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96-562: Kinmen , alternatively known as Quemoy , is a group of islands governed as a county by the Republic of China (Taiwan) , only 10 km (6.2 mi) east from the city of Xiamen in Fujian , located at the southeastern coast of the People's Republic of China , from which they are separated by Xiamen Bay . Kinmen is also located 187 km (116 mi) west from the closest shoreline of

192-703: A few exceptions this practice is no longer followed by most sources. Numerous places in the predominantly French speaking province of Quebec have historically had English exonyms; in most cases, the exonym was a straight translation of the place's French name, with only one major city which ever had an English exonym that was entirely different from its original French name. With a few exceptions, such as Quebec City , these are no longer widely used. Exonyms are also commonly seen with regard to First Nations and Inuit peoples and communities; although government and media sources have evolved in recent years toward using these places' native endonyms, common usage may still favour

288-647: A non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms: "The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form" (Päll, 2002). However old romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese . This affects romanization of Arabic , romanization of Chinese , and many other non-Latin alphabet place names. Translations of non-proper nouns such as "river" and "lake" also do not qualify as exonyms. A less common form of exonym

384-735: A subject." In 304, in the midst of the War of the Eight Princes , Sima Rui participated in Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai's campaign against Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu as a minor general. After Sima Ying defeated Sima Yue, Sima Ying executed Sima Rui's uncle Sima Yao ( 司馬繇 ) the Prince of Dong'an, which caused Sima Rui much fear. He decided to flee back to his principality Langxie (roughly modern Weifang , Shandong ), under counsel of Sima Yue's assistant Wang Dao , whom he befriended during

480-554: A visible embodiment of political change on cross-strait relations . In August 1958, Kinmen was heavily bombarded by the People's Liberation Army during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis . Travel restrictions between Kinmen and the main island of Taiwan were lifted in 1994 following the end of decades-long military administration over Kinmen. A direct ferry route to Xiamen was inaugurated in January 2001 following

576-474: A war, but it didn't mean that. We had to go in when they came in. Now I think as far as Quemoy and Matsu are concerned, that the question is not these two little pieces of real estate—they are unimportant. It isn't the few people who live on them—they are not too important. It's the principle involved. These two islands are in the area of freedom. The Nationalists have these two islands. We should not force our Nationalist allies to get off of them and give them to

672-553: A war, should be drawn on those islands, but instead on the island of Formosa. And as long as they are not essential to the defense of Formosa, it has been my judgement ever since 1954, at the time of the Eisenhower Doctrine for the Far East, that our line should be drawn in the sea around the island itself. Then–Vice President Nixon retorted: I disagree completely with Senator Kennedy on this point. I remember in

768-583: Is a list of countries and territories whose names in local languages differ from their (non-local) English ones. The list includes countries with limited recognition, autonomous territories of sovereign countries, and fully sovereign countries. Country names are listed in their short form, and do not include names spelled identically in English. Near-identical names in pronunciation or spelling are included, but countries named with non-proper nouns (like Central African Republic or United Arab Emirates ) are not. It

864-573: Is a list of other territories/regions which are not deemed as countries or sovereign states. Name of the country and its capital city in Arabic, Al-Jazā'ir (الجزائر), is Arabic for "the islands". Most places in Australia have additional names in various indigenous Australian languages . Historically, English borrowed French names for many places in Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium. With

960-594: Is a mistake. Secondly, I would not suggest a withdrawal at the point of the Communist guns. It is a decision finally that the Nationalists should make and I believe that we should consult with them and attempt to work out a plan by which the line is drawn at the Island of Formosa. It leaves 100 miles between the sea. But with General Ridgway, Mr. Herter, General Collins, Admiral Spruance and many others, I think it

1056-520: Is also home of the regionally famous Kinmen Kaoliang liquor, a spirit ranging between 38 and 63 percent alcohol, which is highly appreciated by the Taiwanese. Other local culinary specialties include Kinmen noodles  [ zh ] , kòng-thn̂g  [ zh ] and beef jerky ( bakkwa ). Like the Ryukyus , Kinmen is known for shisa (wind-lion god) figures (風獅爺). Kinmen is home to

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1152-411: Is attacked. We say we will defend it if it's part of a general attack on Formosa, but it is extremely difficult to make that judgment. Now, Mr. Herter , in 1958, when he was Under Secretary of State , said they were strategically indefensible. Admiral Spruance and Collins in 1955 said that we should not attempt to defend these islands in their conference on the Far East. General Ridgway has said

1248-719: Is based on pronunciation in the Southern Mandarin, or Jianghuai , dialect. This dialect is widely spoken in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, including the city of Nanjing. The Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses "Kinmen," while the United States Board on Geographic Names gives "Kinmen Island." Jinmen is the island's name both in Tongyong Pinyin and in Hanyu Pinyin . Chin-men / Chinmen

