An address book or a name and address book is a book, or a database used for storing entries, called contacts . Each contact entry usually consists of a few standard fields (for example: first name, last name, company name, address , telephone number, e-mail address, fax number, mobile phone number). Most such systems store the details in alphabetical order of people's names, although in paper -based address books entries can easily end up out of order as the owner inserts details of more individuals or as people move. Many address books use small ring binders that allow adding, removing, and shuffling of pages to make room.
45-422: Klute is a 1971 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed and produced by Alan J. Pakula , and starring Jane Fonda , Donald Sutherland , Charles Cioffi , Nathan George , Dorothy Tristan , Roy Scheider , and Rita Gam . Its plot follows a high-priced New York City call girl who assists a detective from Pennsylvania in solving the missing person case of a john who may be stalking her. It
90-488: A $ 2.5 million budget. Klute received two nominations at the 44th Academy Awards , including Best Original Screenplay , with Fonda winning Best Actress . At the 25th British Academy Film Awards , Fonda received a nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role . At the 29th Golden Globe Awards , it received a nomination for Best Screenplay , with Fonda winning Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama . After Pennsylvania chemical company executive Tom Gruneman disappears,
135-511: A controlled posture as the industrious detective. His low profile nicely balances Miss Fonda's incendiary role." J. Luria, writing for the Professional Psychology: Research and Practice journal, praised the film for its psychological elements, particularly its nuanced depiction of prostitution, noting that "a good mystery plot and excellent acting make this film entertaining. But the sociopsychological scrutiny of
180-597: A difficult situation and making choices out of desperation or nihilistic moral systems . Visual elements included low-key lighting , striking use of light and shadow , and unusual camera placement. Sound effects helped create the noir mood of paranoia and nostalgia. Few major films in the classic film noir genre have been made since the early 1960s. These films usually incorporated both thematic and visual elements reminiscent of film noir . Both classic and neo-noir films are often produced as independent features . After 1970, film critics took note of "neo-noir" films as
225-500: A fascinating actress to watch? She has a sort of nervous intensity that keeps her so firmly locked into a film character that the character actually seems distracted by things that come up in the movie. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune was similarly appreciative, writing: "More interesting than the mystery is the character of Bree... the nicest part of her character (due to the script and Miss Fonda's fine performance)
270-558: A man attempting to solve his brother's murder in a city. Principal photography took place in late 1970 and early 1971 in New York City. Klute was released theatrically in the United States on June 23, 1971, by Warner Bros. to critical and commercial success. Reviewers praised the film's direction and screenplay, with Fonda's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim, while the film grossed over $ 12 million against
315-681: A new 4K restoration from the original film elements. Neo-noir Neo-noir is a film genre that adapts the visual style and themes of 1940s and 1950s American film noir for contemporary audiences, often with more graphic depictions of violence and sexuality. During the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the term "neo-noir" surged in popularity, fueled by movies such as Sydney Pollack 's Absence of Malice , Brian De Palma 's Blow Out , and Martin Scorsese 's After Hours . The French term film noir translates literally to English as "black film", indicating sinister stories often presented in
360-562: A photo. She further admits to Klute that she is a nervous and paranoid person. Bree takes Klute to meet her former pimp Frank Ligourin, who had managed Jane McKenna, a prostitute who had referred the abusive client to Bree. McKenna has apparently committed suicide, and their other colleague Arlyn Page has since become a drug addict and disappeared. Klute and Bree develop a romance, although she tells her psychiatrist that she wishes their relationship would end because she felt more in control of herself when turning tricks. She tells Klute that she
405-578: A prostitute, but when Fonda admitted this concern to a longstanding feminist, she was told "If the script is good, and it's an opportunity to be three-dimensional, of course you should do it!" To overcome her doubts that she could play such a role, Fonda turned to her memories of several call girls whom she had known while living in France, all of whom worked for the famed Madame Claude . She remembered that all of them had been sexually abused as children, and Fonda used this as an "entry" to her own character and as
