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66-506: The abbey church, dedicated the Nativity of Mary ( Maria Geburt ), was consecrated in 1136 and remodeled in the Baroque style in the seventeenth century. The impressive monastery complex was mostly constructed between 1730 and 1834. Its foundations, including a castle tower and a Gothic chapel, date back to the twelfth century. Other older buildings still extant within the complex include

132-715: A cherub angel from a damaged monstrance to create a Santo image. Later, Marian visionary, Rosario Arrevillaga, began a religious order devoted to the same Marian title called the Order of the Slaves of the Immaculate Child . Pope Benedict XV recognised the Marian image in Senglea , Malta under the Marian title "Our Lady of Victories", crowned by Archbishop Mauro Caruana on 4 September 1921. The image which once adorned

198-503: A Burgundian master architect to build the Capella Speziosa chapel beside the convent. This chapel, considered among the most beautiful sacred buildings of its time, was demolished in the eighteenth century. On 13 September 1330, the town and monastery were seriously damaged in a fire. The monastery and abbey church were renovated, and new works of art were commissioned by provost Stephan of Sierndorf. In 1394, construction began on

264-533: A Catholic galleon was shipwrecked in 1618 near the Dalmatian islands and was rescued to the present town, which also celebrates its feast on 8 September. The state is also widely known as Maria Bambina . In the Philippines , pious Catholics adopted the same devotion to the toddler Virgin, dressing her in pastel colours and crowning her with flowers to emphasise her virginity and innocence, as opposed to

330-505: A branch of grain which is added to food. Before the feast on 8 September there are nine days of novena followed by the offering of flowers on baby Mary's statue. In Mumbai , the feast of Mary's Nativity is celebrated with a week long event called Bandra Fair . It begins on 8 September, if it falls on a Sunday, or on the Sunday after that date and is held in the Mumbai suburb of Bandra in

396-818: A compromise with the Welfs and endowed Henry the Lion , son of the late Henry the Proud, with the Duchy of Bavaria in 1156. A replacement duchy had to be found for the Babenberg family, which was accomplished by the Privilegium Minus , through which Frederick elevated Henry's Margraviate of Austria to a duchy with complete independence from Bavaria. Unlike his father, who had resided in Klosterneuburg most of

462-754: A law declaring 8 September a special working holiday in the entire country to commemorate the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Though unrelated, certain places with Marian devotion juxtapose the Feast of Mary's birthdate with their own respective localised images such as the following: The Milan Cathedral is dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral

528-518: A member of the House of Babenberg , was Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1140 to 1141, Duke of Bavaria (as Henry XI ) and Margrave of Austria from 1141 to 1156, and the first Duke of Austria from 1156 until his death. Henry was the second son of Margrave Leopold III of Austria , from his second marriage with Agnes of Waiblingen , a sister of the last Salian emperor, Henry V . Leopold himself

594-485: A monastery ( kloster ) for secular canons next to his castle, providing it with generous donations of land. The cornerstone ceremony for the new abbey church took place on 12 June 1114. Leopold's younger son, the chronicler Otto of Freising , prepared for his ecclesiastical career at Klosterneuburg and became provost in 1126. In 1133, Leopold handed the monastery over to the Augustinians after repossessing it from

660-620: A museum with a collection of Gothic and Baroque sculptures and a gallery of paintings, including fifteen-panel paintings by Rueland Frueauf from 1505, four Passion paintings from the backside of the Verduner Altar from 1331, and the Babenberg genealogical tree. During the Investiture Controversy in the early twelfth century, Margrave Leopold III of Babenberg sided with the Papacy against Emperor Henry IV . In 1106,

726-674: A procession with a likeness of the Bambina. At Fort St Angelo , Mass is celebrated at the Chapel of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, and later, a second Mass at the Chapel of St Anne . The scene was frequently depicted in art, as part of cycles of the Life of the Virgin . Medieval depictions of Mary in infancy often include her birth by Saint Anne. In late medieval depictions the setting was often in

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792-541: A secular and spiritual center after the model of the Escorial in Spain. Construction of the monastery continued for ten years, under Donato Felice d'Allio , who was inspired by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach , the master architect of Vienna at the time. With the death of Emperor Charles VI in 1740, building activity was discontinued. Only the east and north wings of the monastery complex were finished—about one eighth of