1344-468: Is debatable whether the mere omission of a diacritical mark (as in several instances in the table below) creates an exonym. The languages listed are official languages and/or prominent local languages, except if the name for the associated country is spelled the same as in English. Languages in italics are no longer spoken in the given country, but the name listed retains some use. Likewise, exonyms in italics are obsolete or are disputed. The following

1440-546: Is mutually intelligible with Taiwanese Hokkien . The residents of Wuchiu Township speak Pu-Xian Min , as opposed to Hokkien for the rest of Kinmen. Kinmen is notable for a number of cultural products. Due to the extensive shelling by the People's Liberation Army in the 1950s, Kinmen is famous for its artillery shell knives . Local artisans would collect the vast amounts of exploded ordnance and make high-quality knives which are still sought after by chefs and connoisseurs. Kinmen

1536-685: Is no longer done, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places. Thailand was known as Siam in English until the Siamese revolution of 1932 . The main island of Taiwan is also known in English as Formosa . All Chinese names below are written in traditional characters . As mentioned above in the China section , many place names in Taiwan use either pinyin or Wade-Giles . Normally spelled without İ in English, even in sources which would otherwise use it. In June 2022,

1632-560: Is now a popular weekend tourist destination for Taiwanese and is known for its quiet villages, old-style architecture and beaches. Chinese and Taiwanese tour groups also spend a short time touring the island whilst transiting between the ferry and the airport, as an intermediate stop between China and Taiwan. Large parts of Kinmen form the Kinmen National Park which highlights military fortifications and structures, historical dwellings and natural scenery. The year 2014 recorded

1728-529: Is the Wade–Giles romanization of the county and island's name. Quemoy , pronounced / k ɪ ˈ m ɔɪ / , is a name for the island in English and in other European languages. It may have originated as a Spanish or Portuguese transcription of the Zhangzhou Hokkien pronunciation of the name, Kim-mûi . This is the most common form of the islands' name in English. For example, works that deal with

1824-620: Is unwise to take the chance of being dragged into a war which may lead to a world war over two islands which are not strategically defensible, which are not according to their testimony, essential to the defense of Formosa. I think that we should protect our commitments. I believe strongly we should do so in Berlin . I believe strongly we should do so in Formosa and I believe we should meet our commitments to every country whose security we've guaranteed. But I do not believe that that line, in case of

1920-501: Is usage for names and titles. Personal exonyms are typically limited to regnal names such as popes ( John Paul II ) and monarchs ( Charles V ); less commonly, well-known historical authors ( John Calvin , for French Jean Calvin ) are referred to by exonyms. The list does not include the list of English translated personal names . This section lists English-language exonyms that are for places located in multiple countries, English names of countries, and typical patterns. The following

2016-642: Is used. The English name of Egypt derives from the French name, Egypte , which is derived from the Greek name, Aigyptos (Αίγυπτος). This list does not include German place names with ß written with "ss" or umlauts being removed in some writing. The exonym for Greece in English comes from Magna Graecia , which was a historical region in Italy colonized by the Greeks. The endonym Ellás comes from Helen of Troy ,

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2112-415: Is where Zhang Shi (who technically recognized the emperor) has more control) began to falter as they entered internal conflict. Meanwhile, Sima Bao (who had by then declared himself as Prince of Jin in previous year, ostensibly following the steps of Sima Zhao and did not recognize the emperor by this point) apparently suffering famine and facing Former Zhao invasion, tried to escape to Zhang Shi's domain but

2208-568: The Battle of Kuningtou . ROC forces successfully defended the island and prevented an attack on Taiwan. At the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, retired Admiral Charles M. Cooke Jr. , advisor to President Chiang Kai-shek, opposed withdrawing ROC forces from Quemoy (Kinmen). On 26 July 1950, ROC forces on Dadan Island (Tatan), in total 298 soldiers, repulsed an attack ( 大擔島戰役 ) from a People's Liberation Army force of 700 soldiers that landed on

2304-525: The First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises (the Quemoy Incident) and the 1960 United States presidential election debates when the islands received prominent worldwide news coverage all use the word Quemoy. In addition, the former National Kinmen Institute of Technology was renamed National Quemoy University in 2010. Kinmen scholar Wei Jian-feng advocates the use of the word Quemoy to better connect

2400-679: The ROC Army ’s 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion also known as the ROC Army Frogman, whose main headquarter is garrisoned on Liaoluo Bay (料羅灣). As of 2024, United States soldiers are stationed in the islands. Kinmen's economy is mainly based on tourism and services due to its proximity to mainland China. Because of its military importance, development on the island was extremely limited. Only by 2003, Kinmen opened up itself to tourists from Fujian in Mainland China . It

