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54-462: Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP, headquartered at One Allen Center in Houston, Texas , was co-founded by Richard Kinder and William Morgan. The company began in 1997, when Kinder, a former Enron executive, and Morgan purchased the liquid pipeline assets of Enron for $ 40 million. It has since employed many former Enron employees, including former Enron whistleblower Jordan Mintz . Kinder Morgan

108-537: A petroleum pipeline owned and operated by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners ruptured, spilling an estimated 1,500 barrels (240 m) of diesel fuel into marshes adjacent to Suisun Bay . On November 9, 2004 in Walnut Creek, California , a petroleum pipeline carrying gasoline to San Jose owned and operated by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners (KMEP) was struck by a backhoe used by Mountain Cascade Inc. (MC),

162-536: A standard size of measure , referring to a set capacity or weight of a given commodity. For example, in the UK and Ireland, a barrel of beer refers to a quantity of 36 imperial gallons (160 L; 43 US gal), and is distinguished from other unit measurements, such as firkins , hogsheads , and kilderkins . Wine was shipped in barrels of 119 litres (31 US gal; 26 imp gal). A barrel of oil, defined as 42 US gallons (35 imp gal; 160 L),

216-464: A barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation , a portion known as the "angels' share". In an environment with 100% relative humidity , very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune and sherry are not. Beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of

270-522: A cask. The modern US beer barrel is 31 US gallons (117.34777 L), half a gallon less than the traditional wine barrel (26 U.S.C. §5051 ). Barrels are also used as a unit of measurement for dry goods (dry groceries), such as flour or produce. Traditionally, a barrel is 196 pounds (89 kg) of flour (wheat or rye), with other substances such as pork subject to more local variation. In modern times, produce barrels for all dry goods, excepting cranberries, contain 7,056 cubic inches, about 115.627 L. In

324-546: A composite stub-girder steel frame floor system , originally developed in part by Joseph Colaco then of Ellisor Engineers Inc. , currently of CBM Engineers, Inc. Macquarie Bank houses its Houston representative office in Suite 3100 of the building. Houston Public Library (HPL) maintains its Booklink facility there. Two Allen Center was previously known as the Citicorp Building . Three Allen Center

378-547: A contractor operating in the construction of a water pipeline for the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). A massive gasoline spill was subsequently ignited, likely by the unaware welders of subcontractor Matamoros Welding working inside the steel water pipe, resulting in an explosive fireball that caused the deaths, by burns, of four workers and one supervisor and the severe injury of four others. Several nearby homes were ignited and one

432-549: A convex shape and bulge at their center, called bilge. This facilitates rolling a well-built wooden barrel on its side and allows the roller to change directions with little friction, compared to a cylinder . It also helps to distribute stress evenly in the material by making the container more curved. Barrels have reinforced edges to enable safe displacement by rolling them at an angle (in addition to rolling on their sides as described). Casks used for ale or beer have shives and keystones in their openings. Before serving

486-435: A cooper and tubs made of staves in use at the grape harvest. Herodotus ( c.  484 – c.  425 BC) allegedly reports the use of "palm-wood casks" in ancient Babylon , but some modern scholarship disputes this interpretation. In Europe, buckets and casks dating to 200 BC have been found preserved in the mud of lake villages . A lake village near Glastonbury dating to the late Iron Age has yielded one complete tub and

540-496: A fine of $ 500,000 upon KMGP, the largest ever levied within the state. On September 22, 2007, KMGP was convicted on six felony charges related to the Walnut Creek Explosion. They were fined $ 15 million in connection with the case. Over $ 90 million in legal settlements were paid to the various victims of the explosion. On July 24, 2007, a crude oil pipeline owned and operated by Kinder Morgan Energy Partners

594-632: A grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware . Some wines are fermented "on barrel", as opposed to in a neutral container like steel or wine-grade HDPE (high-density polyethylene) tanks. Wine can also be fermented in large wooden tanks, which—when open to the atmosphere—are called "open-tops". Other wooden cooperage for storing wine or spirits range from smaller barriques to huge casks, with either elliptical or round heads. The tastes yielded by French and American species of oak are slightly different, with French oak being subtler, while American oak gives stronger aromas. To retain

