of (often rural) undeveloped land. A city may also oppose the project, because of the potential reduction in city core. In Ontario , examples include the Donald Cousens Parkway (formerly named the Markham Bypass from 2004 to 2006) and

210-424: A bypass, converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as congested as the local streets it was intended to avoid. Many businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise and pollution reasons. Bypass routes are often on new land where no road originally existed. This creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in

280-401: A concrete pavement can cause pumping, cracking, and joint failure. Erosion control is a crucial component in the design of highway drainage systems. Surface drainage must be allowed for precipitation to drain away from the structure. Highways must be designed with a slope or crown so that runoff water will be directed to the shoulder of the road, into a ditch, and away from the site. Designing

350-491: A conventional PCC overlay is placed unbonded on top of the flexible surface. The typical thickness of an ultra-thin PCC overlay is 4 inches (10 cm) or less. There are two main categories of flexible pavement overlay design procedures: Near the end of a rigid pavement's service life, a decision must be made to either fully reconstruct the worn pavement, or construct an overlay layer. Considering an overlay can be constructed on

420-416: A drainage system requires the prediction of runoff and infiltration, open channel analysis, and culvert design for directing surface water to an appropriate location. Highway construction is generally preceded by detailed surveys and subgrade preparation. The methods and technology for constructing highways has evolved over time and become increasingly sophisticated. This advancement in technology has raised

490-410: A four layer flexible pavement, there is a surface course, base course, and subbase course constructed over a compacted, natural soil subgrade. When building a three layer flexible pavement, the subbase layer is not used and the base course is placed directly on the natural subgrade. A flexible pavement's surface layer is constructed of hot-mix asphalt (HMA).Unstabilized aggregates are typically used for

560-675: A highway can be seen through drivers' reactions to the design considerations and their interaction. The materials used for roadway construction have progressed with time, dating back to the early days of the Roman Empire. Advancements in methods with which these materials are characterized and applied to pavement structural design has accompanied this advancement in materials. There are three major types of pavement surfaces - pavement quality concrete (PQC), Portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Underneath this wearing course are material layers that give structural support for

630-462: A highway's life, its level of serviceability is closely monitored and maintained. One common method used to maintain a highway's level of serviceability is to place an overlay on the pavement's surface. There are three general types of overlay used on flexible pavements: asphalt-concrete overlay, Portland cement concrete overlay, and ultra-thin Portland cement concrete overlay. The concrete layer in

700-603: A large roundabout, 500 metres (0.31 mi) further south. The bypass is a dual carriageway around the Summerleas Road interchange, and a single carriageway elsewhere. It is the northern section of the B68 road route , which continues south along Channel Highway, and has a posted speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph). The bypass was originally proposed in the Hobart's Transportation study of 1965 . This study recommended

770-653: A major role in the development of new pavement technology. Highway planning involves the estimation of current and future traffic volumes on a road network . The Highway planning is also a basic need for the Highway development. Highway engineers strive to predict and analyze all possible civil impacts of highway systems. Some considerations are the adverse effects on the environment, such as noise pollution, air pollution, water pollution, and other ecological impacts. Developed countries are constantly faced with high maintenance cost of aging transportation highways. The growth of

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840-405: A manner that the induced stresses transmitted to the subgrade soil are of acceptable magnitudes. Portland cement concrete (PCC) is the most common material used in the construction of rigid pavement slabs. The reason for its popularity is due to its availability and the economy. Rigid pavements must be designed to endure frequently repeated traffic loadings. The typical designed service life of

910-497: A moisture barrier between the base and surface layers. There are two most commonly used types of pavement surfaces used in highway construction: hot-mix asphalt and Portland cement concrete. These pavement surface courses provide a smooth and safe riding surface, while simultaneously transferring the heavy traffic loads through the various base courses and into the underlying subgrade soils. Hot-mix asphalt surface courses are referred to as flexible pavements. The Superpave System