2496-643: The Second Sino-Japanese War . They blockaded the island on September 3 and landed on October 23. Fighting was light with ROC forces fleeing rather than fighting. The only casualty was sustained by a local self-defense unit. Many of the residents fled to the mainland or to Southeast Asia. The purpose of the Japanese seizure of Kinmen was to use it as a position from which to attack the neighboring city of Xiamen which they would seize in May 1938. Following

2592-739: The Tang dynasty , changing the name from Wuzhou to Kinmen . During the Ming dynasty , more migrants settled in Kinmen. Koxinga used Kinmen as a base to capture Formosa and Penghu from the Dutch. He cut down trees to build his navy, resulting in massive deforestation that made Kinmen vulnerable to soil erosion. The Prince of Lu , a member of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisted the invading Manchu Qing dynasty forces. In 1651, he fled to Kinmen, which

2688-595: The Yangtze River , with his post at Jianye . Wang Dao became his chief advisor. As Sima Rui lacked fame, after he arrived in Jianye, few of the powerful local gentlemen would come visit and support him. Under Wang Dao's counsel, Sima Rui personally visited He Xun ( 賀循 ) and Gu Rong ( 顧榮 ) and invited them to serve in his administration. He and Gu were well regarded by the local population, which eventually began to trust Sima Rui's leadership. Wang Dao and his cousin,

2784-582: The island of Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait . The county consists of the major island of Kinmen along with several surrounding islets, as well as Wuqiu Township remotely located 133 km (83 mi) northeast from the rest of the county. Kinmen is one of two counties that constitute Fuchien Province ; the other is Lienchiang County (Matsu) . Kinmen's strategic location in the Taiwan Strait has caused numerous confrontations , making it

2880-508: The naming taboo for Emperor Min's name, Sima Rui's headquarters Jianye was renamed Jiankang, a name it would keep for several centuries. When his general Zu Ti requested to lead an army north to, he gave Zu only supplies for one thousand men with no actual troops; Zu had to seek out his own soldiers, but was eventually able to recover a number of cities south of the Yellow River. In 316, Chang'an fell to Han-Zhao forces, and Emperor Min

2976-512: The Chinese mainland, seeing it as cheaper and easier than entering through Hong Kong. However, this changed following the 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China and the 2008 presidential and legislative victories of the KMT, that allowed easier cross-Strait relations . Kinmen has experienced a considerable economic boom as businessmen relocate to the island for easier access to the vast markets of

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3072-576: The Communists. If we do that, we start a chain reaction, because the Communists aren't after Quemoy and Matsu, they're after Formosa. In my opinion, this is the same kind of woolly thinking that lead to disaster for America in Korea, I'm against it, I would never tolerate it as President of the United States, and I will hope that Senator Kennedy will change his mind if he should be elected. After

3168-570: The Japanese garrison. Kinmen was effectively ungoverned until Oct. 3, 1945 when ROC forces landed and installed a new government. A celebration on Oct. 10 marked the end of hostilities. Locals who had survived the war following their conscription by the Japanese were treated as traitors by the KMT occupation authorities. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) by the Chinese Communists in October 1949, Kinmen County

3264-544: The PRC, which the United States did not recognize as a legitimate government. But in the second debate on 7 October 1960, the two candidates presented different opinions about whether to use American forces to protect Taiwan 's forward positions, Quemoy and Matsu, also. Senator Kennedy stated that these islands – as little as 9 kilometres (5.5 mi) off the coast of China and as much as 170 kilometres (106 mi) from Taiwan – were strategically indefensible and were not essential to

3360-477: The PRC. On 30 June 2014, Dadan Island and Erdan Island were handed over from the military to civilians, represented by Kinmen County Government . Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China could directly apply for the Exit and Entry Permit upon arrival in Kinmen. This privilege also applies to Penghu and Matsu Islands as means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan. On 23 August 2019,

3456-573: The Prince of Nanyang's claim for emperor despite his alliance with his father Zhang Gui and whose domain was closely related to the Zhang clan, believing Emperor Yuan would be a more effective emperor but retaining Emperor Min's era name—thus showing another sign that the Zhang clan sought independence from the Jin, though not immediately at the time.) Later in the same year, when the Han-Zhao emperor Liu Can

3552-470: The Qin Province. Later in 320, Zhang Shi was assassinated by his guards Yan She ( 閻涉 ) and Zhao Ang ( 趙卬 ), acting from the rumors spread by the magician Liu Hong ( 劉弘 ). Because Zhang's son was still young at the time, his brother and successor Zhang Mao executed Liu Hong and declared general pardon, effectively declaring his domain independent from the Jin. Additionally, Zhang Mao began to use

3648-553: The Qing dynasty took in 1663. During the Qing Dynasty, the Kinmen area was part of Tungan County . After the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in 1912, Kinmen became part of Fujian Province. In 1913, the Kinmen area was made part of Siming County . Kinmen County was established in 1914. In 1928, the county came under direct administration of the provincial government. The Empire of Japan captured Kinmen in 1937 during

