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38-620: Klamath may refer to: Ethnic groups [ edit ] Klamath people , a Native American people of California and Oregon Klamath Tribes , a federally recognized group of tribes in Oregon Klamath language , spoken by the Klamath people Places in the United States [ edit ] False Klamath, California, a coastal area along U.S. Route 101 Fort Klamath ,

76-433: A 2009 album by American musician Mark Eitzel See also [ edit ] Klamath 5 , or "555", a common prefix for fictitious telephone numbers Klamath coneflower , a species of genus Rudbeckia Klamath fawn lily , a species of genus Erythronium Klamath Lake sculpin , a fish species of genus Cottus Klamath trillium , or Pseudotrillium rivale , a flower species Klamath weed , or St. John's wort,

114-403: A bride price. Especially notable was the cultural norm that allowed wives to leave husbands, as they were "in no sense chattel ... and certainly cannot be disposed of as a possession." The Klamath use Apocynum cannabinum as a fiber and eat the roots of Lomatium canbyi . They use the rootstocks of Sagittaria cuneata as food. They use Carex , weaving the leaves into mats, using the juice of

152-559: A flowering plant of family Hypericaceae Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Klamath . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klamath&oldid=1249659744 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Plant common name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

190-848: A former military outpost in Oregon Fort Klamath, Oregon , a present-day unincorporated community near the former fort Klamath, California , a census-designated place Klamath, California, former name of Johnsons, California Klamath Basin , the region in Oregon and California drained by the Klamath River Klamath County, California Klamath County, Oregon Klamath Mountains , in California and Oregon Klamath National Forest Klamath River , in Oregon and California Science and technology [ edit ] Klamath (microprocessor) ,

228-800: A local village, killing fourteen people. As more settlers entered the region, the Modoc people resisted by raiding parties along the South Emigrant Trail, which passed through the Klamath River Valley south of Upper Klamath Lake. In 1873, the Native Americans were defeated in the Modoc War , and were relocated to a reservation on the north side of the lake. Being naturally eutrophic , the lake has been known since early times for its poor water quality. Frémont noted

266-565: A variant of the Pentium II microprocessor Klamath , a ferryboat that operated on San Francisco Bay Klamath (steamboat) , a steamboat that operated on Lower Klamath Lake in the early 20th century USS  Klamath , a U.S. Navy steamer Klamath (train) , a Southern Pacific passenger train Other uses [ edit ] Klamath Hardwoods , now Columbia Forest Products, an American hardwood manufacturer Klamath (album) ,

304-655: A viable fishery in the lake and to protect coho salmon in the Klamath River below the lake. Upper Klamath Lake is fed by a watershed of 3,768 square miles (9,760 km ) including the Williamson and Wood Rivers , and is drained by the Klamath River (known here as the Link River ), which issues from the south end of the lake. The lake is connected by a short channel to the smaller Agency Lake to

342-537: Is a large, shallow freshwater lake east of the Cascade Range in south-central Oregon in the United States . The largest body of fresh water by surface area in Oregon, it is approximately 25 miles (40 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide and extends northwest from the city of Klamath Falls . It sits at an average elevation of 4,140 feet (1,260 m). In the early 20th century, most of

380-597: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Klamath people The Klamath people lived in the area around the Upper Klamath Lake (E-ukshi - “Lake”) and the Klamath , Williamson (Kóke - “River”), Wood River (E-ukalksini Kóke), and Sprague (Plaikni Kóke - “River Uphill”) rivers. They subsisted primarily on fish and gathered roots and seeds. While there

418-631: Is now considered a member of the Plateau Penutian language family. Both the Klamath and the Modoc called themselves maqlaqs , maqlags or Maklaks meaning "people". When they wanted to distinguish between themselves they added knii ("people from/of"), the Klamath were called ?ewksiknii , "people of the [Klamath] Lake", and the Modoc were called moowatdal'knii , "people of the south". Upper Klamath Lake Upper Klamath Lake (sometimes called Klamath Lake ) ( Klamath : ?ews , "lake" )

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456-550: Is responsible for protecting and maintaining sucker populations in the lake. In 1988, the FWS placed the Lost River sucker and the shortnose sucker ( Catostomidae ) on the federal endangered species list; the numbers of the two formerly abundant Upper Klamath Lake fish species had sharply fallen due to the decline in water quality. As a result, the government abandoned a planned dredging project, which would have further damaged

494-635: The Goyatöka Band ("Crayfish Eaters"), direct south their Modoc kin ( Mo'dokni maklaks - "Southern People, i.e. Tule Lake People") with whom they shared the Modoc Plateau , in the southwest were living Shasta peoples ( S[h]asti maklaks ) and the Klamath River further downstream the Karuk and Yurok (both: Skatchpalikni - "People along the Scott River "), in the west and northwest were