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648-901: A number of wooden staves. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder (died 79 AD) reported that cooperage in Europe originated with the Gauls in Alpine villages who stored their beverages in wooden casks bound with hoops. Pliny identified three different types of coopers: ordinary coopers, wine coopers and coopers who made large casks. Large casks contain more and bigger staves and are correspondingly more difficult to assemble. Roman coopers tended to be independent tradesmen, passing their skills on to their sons. The Greek geographer Strabo ( c. 64 BC to c. 24 AD) recorded that wooden pithoi (barrels or wine-jars) were lined with pitch to stop leakage and preserve

702-477: A process that is known as solera . Laws in several jurisdictions require that whiskey be aged in wooden barrels. The law in the United States requires that " straight whiskey " (with the exception of corn whiskey ) must be stored for at least two years in new, charred oak containers. Other forms of whiskey aged in used barrels cannot be called "straight". International laws require any whisky bearing

756-586: A safety record and follows many regulations and procedures to monitor and ensure the integrity of its pipelines, despite involvement in numerous accidents as outlined below. Interstate natural gas pipelines are subject to the rate and facility regulation of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under the Natural Gas Act. Pipelines operated by this company have failed throughout the United States. On April 28, 2004,

810-579: A strong gas-like smell coming from the area as early as 4:30 a.m. The spill was reported to be limited to a "containment area." Allen Center The Allen Center is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in Downtown Houston , Texas , United States. It consists of three buildings, One Allen Center (500 Dallas Street), Two Allen Center (1200 Smith Street), Three Allen Center (333 Clay Street). The complex has about 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m ) of space. The area that became

864-618: A trench for a new storm sewer line along Inlet Drive in Burnaby. On October 3, 2011, three companies—two contractors and Kinder Morgan—each entered guilty pleas to a 21-count indictment in Provincial Court. The Crown sought a sentence of a $ 1,000 fine and a $ 149,000 contribution to the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, which works to protect B.C.'s fish, wildlife and habitats. Kinder Morgan

918-416: A whisky branded as "Jameson Caskmates". Cask ale is aged in the barrel (usually steel) for a short time before serving. Extensive barrel aging is required of many sour beers . Traditional balsamic vinegar is aged in a series of wooden barrels. The pepper mash used to make Tabasco sauce is aged for three years in previously used oak whiskey barrels since its invention in 1868. Vernors ginger ale

972-428: Is 42 US gallons (35.0  imp gal ; 159.0  L ). This measurement originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields , and permitted both British and American merchants to refer to the same unit, based on the old English wine measure, the tierce . Earlier, another size of whiskey barrel was the most common size; this was the 40 US gallons (33.3 imp gal; 151.4 L) barrel for proof spirits, which

1026-549: Is a 685-foot (209 m) tall skyscraper completed in 1983 with 50 floors. It is the 12th-tallest building in the city. One Allen Center Two Allen Center Three Allen Center At one point the Consulate-General of Switzerland in Houston resided in Suite 1040 of Two Allen Center; the mission closed in 2006. Barrels A barrel or cask is a hollow cylindrical container with a bulging center, longer than it

1080-451: Is aged for at least three years. Like with other spirits, longer aging results in a more pronounced flavor. Beers are sometimes aged in barrels which were previously used for maturing wines or spirits. This is most common in darker beers such as stout, which is sometimes aged in oak barrels identical to those used for whiskey. Whisky distiller Jameson notably purchases barrels used by Franciscan Well brewery for their Shandon Stout to produce

1134-504: Is credited for bucking the trend in MLPs that traditionally deliver low double-digit total return to investors. It has produced a 26 percent compound growth rate from its founding to May 2009. On March 1, 2002, Shares of Kinder Morgan Inc., fell to a 15-month low on concern that the company faced competition for assets and on investor wariness about its partnership arrangements. On March 1, 2002, Nova Chemicals Corp. sold its 20-per-cent share of

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1188-424: Is marketed as having a "barrel-aged" flavor, and the syrup used to produce the beverage was originally aged in oak barrels when first manufactured in the 19th century. Whether the syrup continues to be aged in oak is unclear. "Angels' share" is a term for the portion (share) of a wine or distilled spirit 's volume that is lost to evaporation during aging in oak barrels. The ambient humidity tends to affect