980-679: A rigid pavement is between 30 and 40 years, lasting about twice as long as a flexible pavement. One major design consideration of rigid pavements is reducing fatigue failure due to the repeated stresses of traffic. Fatigue failure is common among major roads because a typical highway will experience millions of wheel passes throughout its service life. In addition to design criteria such as traffic loadings, tensile stresses due to thermal energy must also be taken into consideration. As pavement design has progressed, many highway engineers have noted that thermally induced stresses in rigid pavements can be just as intense as those imposed by wheel loadings. Due to

1050-496: A rigid pavement that has not reached the end of its service life, it is often more economically attractive to apply overlay layers more frequently. The required overlay thickness for a structurally sound rigid pavement is much smaller than for one that has reached the end of its service life. Rigid and flexible overlays are both used for rehabilitation of rigid pavements such as JPCP, JRCP, and CRCP. There are three subcategories of rigid pavement overlays that are organized depending on

1120-808: Is a professional engineering discipline branching from the civil engineering subdiscipline of transportation engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads , highways , streets , bridges , and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. Highway engineering became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th century after World War II . Standards of highway engineering are continuously being improved. Highway engineers must take into account future traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance. The beginning of road construction could be dated to

1190-495: Is a series of tunnels between Central and Causeway Bay . Malaysia also contain several bypasses such as Rawang Bypass , Kajang Bypass , Bidor Bypass and Kuala Terengganu Bypass . Bypass roads (or in other cases "diversion roads") in the Philippines are generally considered on national highways passing through a densely populated city or municipality. Local governments usually promote construction of bypasses where

1260-508: Is also sometimes used to refer to a short temporary roadway built to bypass a construction site or other temporary obstruction. The U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term "diversion". In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo, and many of them intersect and merge around large cities to form ring-like systems. Most notably the Rodoanel Mário Covas , which encircles

1330-789: Is colloquially named the Cobequid Pass ; this name is for a section of road that bypasses the Wentworth Valley by crossing the Cobequid Mountains . The idea of bypasses predates the use of motor vehicles. The first (northern) London bypass, the present Marylebone Road between Paddington and Islington , was started in 1756. Bypasses can take many years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e.g. Banwell in North Somerset . There

1400-453: Is generally in the range of 4 to 16 inches, and it is designed to withstand the required structural capacity of the pavement section. Common materials used for a highway subbase include gravel, crushed stone, or subgrade soil that is stabilized with cement, fly ash, or lime. Permeable subbase courses are becoming more prevalent because of their ability to drain infiltrating water from the surface. They also prevent subsurface water from reaching

1470-475: Is the largest in Tasmania. The roundabout has been designed to allow for the construction of a grade separated interchange when so needed. This essentially means that a sixth leg to the roundabout will be built with two of the current approaches becoming one-way . To allow for the future duplication of the Highway and provide an alignment consistent with the connecting Southern Outlet, the geometric alignment of

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1540-684: Is unstable and poses a challenge to highway safety management. The key for increasing the safety of highway systems is to design, build, and maintain them to be far more tolerant of the average range of this man/machine interaction with highways. Technological advancements in highway engineering have improved the design, construction, and maintenance methods used over the years. These advancements have allowed for newer highway safety innovations. By ensuring that all situations and opportunities are identified, considered, and implemented as appropriate, they can be evaluated in every phase of highway planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation to increase

1610-570: The California Bearing Ratio of in-situ materials by a factor 4 – 6. The base course is the region of the pavement section that is located directly under the surface course. If there is a subbase course, the base course is constructed directly about this layer. Otherwise, it is built directly on top of the subgrade. Typical base course thickness ranges from 4 to 6 inches and is governed by underlying layer properties. Heavy loads are continuously applied to pavement surfaces, and

1680-1134: The East Kowloon Corridor , the West Kowloon Corridor , and the Lung Cheung and Ching Cheung Roads . Later ones are named directly as bypasses, such as Kwun Tong Bypass , Hung Hom Bypass , and the Ma On Shan Bypass . Other bypasses include the Tai Po Section of the Tolo Highway , the section within the Tuen Mun New Town of the Tuen Mun Road , the Yuen Long Highway , and the West Kowloon Highway . The Central-Wan Chai Bypass , which costs HK$ 28.1 billion,