3744-1034: The United Nations agreed to change the country's official name in English as Türkiye at the request of the Turkish government. However, the majority of English speakers still refer to the country as Turkey in daily use. The places listed are where non-English local languages are mainly used or where the non-English names do not regularly correspond to the English one. Several places in the United States have additional names in various Native languages. All cities and towns are often spelled without diacritics ; names without them are not listed here. Emperor Yuan of Jin Emperor Yuan of Jin ( Chinese : 晉元帝 ; pinyin : Jìn Yuán Dì ; Wade–Giles : Chin Yüan-ti ; 276 – 3 January 323 ), personal name Sima Rui ( 司馬睿 ), courtesy name Jingwen ( 景文 ),

3840-401: The United States has on occasion attempted, mostly in the middle '50s to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to pull his troops back to Formosa. I believe strongly in the defense of Formosa. These islands are a few miles, five or six miles off the coast of Red China within a general harbor area, and more than a hundred miles from Formosa. We have never said flatly that we will defend Quemoy and Matsu if it

3936-481: The United States should not permit the loss of the islands to the communists and recommended to President Eisenhower the use of whatever force was necessary, including atomic weapons. The phrase "Quemoy and Matsu " became part of American political language in the 1960 U.S. presidential election . During the debates, both candidates, Vice-president Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy , pledged to use American forces if necessary to protect Taiwan from invasion by

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4032-482: The annual average temperature is 21.0 °C (69.8 °F), the hottest month in August is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F), and the coldest month is 12.6 °C (54.7 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 1,089.4 millimetres (42.89 in), of which August is the wettest with 156.3 millimetres (6.15 in), while November is the driest with only 23.5 millimetres (0.93 in). The extreme temperature throughout

4128-625: The campaign. He first tried to head back to Luoyang, but when he was about to cross the Yellow River , he was stopped by guards instructed to stop any nobles or high level officials from crossing (as Sima Ying had ordered such, fearing that nobles would desert him or plot against him). His own guard Song Dian ( 宋典 ) then arrived and gave him a shove, pretending that they were just construction workers. The guards then allowed them to cross. After Sima Rui got to Luoyang, he took his mother Princess Dowager Xiahou and headed to Langxie, where they spent

4224-568: The country's name in English uses the definite article, the Laos, which is now obsolete. The English name for the country derives from the city name Marrakesh . The Arabic name for the country, al-Magrib (المغرب), is Arabic for "the west". The inhabitants of North Korea prefer the official name of the country, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) , Chosǒn, or simply Korea. Many South African towns have multiple names due to

4320-827: The defense of Taiwan. Vice-president Nixon maintained that since Quemoy and Matsu were in the "area of freedom," they should not be surrendered to the Communists as a matter of principle. Earlier in the debate, then-Vice President Nixon mentioned: In the Truman Administration 600 million people went behind the Iron Curtain including the satellite countries of Eastern Europe and Communist China . In this Administration we have stopped them at Quemoy and Matsu, we have stopped them in Indo China, we have stopped them in Lebanon , we have stopped them in other parts of

4416-465: The end of WWII conditions worsened with Japanese authorities conscripting 500 locals (with their mules ) into the military and confiscating household goods. The island came under allied bombing including one attack on Aug. 30, 1944 which killed 19 locals. WWII ended in Aug. 15, 1945 with the surrender of Japan. Following the end of the war there were attacks by locals against Taiwanese who took shelter with

4512-479: The end, this led into a stalemate, and then informal détente in which peace and trade relations are instituted with Yellow River as the border. When Zu Ti died, there is no one on the Jin checking the Later Zhao expansion against Jin. Because after Zu Ti died Chinese power left in the region often vacillated between the Jin and Zhao clans, these are Cao Ni , a renegade general who ruled Qing Province, and Xu Kan ,

4608-564: The era name "Yongguang" ( 永光 ) internally, while using "Jianxing" as in communications with other states, which is seen as evidence that Zhang Mao's domain is effectively independent from the Jin. though he still continues to refer himself as Governor of the Liang Province. This action completely ended Jin rule in the Northwest China as his domain would continue evolving into the vacillating state of Former Liang , especially by

4704-607: The establishment of the Three Links . The People's Republic of China (PRC, China ) claims Kinmen as part of its own Fujian Province and considers Wuqiu to be a separate territory of Fujian apart from Kinmen itself; conversely, the ROC claims the Dadeng Islands (Tateng) as part of Kinmen, even though the PRC has effectively transferred the jurisdiction of those islands to Xiamen. Kinmen (金門) means 'golden gate'. The name

4800-406: The ethnic Xianbei governor Duan Pidi —largely also recognized him as emperor. However, while technically recognizing him as emperor, Zhang Shi the governor of Liang Province (modern central and western Gansu ), chose not to use his era names and instead continued to use Emperor Min's era name of Jianxing—thus hinting non-recognition. (Also, he did not recognize and was non-committal to Sima Bao