858-629: A wealthy household. In 1730, devotion to Mary in her first infancy among the Franciscan nuns in Lovere , Italy, where a wax statue of the Santissima Maria Bambina was venerated and later brought to Milan under the care of Sisters of Charity. In Southern France , the devotion penetrated into the bride gift wedding custom of Globe de Marièe , where the baby Mary is placed on the cushion, representing children and fertility as one of

924-406: Is an important custom during these days. On the day of Marymas, a ceremonial pudding called Pachoru (പാച്ചോറ്) which is made using milk , rice and jaggery is prepared in churches and distributed to the devotees in the afternoon as part of the feast celebration. In houses, Theenmura (a festive meal including meat and fish dishes) is prepared. In Goa , the feast of Mary's Nativity, called

990-702: Is connected with the sixth century dedication of the Basilica Sanctae Mariae ubi nata est , now called the Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem . The original church, built in the fifth century, was a Marian basilica erected on the spot known as the Shepherd's Pool and thought to have been the home of Mary's parents. In the seventh century, the feast was celebrated by the Byzantines as the Feast of

1056-685: Is found in the Gospel of James (5:2), an apocryphal text from the late second century, with her parents known as Saint Anne and Saint Joachim . In the case of saints, the Church commemorates their date of death, with Saint John the Baptist and the Virgin Mary as the few whose birth dates are commemorated. The reason for this is found in the singular mission each had in salvation history , but traditionally also because these alone were holy in their very birth (for Mary, see Immaculate Conception ; John

1122-837: Is located in Biloxi, Mississippi . There is also a Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Juneau, Alaska . The Nativity of Mary, Blessed Virgin Catholic Church in High Hill, Texas is a historic church built in 1906. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish in Lorain, Ohio was founded in 1898 to serve the Polish-American community. Nativity of Mary Catholic Church and School

1188-1121: Is located in Bloomington, Minnesota and is part of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul-Minneapolis . The Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Singapore , built in 1852, is located in Hougang . The Nativity of the Virgin Mary Orthodox Church in Madison, Illinois , is part of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the Midwest . The Nativity of the Theotokos Monastery in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania , north of Pittsburgh ,

1254-603: Is part of this day. In Kerala , the feast of Mary's Nativity, called Nalpiravi (നൽ‌പിറവി), is a major celebration among Saint Thomas Christians and is always celebrated as an octave . An eight-day abstinence ( Ettu Nombu ) of meat and alcohol is observed from 1 September until 8 September. During this period, vegetarian food is prepared in all families of Saint Thomas Christian and churches organize charitable activities, evangelical conventions and special prayers to honor Virgin Mary. Praying Kontha ( The Holy Rosary ) in groups

1320-590: Is possible that a wealthy man such as Joachim had a home in both Judea and Galilee. However, Charles Souvay, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia , says that the idea that Joachim possessed large herds and flocks cannot be asserted with certainty, as the sources for this are "of very doubtful value." The earliest document commemorating Marymas comes from a hymn written in the sixth century. The feast may have originated somewhere in Syria or Palestine in

1386-537: Is the first Greek Orthodox women's monastery in America, founded in 1989. The birth of Mary is narrated in the third sura (chapter) of the Qur'an with references to her father Imran, after whom the chapter is named, as well as her mother, Hannah. Hannah prayed to God to fulfil her desire to have a child and vowed, if her prayer was accepted, that her child (whom she initially thought would be male) would be dedicated to

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1452-757: The General Roman Calendar , many Lutheran calendars , most Anglican calendars , and the Tridentine calendar . This date is also used by the Byzantine and Western Rite Orthodox Churches, The Syriac Orthodox Church , and the Armenian Apostolic Church . However, Coptic and Ethiopian Orthodox Churches celebrate the feast on 9 May (1 Bashans, EC 1 Ginbot). In churches following the Old Julian calendar , such as

1518-567: The Monti Fest , is a major family celebration, serving as a thanksgiving festival blessing the harvest of new crops, and observed with a festive lunch centered on the blessed grain of the harvest. Showering flowers on a statue of the Virgin Mary is an important custom in Konkan region . In Mangalore it is the feast of Mary's Nativity, called the "Monthi Fest". On this day every Mangalorean Christian eats pulses and vegetables. The priest blesses