1750-568: The St. Joseph Valley Parkway ), and Interstate 75 bypassing Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida . These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary "bypass" routes. The first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958 as Alabama State Route 210 (Ross Clark Circle) in Dothan, Alabama . In the United States, the term shoofly – a borrowing from railroad jargon –

1820-797: The Algona Road/Channel Highway Junction to the Kingston Interchange . Additionally in 1986, a Bypass of the Kingston CBD was provided by construction of a link road between the Kingston Interchange and Summerleas Road. The location of corridor proclamation was influenced by the Hobart Area Transportation Study . The transport corridor for the bypass is situated to the west of the Channel Highway's old alignment. Acquisition of

1890-741: The Box Grove Bypass in the city of Markham ; and in Toronto a section of Highway 401 was called the Toronto Bypass in the 1950s when the highway was built as a bypass of Highway 2 , Ontario Highway 2A which was built to bypass Highway 2 between Toronto and Newcastle , and the Caledonia Bypass, a section of Highway 6 in Caledonia. In Nova Scotia , the section of Highway 104 between Thomson Station and Masstown

1960-739: The Bypass has been designed for a 100 km/h (62 mph) speed limit. The posted speed limit on the bypass is currently 80 km/h (50 mph). Work Commenced on the Kingston Bypass in February, 2010. In March, 2010, several elected members of local government expressed concern the Project was stalling, after the apparent lack of construction work taking place the preceding month. in July, 2010, five thousand Aboriginal artefacts were found on

2030-692: The Bypass was made possible by an A$ 15 million pledge for the project, made by the Australian Labor Party during the 2007 federal election campaign. During construction total cost of the bypass blew out from the original estimate of $ 30 million to over $ 41 million. The Kingston Bypass begins at the Kingston Interchange , which connects the Southern Outlet with the Huon Highway . The bypass heads south-west, crossing Whitewater Creek after 300 metres (0.19 mi). The ramps for

2100-482: The Southern Outlet's southern Terminus was the Kingston Interchange. In 1983, a bypass corridor for the future Channel Highway was proclaimed west of the existing Alignment. In 1986 Algona Road was opened as a 2 lane road. Algona Road was constructed for a task such as connecting Kingston Bypass to Blackmans Bay and has available space dedicated for a second carriageway. The proclaimed bypass corridor runs from

2170-418: The Summerleas Road four-ramp parclo interchange are spread out over the next 800 metres (0.50 mi). The interchange also provides access to the bypassed section of Channel Highway , which runs through development to the east. The Kingston Bypass continues south-west for another one kilometre (0.62 mi), before passing under Spring Farm Road and curving around to meet Channel Highway and Algona Road at

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2240-663: The US, highway engineering became an important discipline with the passing of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 , which aimed to connect 90% of cities with a population of 50,000 or more. With constant stress from vehicles which grew larger as time passed, improvements to pavements were needed. With technology out of date, in 1958 the construction of the first motorway in Great Britain (the Preston bypass ) played

2310-424: The United States, primary routes are designated with a one- or two-digit number , while bypasses and loops are generally designated with a three-digit number beginning with an even digit . However, there are many exceptions to this convention, where routes with three-digit numbers serve the main route through town while the routes with one- or two-digit numbers serve as the bypass. A few such examples can be found in

2380-538: The approaches to highway financing, management, and maintenance are constantly changing as well. The economic growth of a community is dependent upon highway development to enhance mobility. However, improperly planned, designed, constructed, and maintained highways can disrupt the social and economic characteristics of any size community. Common adverse impacts to highway development include damage of habitat and bio-diversity, creation of air and water pollution, noise and vibration generation, damage of natural landscape, and