4896-627: The general Wang Dun , served in key roles, and it was said at the time that the domain was ruled equally by the Simas and the Wangs. In July 311, Luoyang fell to Han-Zhao forces ( Disaster of Yongjia ), and Emperor Huai was captured. A large number of refugees, fleeing Han-Zhao forces, crossed the Yangtze River and arrived in Sima Rui's domain. Under Wang Dao's suggestion, Sima Rui sought out

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4992-583: The general who ultimately surrendered to Jin. Both two often had a history of conflicts with the Jin, and both was defeated very quickly by Shi Hu, Later Zhao general. Because of these reasons, Jin was unable to do with these territories and gradually lost these territories between Yellow River and Huai River. By the time Cao Ni died, it is likely that Jin does not have any of these territories left thus losing it for decades until recovery by Huan Wen during Emperor Mu of Jin . In spring 322, Wang Dun started his campaign against Emperor Yuan, claiming that Emperor Yuan

5088-499: The highest number of passengers traveling by ferry between Kinmen and Fujian ports for as many as 1.5 million people. Since 1 January 2015, Chinese mainland tourists were no longer required to apply for Exit and Entry Permit in advance for visits to Kinmen, Penghu and Matsu Islands . Instead, they can apply for it upon arrival at a cost of NT$ 600. By 2016, two infrastructure projects are expected to boost tourism and meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions visitors to

5184-438: The island including through the use of forced labor. KMT forces engaged in two serious attempts to retake the island and kept up a low level campaign against the Japanese. In 1943 insurgents kidnapped two Taiwanese officials who had been overseeing the salt fields and took them to China before executing them. In retaliation the Japanese authorities rounded up 300 young men from the local community eventually executing four. Towards

5280-490: The island to "international society or achieve more recognition in the world". Kimoi is a Hokkien-derived spelling also used in the postal romanization system. Humans have lived on Kinmen for 5,800 to 8,000 years. During the reign of Emperor Yuan (317 CE), the Five Barbarians invasion of China led six extended families to flee south and they settled in Kinmen, then called Wuzhou . More people settled there during

5376-485: The island. General Douglas MacArthur and other US officials supported ROC efforts to defend the islands. The PLA extensively shelled the island during the First and Second Taiwan Strait crises in 1954–1955 and 1958 respectively. In 1954, the United States considered responding by using nuclear weapons against the PRC. Again in 1958, General Nathan Farragut Twining and the Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that

5472-1039: The islands. One includes a yet-to-be-named five-star resort spearheaded by Xiamen property developer, Wu Youhua, president of Xiamen Huatian Group, the first time a Chinese interest has been allowed to invest in the Taiwanese hotel sector. According to local authorities in Kinmen, they had recorded over 745,000 tourists from mainland China in 2018, who had collectively spent over 360 million dollars during that year. Tourist-related affairs in Kinmen are governed by Transportation and Tourism Bureau of Kinmen County Government . Major tourist attractions in Kinmen are: August 23 Artillery Battle Museum , Guningtou Battle Museum , Hujingtou Battle Museum , Kinmen Ceramics Museum , Landmine Museum , Lieyu Township Culture Museum , Yu Da Wei Xian Sheng Memorial Museum . Ci Lake , Gugang Lake , Houhu Seashore Park , Jiangong Islet , Jincheng Seaside Park , Kinmen National Park , Lingshui Lake , Tianpu Reservoir , Zhongzheng Park . English exonyms#Taiwan Romanization , or transcription of

5568-518: The legendary Greek figure whose abduction caused the Greek city-states to unite and fight against Troy during the Trojan War . The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicisations , or phonetic renderings, of Irish language names. The exceptions to this are listed here: The below listing is only a summary. Modern Israeli transcription systems ( romanization of Hebrew ) vary from

5664-429: The mid-1990s, after which travel to and from it was allowed. Direct travel between mainland China and Kinmen re-opened in January 2001 under the mini Three Links , and there has been extensive tourism development on the island in anticipation of mainland tourists. Direct travel was suspended in 2003 as a result of the SARS outbreak, but has since resumed. Many Taiwanese businessmen use the link through Kinmen to enter

5760-418: The names will be written in traditional characters . Lop Nur (珠穆朗玛峰) Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With some exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder rivers, both of which flow into Germany) this is no longer done by most sources. Several places were known under Danish names, or a variant of them. Now only the local Greenlandic

5856-426: The next few years away from the War of the Eight Princes. In January 307, Sima Yue, who had emerged victorious in the aftermath of the War of the Eight Princes as the regent for Emperor Huai (Emperor Hui's successor and half-brother), under the advice of his wife Princess Pei, commissioned Sima Rui as the military commander of parts of Yang Province (揚州, modern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu and Anhui ) south of

