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49-946: Physiographically , the Klamath Mountains include the Siskiyou Mountains , the Marble Mountains , the Scott Mountains , the Trinity Mountains , the Trinity Alps , the Salmon Mountains , and the northern Yolla-Bolly Mountains. They are a section of the larger Pacific Border province , which in turn is part of the Pacific Mountain System (Pacific Coast Ranges) physiographic division. Klamath Mountains

98-514: A "principle of comprehensive analysis of the territory" and "Russian Chernozem ". In the latter, he introduced the geographical concept of soil, as distinct from a simple geological stratum, and thus found a new geographic area of study: pedology . Climatology also received a strong boost from the Russian school by Wladimir Köppen whose main contribution, climate classification, is still valid today. However, this great geographer also contributed to

147-430: A germinated spore, invade the roots. The infection then spreads through the inner bark and cambium around the base of the tree. Spread up the trunk is generally limited. Infected tissue dies and effectively girdles the tree. Large trees are more likely to be infected than small trees due to larger root areas (although all trees at the edges of infected streams will eventually succumb). However, large trees can often live with

196-482: A long period of time. New infections generally begin when soil is transferred from an infected population to a non-infected population via water, human or animal movement. After initial infection in streamside populations, secondary spread via zoospores quickly infects all downstream individuals. Human facilitated spread is thought to be responsible for most new, and all long-distance, infections. Soil on vehicle tires, especially logging trucks and other off-road vehicles,

245-406: A major development. Some of his disciples made significant contributions to various branches of physical geography such as Curtis Marbut and his invaluable legacy for Pedology, Mark Jefferson , Isaiah Bowman , among others. The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the history of science . Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of

294-416: A major spawning ground for several species of trout and salmon; yet recently, in the last 50 years, some of the fish stocks have fallen drastically, particularly salmon stocks. The ecoregion's rivers and streams are home to nine species of native salmonids . The depletions occur mainly due to construction of dams and clearcutting of forests on the rugged slopes of the area contribute to large amounts of silt in

343-460: A rather pungent scent, not unlike parsley . The seed cones are globose, 9 ⁄ 32 – 9 ⁄ 16 inch (7–14 mm) in diameter, with 6–10 scales, green at first, maturing brown in early fall, 6–8 months after pollination . The male cones are 1 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 32 inch (3–4 mm) long, dark red, turning brown after pollen release in early spring. The seeds fall quickly and can float on water. Old specimens lack branches near

392-526: Is a species of conifer in the genus Chamaecyparis , family Cupressaceae . It is native to Oregon and northwestern California , and grows from sea level up to 4,900 feet (1,500 m) in the valleys of the Klamath Mountains , often along streams. A large evergreen tree , specimens mature up to 200 ft (61 m) tall or more, with trunks 4–7 ft (1.2–2 m) in diameter, exceptionally 8–9 ft (2.4–2.7 m). The bark

441-468: Is another mountain lift and the cycle continues. Although Davis's theory is not entirely accurate, it was absolutely revolutionary and unique in its time and helped to modernize and create a geography subfield of geomorphology . Its implications prompted a myriad of research in various branches of physical geography. In the case of the Paleogeography, this theory provided a model for understanding

490-527: Is considered the most pressing problem due to the volume of soil that can be carried and the traffic rate in and between susceptible areas. Spread on boots and mountain bike tires has also been suggested and probably contributes to new infections locally. Animal-facilitated spread is thought to occur, but is localized. The United States Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management attempt to prevent Phytophthora spread through road closures, monitoring, research and education. Research has focused on determining

539-623: Is located in the northern portion of the Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness . Typical species of the Trinity Alps region include Douglas fir , ponderosa pine, red fir, white fir, black oak , canyon live oak , Pacific madrone , bigleaf maple , California Buckeye , incense cedar , and Jeffrey pine . California's northernmost stand of gray pine ( Pinus sabiniana ) is found here along the South Fork of

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588-536: Is noted as resembling C. lawsoniana and C. pisifera . The associated genus Calocedrus (incense-cedar) has thick orange-brown bark and the bark of Thuja plicata (western redcedar) is comparatively thin; both have different foliage than Port Orford cedar. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana thrives best in well-drained but moist soils, in a fairly sheltered position in full sun. Several hundred named cultivars of varying crown shape, growth rates and foliage color have been selected for planting in parks and gardens. In

637-762: Is one of the three main branches of geography . Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere , hydrosphere , biosphere , and geosphere . This focus is in contrast with the branch of human geography , which focuses on the built environment , and technical geography , which focuses on using, studying, and creating tools to obtain, analyze, interpret, and understand spatial information. The three branches have significant overlap, however. Physical geography can be divided into several branches or related fields, as follows: Main category: Geography Journals Mental geography and earth science journals communicate and document