2450-405: The base course; however, the base course could also be stabilized with asphalt, Foamed Bitumen,<Roadstone Recycling> Portland cement, or another stabilizing agent. The subbase is generally constructed from local aggregate material, while the top of the subgrade is often stabilized with cement or lime. With flexible pavement, the highest stress occurs at the surface and the stress decreases as

2520-500: The base layer absorbs the majority of these stresses. Generally, the base course is constructed with an untreated crushed aggregate such as crushed stone, slag, or gravel. The base course material will have stability under the construction traffic and good drainage characteristics. The base course materials are often treated with cement, bitumen, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, fly ash, or lime. These treatments provide improved support for heavy loads, frost susceptibility, and serves as

2590-464: The bonding condition at the pavement overlay and existing slab interface. Designing for proper drainage of highway systems is crucial to their success. A highway should be graded and built to remain "high and dry". Regardless of how well other aspects of a road are designed and constructed, adequate drainage is mandatory for a road to survive its entire service life. Excess water in the highway structure can inevitably lead to premature failure, even if

2660-502: The city of São Paulo and passes through other cities in the metropolitan area, is the largest project of such type with a planned total length of 180 km upon completion. It is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths. Hong Kong contains several bypasses. The first are the Island Eastern Corridor ,

2730-457: The depth of the pavement increases. Therefore, the highest quality material needs to be used for the surface, while lower quality materials can be used as the depth of the pavement increases. The term "flexible" is used because of the asphalts ability to bend and deform slightly, then return to its original position as each traffic load is applied and removed. It is possible for these small deformations to become permanent, which can lead to rutting in

2800-669: The design process so that the pavement will last for the designed life without excessive distresses. Rigid pavements are generally used in constructing airports and major highways, such as those in the interstate highway system . In addition, they commonly serve as heavy-duty industrial floor slabs, port and harbor yard pavements, and heavy-vehicle park or terminal pavements. Like flexible pavements, rigid highway pavements are designed as all-weather, long-lasting structures to serve modern day high-speed traffic. Offering high quality riding surfaces for safe vehicular travel, they function as structural layers to distribute vehicular wheel loads in such

2870-405: The destruction of a community's social and cultural structure. Highway infrastructure must be constructed and maintained to high qualities and standards. There are three key steps for integrating environmental considerations into the planning, scheduling, construction, and maintenance of highways. This process is known as an Environmental Impact Assessment , or EIA, as it systematically deals with

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2940-406: The development of the Southern Outlet as the primary access route to Kingston and Huonville . The study also recommended that as part of the Southern Outlet, a bypass of Kingston be provided and that the future road connection should be provided between the Channel Highway south of Kingston and Blackmans Bay . The Southern Outlet opened to traffic in 1968. In the absence of a Kingston Bypass,

3010-523: The existing highway becomes heavily congested. Bypasses are common in rural municipalities to deter through traffic from entering the poblacion or town centre. Careful planning is considered when planning a bypass through a community to ensure the original route is downgraded to local access. Control of access to properties is taken in account to avoid uncontrolled land development. Highway engineering#Geometric Design Highway engineering (also known as roadway engineering and street engineering )

3080-561: The failure is not catastrophic. Each highway drainage system is site-specific and can be very complex. Depending on the geography of the region, many methods for proper drainage may not be applicable. The highway engineer must determine which situations a particular design process should be applied, usually a combination of several appropriate methods and materials to direct water away from the structure. Pavement subsurface drainage, and underdrains help provide extended life and excellent and reliable pavement performance. Excessive moisture under

3150-496: The following elements: Highway systems generate the highest price in human injury and death, as nearly 50 million persons are injured in traffic accidents every year, not including the 1.2 million deaths. Road traffic injury is the single leading cause of unintentional death in the first five decades of human life. Management of safety is a systematic process that strives to reduce the occurrence and severity of traffic accidents. The man/machine interaction with road traffic systems