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5952-411: The north, the native population began to be dissatisfied, and over the next few years there were constant frictions that decreased the effectiveness of Sima Rui's administration. In 315, members of the powerful Zhou clan intended to start an uprising against him, but the conspiracy was exposed by other members of the clan still loyal to Jin, and the conspiracy did not have a major impact. In 315, Wang Dun

6048-406: The number of languages. Additionally, some places have been renamed from English and Afrikaans. English uses Spanish-language exonyms for some places in non-Spanish speaking regions of Spain. Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon in English until 1972. Civaṉaṭipātam (சிவனடிபாதம்) Historically, English-language sources borrowed French-language names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This

6144-511: The older exonyms. During the Khmer Rogue period (1975–1979), the country was known in English as Democratic Kampuchea , closer to the endonym than its modern English exonym. The English exonym of Cambodia is based on the French exonym, Cambodge . The endonym is sometimes used in English, but the exonym is far more common. Some of the apparent "exonyms" for China are the result of change in romanization of Chinese to modern pinyin , for example "Tientsin" to "Tianjin". Other apparent exonyms are

6240-405: The period immediately before the Korean War, South Korea was supposed to be indefensible as well. Generals testified to that, and Secretary Acheson made a very famous speech at the Press Club early in the year that the Korean War started, indicating in effect that South Korea was beyond the defense zone of the United States. I suppose it was hoped when he made that speech that we wouldn't get into

6336-432: The princedom, with Lady Xiahou becoming Princess Consort. Sima Jin died on 9 March 290, and Sima Rui became the Prince of Langya. The Book of Jin referred to him as steady and dexterious, personality-wise. About two months after Sima Rui became Prince of Langya, Emperor Wu died. Emperor Wu's successor, Emperor Hui , was developmentally disabled , and he was under the control of various regents throughout his reign. As

6432-428: The result of the English name being based on one of the other varieties of Chinese besides Mandarin. Additionally, certain names which may now be considered exonyms actually preserve older Mandarin pronunciations which have changed in the intervening centuries. For all areas in mainland China , names written in Chinese are written in simplified characters . For all areas in the special administrative regions (SARs) ,

6528-482: The same thing. I believe that when you get into a war, if you're going to get into a war for the defense of Formosa, it ought to be on a clearly defined line. One of the problems, I think, at the time of South Korea was the question of whether the United States would defend it if it were attacked. I believe that we should defend Formosa, we should come to its defense. It leaves this rather in the air that we will defend it under some conditions but not under others, I think it

6624-525: The same year) and Duan fled to another governor still loyal to Jin— Shao Xu the governor of Ji Province ( 冀州 , in what is now central Hebei ). In the next year, Shi Le sent his generals Shi Hu and Kong Chang to capture Shao. They captured him but Duan Pidi was able to take control of Shao's forces, thus once again leading the resistance in the north. While this is happening, remaining Jin resistance around west of Chang'an (or Northwest China, in this area Emperor Yuan has no control of these forces—instead this

6720-468: The same year. In early 318, Liu Cong , the emperor of Han Zhao, executed Emperor Min, and three months later, news arrived in Jiankang. Sima Rui then declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan). At this time, the areas directly under his control were roughly south of the Yellow River and east of the Three Gorges , although pockets of Jin territory in the north—chief among which was Youzhou (modern Beijing , Tianjin , and northern Hebei ), controlled by

6816-436: The seizure of Xiamen many of the locals who had fled there returned to Kinmen. After the capture of the island the county government went into exile in Dadeng. The Japanese administered Kinmen as a special municipality of Xiamen, the government was composed of locals, people from other parts of occupied China, and Taiwanese. A poor harvest in 1938 brought challenges for islanders. The Japanese engaged in economic development of

6912-626: The severing of ties with Kinmen. These concerns play a strong role in Kinmenese politics as well. Legally speaking, Kinmenese people are not Taiwanese either and have a unique identity from that of the Taiwanese. "Taiwanization" is sometimes perceived as a threat to the cultural identity of the Kinmenese people. Many of the county's inhabitants speak Hokkien ; the Quanzhou accent is predominant. Most residents will say they speak Kinmenese, which

7008-518: The sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis , President Tsai Ing-wen visited the Taiwushan martyrs' shrine ( 太武山忠烈祠 ) in Mount Taiwu where she placed flowers and offered incense. The county is made up of numerous islands and islets including: Kinmen's climate is classified as humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa , bordering on Cwa ). Among them,

7104-683: The son of Sima Jin ( 司馬覲 ), then the heir to the Princedom of Langya , and his wife Xiahou Guangji ( 夏侯光姬 ). (According to an alternative account at the end of his biography in the Book of Jin , Sima Rui was actually the product of an affair between Lady Xiahou and a minor official from the family of the Cao Wei general, Niu Jin .) Sima Rui's grandfather Sima Zhou , Prince of Langya and uncle of Emperor Wu of Jin , died in June 283 and Sima Jin inherited