686-415: Is silver-brown, vertically furrowed, and 6–10 inches (15–25 cm) thick near the base. The foliage is arranged in lacy, flat sprays with a feathery appearance, usually somewhat glaucous (i.e. blue-green) in color. The leaves are scale-like, 1 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 16 inch (3–5 mm) long, with narrow white markings on the underside, and produced on somewhat flattened shoots. The foliage gives off

735-884: Is the name given to one of California's eleven geomorphic provinces . These are the ten highest points in the Klamath Mountains: A large portion of the Klamath Mountains is managed by the United States Forest Service . Several national forests lie in the Klamath Mountains region, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest , Siskiyou National Forest , Klamath National Forest , Six Rivers National Forest , and Mendocino National Forest . The Klamath Mountains contain 11 wilderness areas in both Oregon and California: There are extensive hiking trail systems, recreation areas, and campgrounds both primitive and developed in

784-430: The Klamath Mountains ecoregion . One of the principal plant communities in the Klamath Mountains is Mediterranean California Lower Montane Black Oak-Conifer Forest . The ecoregion includes several endemic or near-endemic species, such as Port Orford cedar or Lawson's cypress ( Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ), foxtail pine ( Pinus balfouriana spp. balfouriana ), and Brewer's spruce ( Picea breweriana ), forming one of

833-1132: The Russian Wilderness . They called this diverse area the Miracle Mile. In 2013 Richard Moore identified an 18th species, western juniper , in the Sugar Creek canyon. This is now considered the richest assemblage of conifers per unit area in any temperate region on Earth. Conifer species in the Klamath Mountains include coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ssp. menziesii ), Port Orford cedar , ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ), sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana ), mountain hemlock ( Tsuga mertensiana ), white fir ( Abies concolor var. lowiana ), red fir ( A. magnifica var. shastensis ), Brewer spruce , coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ), western red cedar ( Thuja Plicata ), Pacific yew ( Taxus brevifolia ), Western White Pine , Lodgepole Pine , Whitebark Pine , Incense Cedar , Foothill Pine , Foxtail Pine , western Juniper and Jeffrey Pine . The Westernmost stand of Quaking Aspen trees

882-636: The United Kingdom (UK) the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017): The species was discovered by Euro-Americans in the 1850s. The wood is light yet has great strength and rot resistance, even after long exposure to salt water. Its properties resemble those of yellow-cedar , but was historically more available in the region. On shores lacking docks, logs were transported via high-line cable directly onto ship decks. It

931-439: The spotted owl , plus an extensive variety of additional species both plant and animal. Grizzly bears , gray wolves , and mule deer once inhabited the area, but were extirpated by European settlers. A project to reintroduce Roosevelt elk began in 1985 in the western Marble Mountains, near Elk Creek. Over the next 10 years the number and placement of reintroduced animals was expanded, and now elk can be seen roaming throughout

980-727: The Ancient Age. In more modern times, these works include the Alexander von Humboldt ( Kosmos ) in the nineteenth century, in which geography is regarded as a physical and natural science through the work Summa de Geografía of Martín Fernández de Enciso from the early sixteenth century, which indicated for the first time the New World. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a controversy exported from geology, between supporters of James Hutton (uniformitarianism thesis) and Georges Cuvier (catastrophism) strongly influenced

1029-567: The Brewer's spruce and the Port Orford cedar, making the Klamath Mountains one of the richest coniferous forest regions of the world in terms of concentrated species diversity. The region also has several edaphic plant communities, adapted to specific soil types, notably serpentine outcrops. In 1969, Drs. John O. Sawyer and Dale Thornburgh discovered 17 species of conifers in 1 square mile (2.6 km) around Little Duck Lake and Sugar Creek in

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1078-512: The Klamath Mountains include the Klamath River , Trinity River , Smith River , Salmon River , Rogue River , Scott River , upper Sacramento River , Chetco River , Mad River , Van Duzen River , Applegate River , Illinois River , Elk River , South Umpqua River , South Fork Coquille River , Shasta Lake , Trinity Lake , Ruth Lake , Castle Lake , Applegate Lake , and Whiskeytown Lake . The many mountains, streams and rivers form

1127-465: The Klamath Mountains originated as island arcs and continental fragments in the Pacific Ocean . The island masses consisted of rifted fragments of pre-existing continents and volcanic island masses created over subduction zones . These island masses contain rocks as old as 500 million years, dating to the early Paleozoic Era. A succession of eight island terranes moved eastward on