532-641: The Latgawa ("Upland Takelma") (according to Spier: Walumskni - "Enemy" ) and Takelma/Dagelma ("Lowland/River Takelma") (more likely both were called: Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks - “Rogue River People”). Beyond the Cascade Range ( Yámakisham Yaina - “mountains of the Northerners”) in the Rogue River Valley ( Wálamsh ) lived the "Rogue "River" Athabascan ( Wálamsknitumi, Wálamskni maklaks - “Rogue River People”) and further south along

570-600: The Plateau Indians —the peoples who originally lived on the Columbia River Plateau . They were most closely linked with the Modoc people. The Klamath spoke one dialect of the Klamath–Modoc language - the northern or "fi-ukshikni" dialect, the other - the "southern" dialect being spoken by the Modoc people , who lived south of the Klamath. Once thought to be a language isolate, Klamath–Modoc

608-610: The United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)'s Link River Dam as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project , to supply irrigation waters to support agriculture in the upper Klamath Basin. The original timber crib dam was replaced by a more permanent concrete structure in 1921. Prior to the 20th century, the lake was surrounded by widespread marshes and wetlands, which supported fish, birds and wildlife, as well as protecting water quality in

646-466: The "often foul smelling waters" of the lake, and the Applegate Trail was purposely routed away from the lake because the water was "so bad that it might be too dangerous for livestock to drink late in the season". Starting in the mid-1800s, the valleys both north and south of Upper Klamath were settled and developed for agriculture. Since 1917, the water level in the lake has been regulated by

684-528: The Klamath people, and he was trading with them by 1829. The United States frontiersman Kit Carson admired their arrows, which were reported to be able to shoot through a house. The Klamaths, Modocs , and the Yahooskin (Yahuskin) Band of Northern Paiute (in Paiute known as: Goyatöka - "Crayfish eaters"), which was erroneously called Upper Sprague River Snakes believed to be a Band of Snake Indians ,

722-452: The Klamath to begin only with the acquisition of the horse. These natives made southern Oregon their home for long enough to witness the eruption of Mount Mazama . It was a legendary volcanic mountain who is the creator of Crater Lake ( giˑw ), now considered to be a beautiful natural formation. In 1826, Peter Skene Ogden , an explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company , first encountered

760-669: The Modoc and Yahooskin, have formed the federally recognized Klamath Tribes confederation. Their tribal government is based in Chiloquin, Oregon . Some Klamath live on the Quartz Valley Indian Community in Siskiyou County, California . Traditionally there were several cultural subdivisions among the Klamath, based on the location of their residency within the Klamath Basin. Despite this,

798-786: The Pit River ( Moatuashamkshini/Móatni Kóke - "River of the Southern Dwellers") lived the Achomawi and Atsugewi (both called: Móatuash maklaks - "Southern Dweller", or "Southern People"). The Klamath were known to raid neighboring tribes, such as the Achomawi on the Pit River , and occasionally to take prisoners as slaves. They traded with the Wasco-Wishram at The Dalles . However, scholars such as Alfred L. Kroeber and Leslie Spier consider these slaving raids by

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836-604: The collective name given to the Northern Paiute, Bannock, and Shoshone Native American tribes, signed a treaty with the United States in 1864, establishing the Klamath Reservation to the northeast of Upper Klamath Lake. This area was largely part of the traditional territory controlled by the ă′ukuckni Klamath band. The treaty required the tribes to cede the land in the Klamath Basin , bounded on

874-685: The five recognized "tribelets" (the Klamath Tribes count six) mutually considered each other the same ethnic group, about 1,200 people in total. Like many Indigenous cultures of the Pacific Northwest, the Klamath lived a semi-sedentary life. Winter settlements were in permanent locations that were reoccupied annually. Construction of the earth-lodges would begin in Autumn, with materials salvaged from abandoned, dilapidated buildings made in previous years. Leslie Spier has detailed some of

912-454: The following account for their usage: The septum of the nose is pierced and the ear lobes, the latter twice or even more frequently. Both sexes insert dentalium shells horizontally through the septum ... Ear pendants are a group of four dentalia hung in a bunch by their tips. The use of dentalium in septum piercings, in addition to other means of ornamentation, was common among the Wasco-Wishram as well. The Klamath people are grouped with

950-495: The lake (largely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ). The algae blooms turn the water an opaque green in the summer and reduce the opportunity for recreational uses of the lake. State standards for dissolved oxygen are routinely violated, meaning that fish are endangered. The lake is still a vital stop for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway , and is known for its rainbow trout fishery. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)

988-539: The lake were originally inhabited by the Klamath people . The Modoc people inhabited the lands to the south of Upper Klamath Lake, around the Lower Klamath and Tule lakes. The first recorded persons of European descent to visit Upper Klamath Lake were a party of Hudson's Bay Company fur trappers commanded by Peter Skene Ogden in December 1826. Ogden called the lake "Dog Lake", after obtaining nine dogs from

