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40-515: Kłodzko is the seat of Kłodzko County (and of the rural Gmina Kłodzko , although the town itself is a separate urban gmina ), and is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship . With 25,717 inhabitants at the 2021 Census, Kłodzko is the main commercial centre as well as an important transport and tourist node for the area. For its historical monuments it is sometimes referred to as "Little Prague " ( Polish : Mała Praga ). It

80-408: A solid rating for the tornado. In the 1950s and 1960s much of the town centre was damaged by landslides. It turned out that throughout the city's history, generations of Kłodzko's merchants had developed an extensive net of underground basements and tunnels. They were used for storage and, in times of trouble, as a safe shelter from artillery fire. With time the tunnels were forgotten, especially after

120-455: Is twinned with: Gmina K%C5%82odzko Gmina Kłodzko is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kłodzko County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in south-western Poland . Its seat is the town of Kłodzko , although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina. The gmina covers an area of 252.25 square kilometres (97.4 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population

160-504: Is twinned with: St. Florian%27s Psalter The Sankt Florian Psalter or Saint Florian Psalter ( Latin : Psalterium florianense or Psalterium trilingue , German : Florianer Psalter or Florianspsalter , Polish : Psałterz floriański or Psałterz św. Jadwigi ) is a brightly illuminated trilingual manuscript psalter , written between late 14th and early 15th centuries in Latin, Polish and German. The Polish text

200-739: Is 17,142. Gmina Kłodzko is bordered by the towns of Kłodzko and Polanica-Zdrój , and the gminas of Bardo , Bystrzyca Kłodzka , Lądek-Zdrój , Nowa Ruda , Radków , Stoszowice , Szczytna and Złoty Stok . The gmina contains the villages of Bierkowice , Boguszyn , Droszków , Gołogłowy , Gorzuchów , Jaszkowa Dolna , Jaszkowa Górna , Jaszkówka , Kamieniec , Korytów , Krosnowice , Łączna , Ławica , Marcinów , Mikowice , Młynów , Morzyszów , Ołdrzychowice Kłodzkie , Piszkowice , Podtynie , Podzamek , Rogówek , Romanowo , Roszyce , Ruszowice , Ścinawica , Starków , Stary Wielisław , Święcko , Szalejów Dolny , Szalejów Górny , Wilcza , Wojbórz , Wojciechowice and Żelazno . Gmina Kłodzko

240-611: Is semicontinental although officially it is considered as oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ), near of the humid continental ( Dfb ), considered as such by the isotherm of 0 °C. Located in western Poland where there is the clash of marine air masses and the interior of Siberia , they collide and generate a highly variable climate, although the patterns of the west are predominant. Educational establishments in Kłodzko include: The two main sports teams of Kłodzko are football team Nysa Kłodzko and basketball team Doral Nysa Kłodzko. Kłodzko

280-653: Is the oldest known translation of the Book of Psalms into that language. Its author, first owners, and place of origin are still not certain. It was named after St. Florian Monastery in Sankt Florian , a town in Austria , where it was discovered. It is not known exactly who was original owner of the book. Most likely it belonged to a female member of the House of Anjou ( wife or daughter of Louis I of Hungary ), or it

320-608: The 2024 Central European floods . On 28 June 1972, the Catholic parishes of Kłodzko were redeployed from the traditional Hradec Králové diocese (est. 1664; Ecclesiastical province of Bohemia ) into the Archdiocese of Wrocław . From 1975 to 1998 Kłodzko was administratively part of the former Wałbrzych Voivodeship . Currently, Kłodzko is one of centres of culture, commerce and tourism in Lower Silesia . The climate

360-712: The Eastern Neisse River was the focus of several attempts to reincorporate the area into Czechoslovakia after the First World War even though it had a German majority. From the Czech perspective, Kłodzko and Kłodzko Land are culturally and traditionally a part of Bohemia , although the region has been a part of Lower Silesia since its conquest by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1763. These efforts to incorporate Kłodzko into Czechoslovakia would continue into

400-598: The Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces ), and 150 Jews. In September 1938 Glatz was severely damaged by "the flooding of the century", but the damage done was quickly repaired. During the Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), the synagogue was destroyed by an arson attack of Nazis . Most of the Jews emigrated and by 1939 there were only 25 of them left. The Kłodzko Valley region on

440-580: The Jagiellons as hereditary kings of Bohemia. Thus the County of Kladsko became a part of the Habsburg monarchy ; the local counts retained their powers and Bohemian kings (i.e. Habsburg emperors ) ruled this land as suzerains. It was not until the 16th century that the local economy began to recover from the previous wars. In 1540 the sewer system was built. In 1549 the remaining streets were paved and

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480-453: The Kłodzko Land , it changed affiliation several times, passing between Poland and Bohemia in a series of conflicts which in turn devastated the town completely by the beginning of the 12th century. In 1114 Bohemian Duke Soběslav I captured and burnt the town to the ground, but he rebuilt it shortly afterwards. He also rebuilt and strengthened the castle located on a high rock overlooking