7200-665: The spellings of many hundreds of place names of Ancient Israel adopted by Bible translations - both Christian, such as the King James Version (1611) and also Jewish versions such as the JPS (1917) . Many English exonyms were derived from the French variations, such as Rome and Venice. The English name for Japan derives from the Portuguese name for the country, Japão, which was based on a Chinese transcription of Japan's endonym, Nippon or Nihon (日本). An older variant of

7296-513: The struggle to become Emperor Hui's regent (known as the War of the Eight Princes ) grew in intensity, Sima Rui was humble in his dealings, and kept himself aloof from political developments in order to protect himself. His ability to hide his talents meant that most people were unaware of them. However, Ji Shao (嵇绍; son of Ji Kang ), who was then Palace Attendant (侍中), saw that Sima Rui was special. He said to others, "The Prince of Langya has an extraordinary appearance, which does not belong to that of

7392-708: The talented men among them and added them to his administration. Meanwhile, he began to exercise more imperial power, and began to put all other provinces south of the Huai River under his own control—and, for the next few years, under the command of Wang Dun and other generals such as Tao Kan and Zhou Fang , the agrarian rebels resisting Jin rule in Jing ( 荊州 , modern Hubei ) and Xiang ( 湘州 , modern Hunan ) Provinces were gradually subjugated. However, he made no effort to try to send armies north against Han-Zhao. Meanwhile, as his powerful assistants were largely refugees from

7488-574: The third debate on 13 October 1960, Kennedy's advisers spoke with then Secretary of State Herter and said Kennedy was willing to revise his position on the Quemoy and Matsu issue so as not to give the Communists the impression that the USA would not stand united against aggression. Nixon pointed out the change in Kennedy's position but decided not to press the point due to the importance of the USA's role in what

7584-563: The time Zhang Jun ruled the state. By 321, Shao Xu's forces finally collapsed and Duan Pidi was captured by Shi Le, ending his resistance and all resemblance of Jin rule in China north of the Yellow River —although the Xianbei chief Murong Hui the Duke of Liaodong was still in control of modern Liaoning and still considered himself a Jin vassal. By 320, Emperor Yuan's relationship with Wang Dun

7680-456: The west to only a few metres in the east. The people of Kinmen see themselves as Kinmenese, Mínnánrén / Mǐnnánrén (people of Southern Fujian), or Chinese. They identify as citizens of the Republic of China but not so much as Taiwanese . Kinmen's strong Chinese identity was forged during the period of the ROC's military confrontation with the People's Republic of China (1949–1992) when Kinmen

7776-446: The world. Later in the debate, Edward P. Morgan asked then-Senator Kennedy: Senator, Saturday on television, you said that you had always thought that Quemoy and Matsu were unwise places to draw our defense line in the Far East. Would you comment further on that, and also address to this question: couldn't a pull-back from those islands be interpreted as appeasement ? Then-Senator Kennedy responded to Morgan's question saying: Well,

7872-411: The year ranged from 1.3 °C (34.3 °F) on January 25, 2016 to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) on August 31, 2020. Kinmen, much like the surrounding Chinese mainland, is predominantly composed of Cretaceous aged granite , with lesser amounts of Eocene - Oligocene sandstone , Miocene basalt and Pleistocene - Holocene conglomerate . The thickness of the sediments varies from 150 metres in

7968-814: Was an emperor of the Jin dynasty and the first emperor of the Eastern Jin. During the Upheaval of the Five Barbarians , he was stationed in Jiankang south of the Yangtze where he avoided the chaos that befell northern China. Primarily through the help of the cousins, Wang Dun and Wang Dao , he emerged as an authority figure within the empire with the backing of the southern gentry clans and northern officials who fled to him for refuge. After Emperor Min of Jin

8064-470: Was an extremely tense situation. Nixon's polls among Republicans and Democrats showed overwhelming support for Nixon's position on the issue. Kinmen was originally a military reserve under the Martial Law curfews , which eventually led to the tragedies of innocent civilian casualties, such as the 1985 Shi Islet Slaughter and 1987 Lieyu massacre . The island was returned to the civilian government in

8160-526: Was at a breaking point, as Wang Dun had grown more and more arrogant and controlling of the western provinces. Emperor Yuan feared him, and therefore began to group men around him who were against Wang Dun as well, such as Liu Huai ( 劉隗 ) and Diao Xie ( 刁協 ) – men of mixed reputation who, in their efforts to suppress the Wangs' power offended many other people. In 321, Emperor Yuan commissioned Dai Yuan ( 戴淵 ) and Liu with substantial forces, claiming that they were to defend against Later Zhao attacks, but instead