1242-498: Is mizunara oak ( Quercus crispula ), and recently Oregon oak ( Quercus garryana ) has been used. Someone who makes traditional wooden barrels is called a cooper . Today, barrels and casks can also be made of aluminum , stainless steel , and different types of plastic , such as HDPE . Early casks were bound with wooden hoops and in the 19th century these were gradually replaced by metal hoops that were stronger, more durable and took up less space. Barrel has also been used as

1296-428: Is not typically considered necessary elsewhere, whiskey made elsewhere is usually aged in used barrels that previously contained American whiskey (usually bourbon whiskey ). The typical bourbon barrel is 53 US gallons (200 L; 44 imp gal) in size, which is thus the de facto standard whiskey barrel size worldwide. Some distillers transfer their whiskey into different barrels to "finish" or add qualities to

1350-518: Is selected because of its ability to transfer certain aromas to the spirit. Cognac is aged only in oak casks made from wood from the Forest of Tronçais and more often from the Limousin forests. Some types of tequila are aged in oak barrels to mellow its flavor. "Reposado" tequila is aged for a period of two months to one year, "Añejo" tequila is aged for up to three years, and "Extra Añejo" tequila

1404-408: Is still used as a measure of volume for oil, although oil is no longer shipped in barrels. The barrel has also come into use as a generic term for a wooden cask of any size. An Egyptian wall-painting in the tomb of Hesy-Ra , dating to 2600 BC, shows a wooden tub used to measure wheat and constructed of staves bound together with wooden hoops. Another Egyptian tomb painting dating to 1900 BC shows

1458-770: Is wide. They are traditionally made of wooden staves and bound by wooden or metal hoops. The word vat is often used for large containers for liquids, usually alcoholic beverages; a small barrel or cask is known as a keg . Barrels have a variety of uses, including storage of liquids such as water, oil, and alcohol. They are also employed to hold maturing beverages such as wine , cognac , armagnac , sherry , port , whiskey , beer , arrack , and sake . Other commodities once stored in wooden casks include gunpowder , meat , fish, paint, honey, nails, and tallow . Modern wooden barrels for wine-making are made of French common oak ( Quercus robur ), white oak ( Quercus petraea ), American white oak ( Quercus alba ), more exotic

1512-456: The age of sail . Its viscous nature made sperm whale oil a particularly difficult substance to contain in staved containers. Oil coopers were probably the most skilled coopers in pre-industrial cooperage. Olive oil , seed oils and other organic oils were also placed in wooden casks for storage or transport. Wooden casks were also used to store mineral oil. The standard size barrel of crude oil or other petroleum product (abbreviated bbl)

1566-604: The Allen Center was originally considered to be an eastern portion of the Fourth Ward . The opening of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated the eastern portion from the rest of the Fourth Ward; that portion became the Allen Center and is now considered to be a part of Downtown Houston . TrizecHahn Properties acquired the Allen Center in 1996. Trizec defeated 16 other real estate companies so it could purchase

1620-484: The Cochin pipeline, and the sale, for $ 64 million (U.S.), is subject to right of first refusal by the other Cochin owners, which include subsidiaries of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners LP. In May 2013, the company acquired Copano Energy LLC ( NASDAQ : CPNO , closed), which is now assigned under the company's Natural Gas Pipeline section as well as under Product Pipeline section. On August 10, 2014, Kinder Morgan announced it

1674-455: The UK this is strictly correct only if the container holds 36 imperial gallons. The terms " keg " and "cask" refer to containers of any size, the distinction being that kegs are used for beers intended to be served using external gas cylinders. Cask ales undergo part of their fermentation process in their containers, called casks. Casks are available in several sizes, and it is common to refer to "a firkin " or "a kil" ( kilderkin ) instead of

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1728-506: The US, the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches being the standard gallon for liquids (the corn gallon of 268.8 cubic inches for solids). In Britain, the wine gallon was replaced by the imperial gallon . The tierce later became the petrol barrel. The tun was originally 256 gallons , which explains from where the quarter, 8 bushels or 64 (wine) gallons, comes. Although it is common to refer to draught beer containers of any size as barrels, in