520-704: The Potsdam Conference , which transferred most of Silesia to Poland. The Polish took over administration in June 1945. German sources report that oppression immediately began. Evictions of the surrounding villages began in winter 1945/46, while Germans of Glatz were deported in February 1946, in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement . The town was repopulated by Poles , some of whom were Polish refugees from former eastern Polish territories annexed by

560-594: The War of the Fourth Coalition . In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town. During the 19th-century Polish national liberation fights , Polish publicist Włodzimierz Adolf Wolniewicz  [ pl ] , Polish historian Wojciech Kętrzyński and Polish priest Augustyn Szamarzewski  [ pl ] were imprisoned in the fortress . Glatz became part of the German Empire in 1871 during

600-481: The 18th century Silesian Wars , although Austrian influence is still evident in the architecture and culture of the region. The construction of the fortress was continued and the town had to bear the costs of the fortress expansion. In 1760 the town was captured by Austrian forces in the Siege of Glatz , but was subsequently returned to Prussia. Unlike most of Prussian Silesia , Glatz resisted French bombardment during

640-540: The Czech minority was expelled to Czechoslovakia. On 20 August 1946, the town was struck by a large tornado , rated by the European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) to have been F2–F4 intensity on the Fujita scale . The ESSL documented the path length of the tornado at 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) with a maximum width of 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) and noted, "to less information to" assign

680-586: The Dukes of Ziębice . However, in 1334, Duke Bolko II of Ziębice sold the town back to the Kingdom of Bohemia. The same year Bohemian king John of Luxembourg , relocated the town, which led to a period of fast growth, bringing German settlers to the town. A city hall was built in 1341, and in the following year a brick factory was opened. From 1366, the town has been protected by a group of professional firemen. The town gained significant profits from its location on

720-660: The Palace of the Commonwealth . The manuscript contains a trilingual translation of the Psalms into Latin, Polish and German, as well as two prologues by Ludolph of Saxony , the Athanasian Creed , and musical score for several canticles . It is richly illustrated with astrological and Christian symbology. The text is divided into three parts: Each part was created at a different place in time. The first part

760-542: The Prussian-led unification of Germany . The restrictions in the city's growth were not withdrawn until 1877, after which the town began another period of rapid modernisation and expansion. Some of the forts were demolished, several new bridges were built, and new investments started to arrive in Glatz. The town was connected to the rest of Germany by a railway. In 1864 the gas works were built and in 1880 an electric plant

800-533: The Soviet Union , from where they had been displaced by Soviet authorities in accordance to new borders decreed at Yalta Conference , while most came from war-devastated central Poland. In May 1945 Czechoslovakia tried to annex the area on behalf of Czech minority (living especially in the western part of the land, called " Czech Corner ") and historical claims, but under pressure from the Soviet Union

840-560: The ancient road from Bohemia to Poland through mountain passes in the Sudetes . German Augustinian monks were invited to the city and, in 1376, most streets were paved with stone setts. The Augustinian abbey became one of the most important centres of culture in the region – for example, in 1399 one of the earliest texts in the Polish language , the St. Florian's Psalter ( Psałterz Floriański ),

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880-528: The city hall was refurbished. Most of the houses surrounding the town square were rebuilt in a pure Renaissance style. In 1617 the first census was organised in the County of Kladsko. The city itself had approximately 1,300 houses and over 7,000 inhabitants. However, two years after the census took place the Thirty Years' War started. Between 1619 and 1649 the fortress was besieged several times. Although

920-517: The fortress was never captured, the city itself was largely destroyed. Over 900 out of 1,300 buildings were destroyed by fire and artillery and the population dropped by more than a half. After the war the Austrian authorities put an end to all local self-government, and the County of Glatz existed in name only. The city was gradually converted into a small garrison town attached to the ever-growing fortress. The Kingdom of Prussia annexed Glatz during

960-558: The local prison either during death marches or transports, and many were then sent further west to Bautzen . The town itself was not damaged by the war and was taken over by the Soviet Red Army without a major battle on 9 May 1945. However, all the bridges, except the Gothic stone bridge of 1390, were destroyed. After the capitulation of Nazi Germany in 1945, the town became part of Poland under border changes promulgated at

1000-410: The original German population was deported, and during the years after World War II many of them started to collapse, along with the houses above. Since the 1970s the tunnels were conserved and the destruction of the city was stopped. Another disaster happened in 1997, when the city was damaged by flooding even greater than that of 1938. However, the town quickly recovered. The town was badly affected by

1040-612: The period after World War II . During World War II , the fortress was changed into a prison administered by the Reich Ministry of Justice and Wehrmacht . It housed prisoners of various nationalities, including Allied prisoners of war. In 1941–1942, many prisoners were sent to forced labour in various locations in German-occupied Poland, Czechoslovakia and Austria, and in 1942–1943, six FStGA field penal battalions (1, 7, 10, 13, 16, 20) were established in

1080-703: The prison (on 23 September 1944). Beginning in 1944, the casemates housed the AEG arms factory evacuated from Łódź , in which some 1,500 Poles were subjected to slave labour. The stronghold was turned into a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. The Germans also established and operated eight forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 POW camp in the town. In January and February 1945, many prisoners from other locations, including Katowice , Racibórz , Brzeg and Nysa , were brought to