1176-659: The Klamath terranes. Subsequent lava flows from active volcanoes in the Cascade Range and the erosion of the Oregon Coast Range to the north partially covered these rocks with basalt and sediments. As a consequence of the geology, the mountains harbor rich biodiversity, with several distinct plant communities, including temperate rain forests, moist inland forests, oak forests and savannas, high elevation forests, and alpine grasslands. These communities form

1225-752: The Klamaths. A 211-mile (340 km) stretch of the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) passes through these mountains as well. This section of the PCT is known locally as "The Big Bend" and is the transition from the California Floristic Province to the Cascades. The Bigfoot Trail is a 400-mile (640 km) trail through the Klamath Mountains from the Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness to Crescent City, California . The rocks of

1274-630: The Marble Mountain Wilderness, Trinity Alps Wilderness, in the northern Siskiyou Mountains, along the South Fork of the Salmon River, and in small numbers near Trinity Lake and Reading Creek. Some of the most remote areas are the location of supposed Bigfoot/ Sasquatch sightings from time to time, and the legendary creature plays a part in the folk tales of the Native American populations. Major rivers and lakes in

1323-589: The Salmon River. The vast forested wildlands, coupled with a low rate of human settlement in the rugged remote terrain, provides excellent habitat for a number of species. Mammal species include mountain lions , black bears , bobcats , lynx , raccoons , martens , fishers , beavers , grey fox , red fox , northern flying squirrel , and plentiful black-tailed deer . Bird species include golden eagles , bald eagles , pileated woodpecker , Flicker woodpecker,band-tailed pigeon, several hawks including goshawks , Red-tailed hawks several large owl species including

1372-565: The ancient Farallon Plate and collided with the North American Plate between 260 and about 130 million years ago. Each accretion left a terrane of rock of a single age. During the accretion, subduction of the plate metamorphosed the overlying rock and produced magma which intruded the overlying rock as plutons . Serpentinite , produced by the metamorphism of basaltic oceanic rocks , and intrusive rocks of gabbroic to granodiorite composition are common rocks within

1421-579: The base and often have dead tops. They can live up to about 600 years of age. The species was first discovered (by European Americans) near Port Orford, Oregon , and introduced into cultivation in 1854 by collectors working for Charles Lawson FRSE of the Lawson & Son nursery in Edinburgh , Scotland, after whom it was named as Lawson Cypress by the describing botanist Andrew Murray . The United States Department of Agriculture officially calls it by

1470-553: The birth of geography as a science during the Greek classical period and until the late nineteenth century with the birth of anthropogeography (human geography), geography was almost exclusively a natural science: the study of location and descriptive gazetteer of all places of the known world. Several works among the best known during this long period could be cited as an example, from Strabo ( Geography ), Eratosthenes ( Geographika ) or Dionysius Periegetes ( Periegesis Oiceumene ) in

1519-530: The dynamics and mechanisms of spread, as well as attempts to breed resistant trees. One solution against Phytophtera is known generically as Mancozeb and also commercially known as Dithane (C). Commercial preparations of the parasitic fungus Pythium oligandrum are licensed for pest control, and documented to predate many species of Phytophthora . The extinct Eocene species Chamaecyparis eureka , known from fossils found on Axel Heiberg Island in Canada,

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1568-497: The earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterward, and their number is the same. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Chamaecyparis lawsoniana , known as Port Orford cedar or Lawson cypress ,

1617-401: The evolution of the landscape. For hydrology, glaciology, and climatology as a boost investigated as studying geographic factors shape the landscape and affect the cycle. The bulk of the work of William Morris Davis led to the development of a new branch of physical geography: Geomorphology whose contents until then did not differ from the rest of geography. Shortly after this branch would present

1666-617: The field of geography, because geography at this time was a natural science. Two historical events during the nineteenth century had a great effect on the further development of physical geography. The first was the European colonial expansion in Asia , Africa , Australia and even America in search of raw materials required by industries during the Industrial Revolution . This fostered the creation of geography departments in

1715-491: The field to develop cycle of erosion theory which he proposed as a paradigm for geography in general, although in actually served as a paradigm for physical geography. His theory explained that mountains and other landforms are shaped by factors that are manifested cyclically. He explained that the cycle begins with the lifting of the relief by geological processes (faults, volcanism, tectonic upheaval, etc.). Factors such as rivers and runoff begin to create V-shaped valleys between

1764-408: The infections for a longer duration (up to several years). C. lawsoniana in streamside populations are highly susceptible to P. lateralis infection. However, the rate of fungal spread through populations in dry upland areas appears to be slow. P. lateralis spreads through water via mobile spores ( zoospores ). The fungus also produces resting spores ( chlamydospores ) that can persist in soil for