1026-457: The lake. Much of these important habitats were drained to be converted to cultivated farmland, as farmers did not understand the value of the wetlands for the environment. The lake is naturally eutrophic , due to a high concentration of nutrients. In the 20th century, the augmentation of nutrients by agricultural runoff from the surrounding farming valley has caused the lake to become hypereutrophic , resulting in blue-green algae blooms over

1064-511: The local Klamaths for food. They explored the lake and the Klamath River headwaters, helped by native guides. However, they did not stay in the area for long, instead moving south to tributaries of the Klamath River in search of beaver. Animosity between American immigrants and Native Americans led to armed conflicts. In 1846, a military expedition led by John C. Frémont and Kit Carson were attacked by Native American warriors near Upper Klamath Lake. In revenge, Frémont and Carson's party attacked

1102-528: The major wetlands in the upper Klamath River basin, into a contiguous body of water. The lake was more than ten times the size of present-day Upper Klamath Lake and sat nearly 100 feet (30 m) higher in elevation. Lake Modoc disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene due to a warming and drying climate. The region around Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson, Sprague and Wood rivers to the north of

1140-488: The north by the 44th parallel , to the United States. In return, the United States was to make a lump sum payment of $ 35,000, and annual payments totalling $ 80,000 over 15 years, as well as providing infrastructure and staff for the reservation. The treaty provided that, if the Indians drank or stored intoxicating liquor on the reservation, the payments could be withheld; the United States could also locate additional tribes on

1178-443: The north. The Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge has been established on land along the northern edge of the lake to preserve natural habitat. Upper Klamath Lake is the largest remnant of Lake Modoc , a giant pluvial lake that existed in the region until about 10,000 years ago. At its largest, Lake Modoc covered over 1,000 square miles (2,600 km ), joining Upper Klamath, Lower Klamath , and Tule Lakes, as well as all of

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1216-616: The pith as a beverage, eating the fresh stems for food and using the tuberous base of the stem for food. Dentalium shells were common among the Klamath prior to colonization. Compared to other native cultures, dentalium didn't hold as much financial use among the Klamath. However, longer shells were generally held to be more valuable. Nonetheless these shells were esteemed primarily for as jewelry and personal adornment. Septum piercings were commonly given to younger members of Klamath families to allow inserting dentalium. Some individuals wouldn't however use any shells in their septum. Spier gives

1254-480: The reservation in the future. The tribes requested Lindsay Applegate as the agent to represent the United States to them. The Indian agent estimated the total population of the three tribes at about 2,000 when the treaty was signed. Since termination of recognition of their tribal sovereignty in 1954 (with federal payments not disbursed until 1961), the Klamath and neighboring tribes have reorganized their government and revived tribal identity. The Klamath, along with

1292-472: The same time. When we consider that these earth-lodges may have housed several families, there is strong suggestion of a considerable population. Marriage was a unique practice for the Klamath, compared to neighboring cultures found in the borderlands of modern Oregon , California , Nevada and Idaho . For example, unlike the Hupa , Karok , and Yurok , the Klamath didn't hold formal talks between families for

1330-501: The water quality. The project was to dredge a deeper navigation channel from one end of the lake to the other; it was planned between several government agencies and Aqua Farm's Inc. A drought in the summer of 2001 heightened environmental concerns about the lake. The BOR stopped withdrawing irrigation water for the Klamath Project in order to protect the sucker population. The farming community protested, as they depended on

1368-463: The wetlands and marshes surrounding the lake were drained for agricultural purposes, damaging the larger habitat. The lake's water has been used to support the federal Klamath Project for irrigation by local farmers for a century. The lake depth fluctuates due to regulation of its water supply, averaging between 8 and 50 feet (2.4 and 15.2 m) deep. The lake level is kept within 4,137 to 4,143 ft (1,261 to 1,263 m) above sea level to ensure

1406-486: The winter settlement patterns for Klamath as follows: The towns are not isolated, compact groups of houses, but stretch along the banks for half a mile or more. In fact, the settlements on Williamson river below the Sprague river junction form a practically continuous string of houses for five or six miles, the house pits being, in many spots, crowded close together. Informants insisted that many of these were occupied at

1444-610: Was knowledge of their immediate neighbors, apparently the Klamath were unaware of the existence of the Pacific Ocean . Gatschet has described this position as leaving the Klamath living in a "protracted isolation" from outside cultures. North of their tribal territory lived the Molala ( Kuikni maklaks ), in the northeast and east in the desert-like plains were various Northern Paiute bands ( Shá'ttumi , collective term for Northern Paiute, Bannock and Northern Shoshone) - among them

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