3220-408: The land required for the Bypass was commenced in 1983. Due to the realisation that extra land was required to facilitate a grade separated interchange at Summerleas Road. The northern terminus of the bypass is south of the Kingston Interchange and located on the western side of the existing Channel Highway. The southern terminus of the bypass shares a new roundabout with Algona Road . The roundabout

3290-428: The level of skill sets required to manage highway construction projects. This skill varies from project to project, depending on factors such as the project's complexity and nature, the contrasts between new construction and reconstruction, and differences between urban region and rural region projects. There are a number of elements of highway construction which can be broken up into technical and commercial elements of

3360-427: The load of the vehicle across the cracking. CRCPs solely rely on continuous reinforcing steel to hold the pavement's natural transverse cracks together. Prestressed concrete pavements have also been used in the construction of highways; however, they are not as common as the other three. Prestressed pavements allow for a thinner slab thickness by partly or wholly neutralizing thermally induced stresses or loadings. Over

3430-458: The metropolitan areas of Des Moines, Iowa ( Interstate 235 goes through downtown, while Interstate 35 and Interstate 80 bypass downtown), Omaha, Nebraska ( Interstate 480 traverses the downtown area , while Interstate 80 is one of the bypasses), and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (the city is served by Interstate 279 and Interstate 376 , while Interstate 70 , Interstate 76 , and Interstate 79 all bypass city limits). Another meaning of

3500-471: The motor vehicle industry and accompanying economic growth has generated a demand for safer, better performing, less congested highways. The growth of commerce, educational institutions, housing, and defense have largely drawn from government budgets in the past, making the financing of public highways a challenge. The multipurpose characteristics of highways, economic environment, and the advances in highway pricing technology are constantly changing. Therefore,

3570-413: The natural cracking of the pavement. These pavements do not use any reinforcing steel. JRCPs are constructed with both contraction joints and reinforcing steel to control the cracking of the pavement. High temperatures and moisture stresses within the pavement creates cracking, which the reinforcing steel holds tightly together. At transverse joints, dowel bars are typically placed to assist with transferring

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3640-492: The old bypass route of U.S. Route 71 to the east of Kansas City, Missouri was decommissioned as Interstate 435 supplanted it; the remainder that existed as suburban surface route became Missouri Route 291 . Around St. Louis, Missouri , what had been U.S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion of U.S. Route 50 from Interstate 44 and Interstate 64 . In the Interstate Highway System in

3710-401: The pavement surface. When local material costs are excessively expensive or the material requirements to increase the structural bearing of the sub-base are not readily available, highway engineers can increase the bearing capacity of the underlying soil by mixing in Portland cement, foamed asphalt, or use polymer soil stabilization such as cross-linking styrene acrylic polymer that increases

3780-414: The pavement system. These underlying surfaces may include either the aggregate base and sub base layers, or treated base and sub base layers, and additionally the underlying natural or treated sub grade. These treated layers may be cement-treated, asphalt-treated, or lime-treated for additional support. New Material A flexible, or asphalt , or Tarmac pavement typically consists of three or four layers. For

3850-448: The pavement. In addition to the slab panels, temperature reinforcements must be designed to control cracking behavior in the slab. Joint spacing is determined by the slab panel dimensions. Three main types of concrete pavements commonly used are jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP), jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP), and continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). JPCPs are constructed with contraction joints which direct

3920-548: The proposed route of the Kingston bypass, in the area immediately south of Algona Road This discovery included scarred stones, which were used to make tools, and stone blades and flakes. A stone quarry was also found. The Department of Infrastructure, Energy and Resources and the Tasmanian Aboriginal came to an agreement that the Highway's alignment in that area would be shifted slightly to allow for preservation of

3990-436: The relatively low tensile strength of concrete, thermal stresses are extremely important to the design considerations of rigid pavements. Rigid pavements are generally constructed in three layers - a prepared subgrade, base or subbase, and a concrete slab. The concrete slab is constructed according to a designed choice of plan dimensions for the slab panels, directly influencing the intensity of thermal stresses occurring within