1813-510: The largest collections of different conifers in the world. The flowering plant Kalmiopsis leachiana , also endemic to the Klamaths, is limited to the Siskiyou sub-range in Oregon. A large concentration of diverse coniferous species of trees exists in these mountains. Thirty conifer species (or more, depending on where one delineates the region) inhabit the area, including two endemic species,

1862-451: The mountains (the stage called "youth"). During this first stage, the terrain is steeper and more irregular. Over time, the currents can carve wider valleys ("maturity") and then start to wind, towering hills only ("senescence"). Finally, everything comes to what is a plain flat plain at the lowest elevation possible (called "baseline") This plain was called by Davis' " peneplain " meaning "almost plain" Then river rejuvenation occurs and there

1911-461: The name Port Orford cedar, as do most people in its native area, but some botanists prefer to use the name Lawson cypress (or in very rare instances Port Orford cypress) instead. The name "Lawson's cypress" is widely used in horticulture. The species is native to southwestern Oregon and northwestern California , and grows from sea level up to 4,900 feet (1,500 m) in the valleys of the Klamath Mountains , often along streams. It fares best at

1960-441: The north end of its range. The thick bark provides resistance to wildfires, and the species regenerates well on disrupted land in a variety of soils, but requires consistent moisture. It is shade tolerant , but not so much so as competing species western hemlock and white fir . The old-growth population near Coos Bay , Oregon, was wiped out by logging and wildfires in 1867–1868, and again by fire and root disease in 1936. In

2009-406: The paleogeography through his work "The climates of the geological past" which is considered the father of paleoclimatology . Russian geographers who made great contributions to the discipline in this period were: NM Sibirtsev , Pyotr Semyonov , K.D. Glinka , Neustrayev , among others. The second important process is the theory of evolution by Darwin in mid-century (which decisively influenced

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2058-530: The patriarch of Russian geography, Mikhail Lomonosov . In the mid-1750s Lomonosov began working in the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences to conduct research in Siberia. They showed the organic origin of soil and developed a comprehensive law on the movement of the ice, thereby founding a new branch of geography: glaciology . In 1755 on his initiative was founded Moscow University where he promoted

2107-611: The results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions. Most journals cover a specific publish the research within that field, however unlike human geographers, physical geographers tend to publish in inter-disciplinary journals rather than predominantly geography journal; the research is normally expressed in the form of a scientific paper . Additionally, textbooks, books, and communicate research to laypeople, although these tend to focus on environmental issues or cultural dilemmas. Examples of journals that publish articles from physical geographers are: From

2156-419: The stream beds, which in turn interfere with spawning salmon, as they lay their eggs in exposed gravel beds. The notable fish species are king , kokanee , and silver salmon , brown , brook , and rainbow trout (including steelhead), cutthroat trout , and crappie , bluegill , catfish , and largemouth and smallmouth bass . Physical geography Physical geography (also known as physiography )

2205-567: The study of geography and the training of geographers. In 1758 he was appointed director of the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences, a post from which would develop a working methodology for geographical survey guided by the most important long expeditions and geographical studies in Russia. The contributions of the Russian school became more frequent through his disciples, and in the nineteenth century we have great geographers such as Vasily Dokuchaev who performed works of great importance as

2254-409: The universities of the colonial powers and the birth and development of national geographical societies, thus giving rise to the process identified by Horacio Capel as the institutionalization of geography. The exploration of Siberia is an example. In the mid-eighteenth century, many geographers were sent to perform geographical surveys in the area of Arctic Siberia . Among these is who is considered

2303-568: The wild, the species is seriously and uniquely threatened by a root disease caused by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora lateralis , accidentally introduced in the early 1950s following the fungus's arrival to the Pacific Northwest on nursery trees . This disease is also a problem for horticultural plantings in some parts of North America. The tree is sometimes killed, though less often, by other species of Phytophthora . Phytophthora lateralis infection begins when mycelium, from

2352-481: The work of Friedrich Ratzel , who had academic training as a zoologist and was a follower of Darwin's ideas) which meant an important impetus in the development of Biogeography. Another major event in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took place in the United States . William Morris Davis not only made important contributions to the establishment of discipline in his country but revolutionized

2401-452: Was valued for boatbuilding. The species was important to Oregon's lumber industry until the 1950s when it was crippled by disease. It was preferred for storage battery cell separation, Venetian blinds , and other uses. Quality specimens eventually began to be shipped almost exclusively to East Asia , where it is highly valued. Large amounts have been exported to Japan where it is used in making coffins, shrines, and temples. Its lumber

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