1782-488: The beer, a spile is hammered into the shive and a tap into the keystone. The wooden parts that make up a barrel are called staves , the top and bottom are both called heads or headers , and the rings that hold the staves together are called hoops . These are usually made of galvanized iron, though historically they were made of flexible bits of wood called withies . While wooden hoops could require barrels to be "fully hooped", with hoops stacked tightly together along

1836-599: The center for an amount reported by Tanya Rutledge of the Houston Business Journal as $ 270 million. When Trizec acquired the Allen Center in November 1996, the complex had a 76 percent occupancy rate. By 1997, Trizec had convinced several tenants of the Cullen Center , also owned by Trizec, to relocate to the Allen Center. Paul Layne, a vice president of the office division of Trizec, said that

1890-481: The center of a barrel is called a bung hole and the stopper used to seal it is a bung . The latter is generally made of white silicone . A barrel is one of several units of volume , with dry barrels, fluid barrels (UK beer barrel, US beer barrel), oil barrel, etc. The volume of some barrel units is double others, with various volumes in the range of about 100–200 litres (22–44 imp gal; 26–53 US gal). Pre-1824 definitions continued to be used in

1944-477: The complex when a new office tower in the east side of Downtown Houston opened. Major renovations to the property were completed in March 2021; these included new lobbies, bike storage, and a suite of rooms designated for breastfeeding mothers. One Allen Center is a 452 ft (138m) tall skyscraper. It was completed in 1972 and has 34 floors. It is the 31st tallest building in the city. One Allen Center employs

1998-404: The composition of this share. Drier conditions tend to make the barrels evaporate more water, strengthening the spirit. However, in higher humidities, more alcohol than water will evaporate, therefore reducing the alcoholic strength of the product. This alcoholic evaporate encourages the growth of a darkly colored fungus, the angels' share fungus, Baudoinia compniacensis , which tends to appear on

2052-491: The compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins . The presence of these compounds depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried, and the degree of "toast" applied during manufacture. Barrels used for aging are typically made of French or American oak , but chestnut and redwood are also used. Some Asian beverages (e.g., Japanese sake ) use Japanese cedar , which imparts an unusual, minty-piney flavor. In Peru and Chile,

2106-403: The dead as grave goods . An "ageing barrel" is used to age wine ; distilled spirits such as whiskey , brandy , or rum ; beer ; tabasco sauce ; or (in smaller sizes) traditional balsamic vinegar . When a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately added). Oxygen enters

2160-413: The desired measure of oak influence, a winery will replace a certain percentage of its barrels every year, although this can vary from 5 to 100%. Some winemakers use "200% new oak", where the wine is put into new oak barrels twice during the aging process. Bulk wines are sometimes more cheaply flavored by soaking in oak chips or added commercial oak flavoring instead of being aged in a barrel because of

2214-470: The entire top and bottom third of a barrel, iron-hooped barrels only require a few hoops on each end. Wine barrels typically come in two hoop configurations. An American barrel features six hoops, from top to center: head- or chime hoop , quarter hoop and bilge hoop (times two), while a French barrel features eight, including a so-called French hoop , located between the quarter- and bilge hoops (see "wine barrel parts" illustration). The opening at

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2268-438: The exterior surfaces of most things in the immediate area. Water barrels are often used to collect the rainwater from dwellings (so that it may be used for irrigation or other purposes). This usage, known as rainwater harvesting , requires (besides a large rainwater barrel or water butt ) adequate (waterproof) roof-covering and an adequate rain pipe . Wooden casks of various sizes were used to store whale oil on ships in

2322-454: The final product. These finishing barrels frequently aged a different spirit (such as rum) or wine. Other distillers, particularly those producing Scotch, often disassemble five used bourbon barrels and reassemble them into four casks with different barrel ends for aging Scotch, creating a type of cask referred to as a hogshead . Maturing is very important for a good brandy , which is typically aged in oak casks. The wood used for those barrels

2376-496: The label " Scotch " to be distilled and matured in Scotland for a minimum of three years and one day in oak casks. By Canadian law, Canadian whiskies must "be aged in small wood for not less than three years", and "small wood" is defined as a wood barrel not exceeding 700 litres (150 imp gal; 180 US gal) capacity. Since the U.S. law requires the use of new barrels for several popular types of whiskey, which