1120-593: The psalter was purchased by Polish government for the National Library of Poland . During World War II it was evacuated to Romania and later to France and Canada , and returned to Poland in 1959. By 1939, whole book was published in Lwow by Ludwik Biernacki. Currently, the book is kept at the National Library of Poland in Warsaw . From May 2024, the manuscript is presented at a permanent exhibition in

1160-410: The public in the nearby towns of Bad Reinerz (Duszniki Zdrój) , Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) , Bad Altheide (Polanica Zdrój) , and Bad Landeck (Lądek-Zdrój) . The area of the former county became a popular place among the rich bourgeoisie of Breslau (Wrocław) , Berlin, Vienna , and Kraków . In 1910 the city had 17,121 inhabitants: 13,629 Roman Catholics , 3,324 Protestants (mostly members of

1200-576: The status of county – thus the city became a seat of Count (for most of time ruler of Bohemia itself) and local Diet – but still remained integral part of Bohemia as "outer region" ( Czech : vnější kraj ), and was not counted as part of Silesia. In 1472, the Polish prince Vladislaus Jagiellon stayed in the city before his coronation as King of Bohemia in Prague. In 1526 the Habsburgs succeeded after

1240-487: The text is a copy of an older work, perhaps the St. Kinga's Psalter (whose very existence is still disputed by scholars) though admitted that there's scant evidence for this. It was rediscovered by local librarian, Father Josef Chmel, in 1827 in St. Florian Monastery , in the town of Sankt Florian near Linz , Austria. It first published in print in Vienna in 1834, by Polish publisher Stanislaw Jan Borkowski . In 1931

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1280-554: The town and afterwards relocated to the Eastern Front . In November 1942 and January 1943, the town was the site of a German trial of 39 members of the Związek Orła Białego Polish resistance organization , 18 of which were sentenced to death. 198 prisoners were deported from the prison to various Nazi concentration camps , chiefly Gross-Rosen . Presumably only two men, a Pole and a Russian, managed to escape from

1320-529: The town that indicate that there must have been a settlement located on the ancient Amber Road that conducted extensive trade relations with the Roman Empire . The earliest mention of the town is in the 12th-century Chronicle of Bohemians by Cosmas of Prague . He mentions the town of Cladzco as belonging to duke Slavník , father of Adalbert of Prague , in 981. Initially in Bohemia , together with

1360-641: The town. After the Peace of Kłodzko  [ pl ] of 1137, Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland ceded all claims to the Kłodzko Land to the Bohemian Duchy (later Kingdom). In 1241, Klodzko became the site of a Mongol raid during the Mongol invasion of Europe . However, King Wenceslaus I managed to rally his troops and drove the Mongols out, saving much of Bohemia from Mongol conquest. The town

1400-561: Was established as a settlement in the 10th century, and is one of the oldest towns in Poland, having been granted city rights in 1233. Culturally and traditionally a part of Bohemia , administratively it has been periodically part of Silesia in the Middle Ages and again permanently since 1763 . The area of present-day Kłodzko has been populated at least since the 1st century BC. There are several archaeological sites both in and around

1440-406: Was granted German city rights under Magdeburg Law between 1253 and 1278, though the exact date is unknown. In 1278 it came under Polish rule again, as it was taken over by Duke Henry Probus of Wrocław , from 1288 High Duke of Poland, who claimed the entire Bohemian Kingdom after the death of Ottokar II of Bohemia . In 1290 it was sold to the Dukes of Świdnica and then, in 1301, it was sold to

1480-493: Was made for Jadwiga of Poland . Its creator is also unknown, and even its place of origin is uncertain, with scholars seeing either Bohemia ( Kłodzko ) or Lesser Poland ( Kraków ) (or both) as the likely regions of origin. The text contains several examples of central Lesser Polish dialect , and some scholars suggested that the work might have been carried out or at least influenced by bishop Piotr Wysz . Polish historian of literature, Julian Krzyżanowski , suggested that

1520-697: Was opened. The buildings along the main streets were rebuilt in Neo-Gothic and Neo-Renaissance style while the city walls with all their gates were demolished. In 1884–1885 a new synagogue was built on the Grünestraße [Green Street], designed by the Breslau architect Albert Grau  [ de ] . The end of the 19th century saw the Kłodzko Valley turned into one of the most popular tourist regions. Many hotels, sanatoria , and spa were opened to

1560-536: Was probably written in late 14th century, while second and third were written in the 15th century. One date given for the year that the work on the Psalter begun is 1398; another – 1370s. In these parts, influences of the Czech language are visible, as probably the psalter was patterned after a similar Czech publication. The book has a format of 34,5 × 24,5 cm and a weight of about 4 kilograms. The material used

1600-539: Was written here. In 1390 a Gothic stone bridge over the Młynówka River (local branch of Eastern Neisse River) was built by the local lord. Kladsko developed rapidly until the start of the Hussite Wars in the 15th century. The wars left the town depopulated by plagues, partially burnt, and demolished by several consecutive floods. In 1459 whole Kłodzko Land was elevated by Bohemian king George of Poděbrady to

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