4060-562: The safety of our highway systems. The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a highway are selected during the design stage. Highway design involves the consideration of three major factors (human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors interact to provide a safe highway. Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic signs and signals, and car-following behaviour. Vehicle considerations include vehicle size and dynamics that are essential for determining lane width and maximum slopes, and for

4130-450: The selection of design vehicles. Highway engineers design road geometry to ensure stability of vehicles when negotiating curves and grades and to provide adequate sight distances for undertaking passing maneuvers along curves on two-lane, two-way roads. Highway and transportation engineers must meet many safety, service, and performance standards when designing highways for certain site topography. Highway geometric design primarily refers to

4200-400: The service life of a flexible pavement, accumulated traffic loads may cause excessive rutting or cracking, inadequate ride quality, or an inadequate skid resistance. These problems can be avoided by adequately maintaining the pavement, but the solution usually has excessive maintenance costs, or the pavement may have an inadequate structural capacity for the projected traffic loads. Throughout

4270-561: The site. The southbound lane of the bypass was opened for 5 days starting 21 November 2011, as a temporary diversion to enable work to be completed on the on and off-ramps of the south-bound lanes of the bypass. The project is currently ahead of schedule and is expected to be completed by late 2011. The entire highway is in the Kingborough Council local government area . Bypass (road) If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are often built in town along

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4340-427: The system. Some examples of each are listed below: Typically, construction begins at the lowest elevation of the site, regardless of the project type, and moves upward. By reviewing the geotechnical specifications of the project, information is given about: A subbase course is a layer designed of carefully selected materials that is located between the subgrade and base course of the pavement. The subbase thickness

4410-447: The term bypass route (usually simply called a bypass ) is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highway beltways and U.S. Highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these are U.S. Route 60 bypassing Williamsburg, Virginia , Interstate 285 bypassing Downtown Atlanta , U.S. Route 20 / U.S. Route 31 bypassing metro South Bend, Indiana (on

4480-646: The time of the Romans. With the advancement of technology from carriages pulled by two horses to vehicles with power equivalent to 100 horses, road development had to follow suit. The construction of modern highways did not begin until the late 19th to early 20th century. The first research dedicated to highway engineering was initiated in the United Kingdom with the introduction of the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), in 1930. In

4550-600: The town, but the designation was changed to "bypass" in 1959 by AASHTO . However, many "truck" routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks. In a few cases, both a bypass and a business route exist, each with auxiliary signs (e.g. U.S. Route 60 in Lexington, Kentucky ). Bypass routes are less common than business routes. Many of those that existed before the era of Interstate Highways have lost their old designations. For example, in Missouri ,

4620-435: The visible elements of the highways. Highway engineers who design the geometry of highways must also consider environmental and social effects of the design on the surrounding infrastructure. There are certain considerations that must be properly addressed in the design process to successfully fit a highway to a site's topography and maintain its safety. Some of these design considerations are: The operational performance of

4690-421: The wheel path over an extended time. The service life of a flexible pavement is typically designed in the range of 20 to 30 years. Required thicknesses of each layer of a flexible pavement vary widely depending on the materials used, magnitude, number of repetitions of traffic loads, environmental conditions, and the desired service life of the pavement. Factors such as these are taken into consideration during

4760-725: Was chosen in reference to the First Battle of Newbury of 1643 and the Second Battle of Newbury of 1644, both of which took place close to the town during the English Civil War . In the United States , bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were "truck routes" to divert through truck traffic away from

4830-425: Was developed in the late 1980s and has offered changes to the design approach, mix design, specifications, and quality testing of materials. The construction of an effective, long-lasting asphalt pavement requires an experienced construction crew, committed to their work quality and equipment control. Construction issues: A prime coat is a low viscosity asphalt that is applied to the base course prior to laying

4900-642: Was large-scale protest during construction of the Newbury bypass —officially known as the Winchester–Preston Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass)—a 9-mile (14 km) stretch of dual carriageway which bypasses the town of Newbury in Berkshire , England . The protest was popularly known as the Third Battle of Newbury , a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name

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