450-606: A separate genre. Noir and post-noir terminology (such as " hard-boiled ", "neo-classic" and the like) are often rejected by both critics and practitioners. Robert Arnett stated, "Neo-noir has become so amorphous as a genre/movement, any film featuring a detective or crime qualifies." Screenwriter and director Larry Gross identifies Jean-Luc Godard 's Alphaville , alongside John Boorman 's Point Blank (1967) and Robert Altman 's The Long Goodbye (1973), based on Raymond Chandler 's 1953 novel, as neo-noir films. Gross believes that they deviate from classic noir in having more of
495-475: A shadowy cinematographic style. Neo-noir has a similar style but with updated themes, content, style, and visual elements. The neologism neo-noir, using the Greek prefix for the word new , is defined by Mark Conard as "any film coming after the classic noir period that contains noir themes and noir sensibility". Another definition describes it as later noir that often synthesizes diverse genres while foregrounding
SECTION 10
#1732771821056540-466: A sociological than a psychological focus. Neo noir features characters who commit violent crimes, but without the motivations and narrative patterns found in film noir . Neo noir assumed global character and impact when filmmakers began drawing elements from films in the global market. For instance, Quentin Tarantino 's works have been influenced by Ringo Lam 's 1987 classic City on Fire . This
585-423: A traditional relationship with Klute, saying that she would lose her mind if she turned to a domestic lifestyle. She admits that although she will miss Klute, she is unable to tell him, and jokes that the doctor will likely see her again the next week. As they leave the apartment, Bree receives a telephone call from a client, and she informs him she is leaving New York and does not expect to return. She and Klute leave
630-457: A way to understand Bree's motivations in becoming a prostitute. Donald Sutherland was cast as private investigator, John Klute, signing onto the project in May 1970. Sutherland later admitted that he clashed with Pakula during the production, commenting that it "was a film where the director had a specific idea, which I didn't particularly understand, nor was I particularly interested in." Roy Scheider
675-409: Is considered to be one of the defining authors of hard-boiled fiction. Both novels were adapted as crime films, the former more than once. Cain is quoted as saying, "I belong to no school, hard-boiled or otherwise, and I believe these so-called schools exist mainly in the imagination of critics, and have little correspondence in reality anywhere else." Neo-noir film directors refer to 'classic noir' in
720-666: Is here given precisely the latitude to evoke a romantic figure with all the mysterious intensity of a youthful Calvin Coolidge ." Writing for the Chicago Reader in 1985, critic Dave Kehr declared the film "as close to a classic as anything New Hollywood produced." Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released Klute on DVD first in February 2002. The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray in July 2019 featuring
765-436: Is paranoid that she is being watched. They find Page, who tells them that the photo of Gruneman is not that of the client, who was an older man. Page's body is later found in the river. Klute connects the apparent suicides of the two prostitutes, surmising that the client was using Gruneman's name. He also thinks the client killed Gruneman and might kill Bree next. Klute revisits Gruneman's acquaintances. By typographic comparison,
810-508: Is that this prostitute doesn't have a heart of gold. She's a hungup little broad who, when cornered by violence or tenderness, will scratch and bite. Director Alan Pakula's... crisply edited movie runs too long only in drawing out its conclusion….Sharp eyes will solve the mystery midway thru the film. Miss Fonda's performance is superior to her most recent work in They Shoot Horses, Don't They? ... Sutherland... presents
855-469: Is the first installment of what has informally come to be known as Pakula's "paranoia trilogy", followed by The Parallax View (1974) and All the President's Men (1976), all films dealing with themes of paranoia, conspiracies , and surveillance . The original screenplay for Klute was written by brothers Andy and Dave Lewis, with Andy drawing inspiration from a serial he read as a child about
900-540: Is then indexed by search engines like Google and Bing. This in turn enables users to be found by other people via a search of their name and then contacted via their web page containing their personal information. Ability to find people registered with online address books via search engine searches usually varies according to the commonness of the name and the number of results for the name. Typically, users of such systems can synchronize their contact details with other users that they know to ensure that their contact information
945-488: The Chicago Sun-Times awarded Klute 3.5 stars out of a possible 4, writing that while the thriller elements were poorly executed, the performances of Sutherland and especially Fonda carried the film. He suggested that the film should have been titled Bree after her character, who is the "soul" of the film and avoids the hooker with a heart of gold stereotype: What is it about Jane Fonda that makes her such
SECTION 20
#1732771821056990-479: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Donald Sutherland is coolly commanding and Jane Fonda a force of nature in Klute , a cuttingly intelligent thriller that generates its most agonizing tension from its stars' repartee." Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned
1035-528: The United States by Warner Bros. , premiering on June 23, 1971, in Los Angeles and New York City before opening wide on June 25. The film earned US$ 8 million (equivalent to $ 60,187,346 in 2023) in theatrical rentals at the North American box office. Klute was widely praised by critics for its screenplay and Fonda's performance, though some criticized Pakula's unconventional direction. On
1080-419: The apartment together. In addition, future Emmy , Golden Globe and Academy Award winning / nominated actors Jean Stapleton (credited) and Sylvester Stallone (uncredited extra) appear in the film. Writer Karen Gai Dean notes paranoia and surveillance as principal themes in Klute . She writes that the film's recurrent use of audio tapes as both "visual and aural themes ... presciently evoke
1125-502: The film a score of 81 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". The Los Angeles Times ' s Charles Champlin praised Fonda and Sutherland's performances, summarizing: " Klute is visually stunning, full of surprises, bewildering and suspenseful, faultless in its timing... Like the best mysteries always, Klute offers more than its diversions and redeems its sordid materials by understanding them and finding them worth pity, not amusement." Roger Ebert of
1170-408: The film's cinematography is deliberately destabilizing and disorienting, utilizing close-up shots while lacking establishing shots, and that its editing style features abrupt transitions and a lack of traditional film cues. Actor Sutherland, reflecting on the film, commented that, "there were a lot of things in Klute that didn't make any sense in terms of movies." Klute was released theatrically in
1215-401: The freedom of freelancing as a call girl while auditioning for acting and modeling jobs, but she reveals the emptiness of her life to her psychiatrist. Bree refuses to answer Klute's questions at first. After learning that he has been watching her, Bree says that she does not recognize Gruneman. She acknowledges having been beaten up by a john two years earlier, but cannot identify Gruneman from
1260-524: The fullest possible advantage of this—what should we call it?—instinct. Deliberately." The spec script was completed by Andy Lewis in collaboration with his older brother, Dave. The brothers corresponded by letters and phone—Andy from his Massachusetts residence, and Dave from his home in California —with Andy undertaking much of the scripting. Andy commented that the writing was highly collaborative, concluding: "I'd have trouble attributing any part of
1305-401: The genre with the same creepy ambience, with camera angles that suggest surveillance, and an excellent score, by Michael Small, that would seem more suited to horror , with its jangling of keys on the far end of a piano. There's an aura of danger and instability that keeps the film on edge." Andy Lewis , a writer who had primarily worked in television, developed the screenplay for Klute with
1350-497: The goal of wanting to transition into feature films. His initial inspiration for the screenplay originated from a serial story he had read as a child in The Saturday Evening Post about a man from the country who ventures into the city in an attempt to solve the murder of his brother who was killed there in an empty lot. Lewis focused on two themes he felt were resonant to Americans, firstly "the rube who turns
1395-412: The look of structural geometry, but despite the sharp edges and dramatic spaces and cinema presence out of Citizen Kane it all suggests a tepid, rather tasteless mush. The acting in Klute seems semi-improvisatory, and in this Jane Fonda, who is good at confessing, is generally successful. Everybody else merely talks a lot, except for Sutherland, who scarcely talks at all. A normally inventive actor, he
Klute - Misplaced Pages Continue
1440-491: The obscene letters are traced to Cable, to whom Klute has been reporting during his investigation. Klute asks Cable for money to buy the " black book " of McKenna's clients to learn the identity of the abusive client. He leaves enough bread crumbs to see whether Cable reveals his own complicity in the murders. Cable follows Bree to a client's office and reveals that he sent her the letters. Cable tells her that after Gruneman accidentally found him physically abusing McKenna, Cable
1485-650: The original script to one or the other of us solely." The casting of Jane Fonda, who had recently completed They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) was announced in April 1970. At the time, Fonda had attracted significant scrutiny for her activism against the Vietnam War , and much of the publicity surrounding the film made note of this. To prepare for the role, Fonda spent a week in New York City observing high-class call girls and madams . She also accompanied them on their outings to after-hours clubs to solicit men. Fonda
1530-496: The paranoia of the Watergate era." The film was retconned to form the first installment of Pakula's "paranoia trilogy", followed by The Parallax View (1974) and All the President's Men (1976), which similarly dealt with themes of paranoia, conspiracies , and surveillance. Scott Tobias of The Guardian noted that while the film "doesn't have the conspiratorial flavor of Pakula's more political films, Klute approaches