2430-406: The much lower cost. Sherry is stored in 600-litre (130 imp gal; 160 US gal) casks made of North American oak, which is slightly more porous than French or Spanish oak. The casks, or butts, are filled five-sixths full, leaving "the space of two fists" empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. Sherry is also commonly swapped between barrels of different ages,

2484-461: The oil flowed into Burrard Inlet , the resulting cleanup costing more than $ 15 million. The cleanup operation ultimately recovered 1,800 barrels of oil from the Inlet and coastline. The Transportation Safety Board released a report on the incident in 2009, which concluded that the pipe, which was 610 mm in diameter, was struck and punctured by a contractor’s excavator bucket during excavation of

2538-585: The shifting of tenants would lead to Allen Center having an occupancy rate of 92 percent in 1998. In 2001, when Enron collapsed, it vacated 800,000 square feet (74,000 m ) of space in the Allen Center and Cullen Center complexes in Downtown Houston . In 2010 Devon Energy was trying to sublease about 125,000 square feet (11,600 m ) of space that it occupied in the Allen Center complex. Hess Corporation announced it would vacate approximately 500,000 square feet (46,000 m ) of space in

2592-534: The staves were 38 mm (1.5 in) thick and featured grooves where the heads fitted. They had Roman numerals scratched on the surface of each stave to help with re-assembly. In Anglo-Saxon Britain, wooden barrels were used to store ale, butter, honey and mead . Drinking-containers were also made from small staves of oak , yew or pine . These items required considerable craftsmanship to hold liquids and might be bound with finely-worked precious metals. They were highly valued items and were sometimes buried with

2646-540: The wine. Barrels were sometimes used for military purposes. Julius Caesar (100 to 44 BC) used catapults to hurl burning barrels of tar into besieged towns to start fires. The Romans also used empty barrels to make pontoon bridges to cross rivers. Empty casks were used to line the walls of shallow wells from at least Roman times. Such casks were found in 1897 during archaeological excavations of Roman Silchester in Britain. They were made of Pyrenean silver fir and

2700-531: Was also asked to contribute $ 100,000 to an educational and training program. On May 6, 2009, a contractor discovered that oil was leaking from one of the tanks Kinder Morgan's Burnaby Mountain terminal. In total, almost 1,700 barrels of crude oil were spilled. Fire and HazMat teams were called to the scene and contained the spill. On January 24, 2012, an oil spill was discovered at Kinder Morgan's Sumas terminal in Abbotsford. Local residents began reporting

2754-520: Was moving to full ownership of along with two other partly owned companies, Kinder Morgan Management, and El Paso Pipeline Partners, in a deal worth $ 71 billion. Kinder Morgan announced its completion of the acquisition on November 26, 2014. The combined entity became the largest midstream energy company in North America. The majority of its pipelines fall under the regulatory oversight of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The company maintains

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2808-511: Was of the same volume as five US bushels. However, by 1866, the oil barrel was standardized at 42 US gallons. Oil has not been shipped in barrels since the introduction of oil tankers , but the 42 US gallon size is still used as a unit of measurement for pricing and tax and regulatory codes. Each barrel is refined into about 20 US gallons (17 imp gal; 76 L) of gasoline , the rest becoming other products such as jet fuel and heating oil, using fractional distillation . Barrels have

2862-524: Was partially destroyed. The fire burned for several hours before being brought under control by firefighters from departments throughout the central Contra Costa County region. CalOSHA (California Occupational Safety and Health Administration) cited KMGP Services Company (a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan) for failure to accurately stake-out the pipeline location. On Wednesday, July 7, 2005, the California State Fire Marshal assessed

2916-607: Was ruptured by an excavator digging a storm sewer trench. The rupture was a few hundred meters from the final location at the Westridge Marine Terminal. It resulted in almost 2,000 barrels of crude oil being released into the residential neighborhood and the ocean near Inlet Drive in Burnaby, British Columbia . The crude oil sprayed 11 houses on Inlet Drive and caused an evacuation of the area, forcing 250 residents from their homes. Approximately 600 barrels of

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