8256-639: Was being deluded by Liu and Diao, and that his only intent was to clean up the government. He tried to persuade Gan Zhuo ( 甘卓 ), the governor of Liang Province (what is now northwestern Hubei and southeastern Shaanxi ) and Sima Cheng ( 司馬承 ) the governor of Xiang Province to join him, and while both resisted, neither was effective in their campaigns against his rear guards. Wang quickly arrived in Jiankang, defeating Emperor Yuan's forces and entering and pillaging Jiankang easily. Liu fled to Later Zhao, while Diao, Dai, and Zhou Yi ( 周顗 ) were killed. Emperor Yuan

8352-439: Was captured. Sima Rui quickly declared that he was going to act against Han-Zhao, but then quickly claimed a lack of supplies and cancelled the campaign. In spring 317, his officials requested that he take the throne. After he declined initially, he took the title "King of Jin"—a title previously used by Sima Zhao while regent of Cao Wei—rather than emperor on 6 April 317. He created his son Sima Shao crown prince on 1 May of

8448-407: Was claimed by both the Nationalists and the Communists. Dadeng, Xiaodeng and Jiaoyu were taken by the Communists on 9 October or 15 October, 1949. While those islands are still claimed by the ROC, they are governed as part of Dadeng Subdistrict , Xiang'an District , Xiamen , Fujian, China. On 25 October 1949, People's Liberation Army (PLA) forces landed on Kinmen Island near Guningtou beginning

8544-663: Was denied by the force Zhang Shi sent to 'protect' him but whose orders were actually to prevent Sima Bao from entering his domain. Failing to rescue himself, he presumably faced resistance by remaining generals under him Yang Tao ( 楊韜 ) and Chen An (which had by this point defected to Han-Zhao, but bearing some loyalty to him) and was soon apparently murdered by his generals Zhang Chun ( 張春 ) and Yang Ci ( 楊次 ), replacing him with his relative Sima Zhan (since Sima Bao had no sons). Soon after, Former Zhao forces led by Chen An attacked Sima Zhan's domain in revenge, killing him and in turn killing Zhang and capturing Yang, ending Jin resistance in

8640-531: Was executed by the Han-Zhao dynasty in 318, he took the title of Emperor and made Jiankang his capital. Though at the time of his death he left the state under the heel of Wang Dun, the Eastern Jin dynasty as it became known lasted until its fall in July 420, contending with the so-called Sixteen Kingdoms in the north and occasionally in the southwest. Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then Jin capital Luoyang , as

8736-537: Was finally able to suppress the remaining agrarian rebels in the west, and began to show ambitions and act independently of Sima Rui. In 313, after Emperor Huai was executed by Han-Zhao, Sima Ye, a nephew of Emperor Huai, was declared emperor (as Emperor Min ) in Chang'an . Sima Rui was named the Left Prime Minister, a title that he accepted; however, he took no actual actions in aid of the emperor. Due to

8832-644: Was first recorded in 1387 when the Hongwu Emperor appointed Zhou Dexing to administer the island and protect it from pirate attacks. The spelling "Kinmen" is a postal romanization . This transcription system is a variation of Nanking Syllabary, a system developed by Herbert Giles in 1892. It was adopted by the Chinese Imperial Post, part of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service led by Irishman Robert Hart . It

8928-434: Was forced to submit and grant Wang Dun additional powers in the west. Wang Dun, satisfied, allowed Emperor Yuan to remain on the throne, and personally withdrew back to his home base of Wuchang . His forces then defeated and killed Sima Cheng, while a subordinate of Gan's, acting on Wang's orders, assassinated Gan. After his defeat, Emperor Yuan grew despondent and ill, and died in January 323. Crown Prince Shao succeeded to

9024-427: Was intending to have them defend against a potential Wang Dun attack. The general who actually had a charge of protecting Later Zhao attacks remains held by Zu Ti. By this time, he was a governor of Yu Province under Jin. Zu Ti was popular with the people he governed, was successfully held off attacks from Later Zhao. The next year, Chen Chuan ( 陳川 ) defected and Zu was defeated but Shi was not able to advance further. In

9120-544: Was overthrown by his official Jin Zhun , Jin Zhun initially indicated that he was submitting to Emperor Yuan's authority, and Emperor Yuan tried to take advantage by sending an army to assist Jin Zhun. However, long before the army could get there, Jin Zhun was defeated by the new Han-Zhao emperor Liu Yao and the general Shi Le . In 319, Duan Pidi's forces fell to Shi Le—who had by that point declared independence from Former Zhao as declared by Liu Yao—establishing Later Zhao in

9216-473: Was under military administration. In the 1980s, as the militarization decreased and martial law was ended on Taiwan, the Taiwan independence movement and efforts in de-Sinicization grew in strength on Taiwan. To Kinmenese, however, these developments were viewed with concern and there was a feeling that "Taiwan didn't identify with Kinmen". Many worried that Taiwanese de jure independence from China would lead to

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