1575-531: The police find an obscene letter in Gruneman's office addressed to a New York City call girl named Bree Daniels, who had received several such letters. After six months of fruitless police work, Peter Cable, a fellow executive at Gruneman's company, hires family friend and detective John Klute to investigate Gruneman's disappearance. Klute rents an apartment in the basement of Bree's building, taps her phone and follows her as she turns tricks. Bree appears to enjoy
1620-449: The prostitution subculture makes it outstanding. The film unfolds on several levels, the description of the call girl, the struggle for her growth, the relationship of Klute and Bree, and the mystery theme. Overall, it is an excellent blending of the clinical and the literal." Roger Greenspun of The New York Times , in one of the few negative reviews, wrote, "Pakula, when he is not indulging in subjective camera, strives to give his film
1665-598: The scaffolding of film noir . " Film noir " was coined by critic Nino Frank in 1946 and popularized by French critics Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton in 1955. The term revived in general use beginning in the 1980s, with a revival of the style. The classic film noir era is usually dated from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. The films were often adaptations of American crime novels, which were also described as " hardboiled ". Some authors resisted these terms. For example, James M. Cain , author of The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934) and Double Indemnity (1944),
1710-460: The software to transfer them between programs or computers. The common file formats for these operations are: Individual entries are frequently transferred as vCards (*.vcf), which are comparable to physical business cards . And some software applications like Lotus Notes and Open Contacts can handle a vCard file containing multiple vCard records. An online address book typically enables users to create their own web page (or profile page), which
1755-405: The tables on the city slickers", and secondly, paranoia: "I'm sure this afflicts people all over the world, but I somehow think of it as typically American. The hidden pattern of things. The darkness. The people out there watching you, plotting against you, waiting to hurt you. Sounds you hear at night. Silences on the phone. All that stuff. I figured I would write this thing, however it went, to take
1800-616: The trope of a little black book referring to a list of past or potential sexual partners. Address books can also appear as software designed for this purpose, such as the " Contacts " application included with Apple Inc. 's Mac OS . Simple address books have been incorporated into email software for many years, though more advanced versions have emerged in the 1990s and beyond, and in mobile phones (a SIM card can store entries). A personal information manager (PIM) integrates an address book, calendar , task list, and sometimes other features. Entries can be imported and exported from
1845-431: The use of Dutch angles , interplay of light and shadows, unbalanced framing ; blurring of the lines between good and bad and right and wrong , and thematic motifs including revenge , paranoia , and alienation . Typically American crime dramas or psychological thrillers , films noir had common themes and plot devices, and many distinctive visual elements. Characters were often conflicted antiheroes , trapped in
Klute - Misplaced Pages Continue
1890-646: Was cast as Bree's pimp, Frank Ligourin, a role that brought him significant attention and notably furthered his career. Principal photography of Klute began in December 1970 in New York City. In March 1971, it was reported that filming had completed. The film was shot by cinematographer Gordon Willis , a frequent collaborator of Pakula known for his employment of darkness and shadows in his cinematography. Film scholar Terence McSweeney writes in The Other Hollywood Renaissance (2020) that
1935-428: Was disturbed that none of the men showed any interest in her, which she believed was because they could see that she was really just an "upper-class, privileged pretender". Fonda had doubts about whether she could portray the role and asked Alan Pakula to release her from her contract and hire Faye Dunaway instead, but Pakula refused. One of Fonda's primary concerns was that she, as an emerging feminist, should not play
1980-487: Was particularly the case for the noir-inflected Reservoir Dogs , which was instrumental in establishing Tarantino in October 1992. Address book The 1953 film version of Kiss Me, Kate features a musical scene in which Howard Keel 's character laments the loss of the social life he enjoyed before marriage, naming numerous female romantic encounters while perusing a miniature black book, which has given rise to
2025-499: Was worried that Gruneman would use the incident to sabotage Cable's career, so Cable tried to frame Gruneman by planting the letter in his office. After playing a snuff audiotape he recorded as he murdered Page, he attacks Bree. When he sees Klute rush in, Cable abruptly lurches backward, crashing through a window to his death. Bree vacates her apartment with Klute's help. A voiceover conversation with her psychiatrist reveals her hesitancy to surrender her life of autonomy to enter into
#55944