1584-731: The Rhenish possessions of his mother's now-extinct Salian dynasty. In April 1140, the Hohenstaufen king Conrad III of Germany enfeoffed him with the County Palatine of the Rhine , which he ruled for only a short time as he was appointed Bavarian duke and margrave of Austria when his younger brother Leopold IV unexpectedly died in October 1141. Leopold had received the Duchy of Bavaria in 1139, after King Conrad had deposed Duke Henry

1650-638: The Russian Orthodox Church , the feast is celebrated on 8 September of the Julian calendar, which is observed on 21 September of the Gregorian calendar . Previous to the reforms by Pope Pius XII , the General Roman Calendar of 1954 kept the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary as an Octave since the Octave was established by Pope Innocent IV in 1243. Saint Andrew of Crete says that

1716-835: The Second Crusade . When they suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Dorylaeum against the Seljuk Turks in October, Henry narrowly escaped together with Conrad's nephew, young Frederick Barbarossa . Later on, he attended the Council of Acre along with king Conrad III and Frederick Barbarossa, then the Siege of Damascus . On their way home, Henry stayed at the court of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos , where he married his niece Theodora in late 1148. Elected king of Germany in 1152, Frederick Barbarossa tried to reach

1782-883: The Second Vatican Council . In 1969, he was elected Abbot Primate of the Confederation of Augustinian Canons. In 1985, on the celebration of his golden jubilee of priesthood, Provost Gebhard inaugurated the Provost Gebhard Koberger Institute for Research on the Augustinian Canons. He resigned due to poor health in 1995, and died in 1997. The chapel of St Leopold contains the Verdun Altar made in 1181 by Nicholas of Verdun . Its three parts comprise 51 gilded copper plates modeled on Byzantine paragons, similar to

1848-609: The Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral . Originally manufactured as panels, they were assembled as an altar in secondary utilization circa 1330. The tripartite concept is reflected in the arrangement of the plates. According to the biblical exegesis , the depictions are split into three rows of the eras of Adam and Noah , of Abraham , David and the Babylonian captivity and finally of Jesus' life , placed in

1914-414: The neo-Gothic twin steeples. Between 1898 and 1901, the mural paintings in the side chapels were created by Karl Peyfuss. In 1911, the course of the Danube was regulated to its current location, about two kilometers from the monastery. In 1936, the abbey church was granted the title Basilica minor by Pope Pius XI . The Anschluss of 1938 brought devastation to the Klosterneuburg community. In 1941,

1980-414: The Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Since the story of Mary's Nativity is known only from apocryphal sources, the Latin Church was slower in adopting this festival. At Rome, the Feast began to be kept toward the end of the 7th century, brought there by Eastern monks. The Diocese of Angers in France claims that St. Maurilius instituted this feast at Angers in consequence of a revelation about 430. On

2046-506: The Nazis suppressed the canonry and confiscated the buildings and properties. Only a few canons were permitted to remain and continue ministering to the faithful. Some canons went out into the parishes, others were drafted into the army, and many lost their lives because of their involvement in the resistance movement. Immediately after the war, some canons were murdered for standing up against the Russian soldiers who preyed on Austrian women and girls. Provost Alipius Linda, elected in 1937, guided

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2112-441: The Proud in the course of the dispute between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties. Henry took his residence in the Bavarian capital of Regensburg ( Ratisbona ). In May 1142 he married Gertrude , daughter of Emperor Lothair and widow of Henry the Proud. She died after less than one year, giving birth to her only child with Henry. The duke remained a loyal follower of the Hohenstaufens and in May 1147 accompanied King Conrad on

2178-411: The abbey church and monastery were restored according to plans by Friedrich von Schmidt , and the neo-Gothic twin steeples were erected. Klosterneuburg Monastery contains the Verduner Altar, made in 1181 by Nicholas of Verdun . Its three parts comprise 45 gilded copper plates modeled on Byzantine paragons, similar to the Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral . The monastery also contains

2244-480: The abbey church in the Baroque style took place between 1723 and 1730. During this period, the presbytery, choir stalls, high altar, court oratorio, and pews were all remodeled. In 1730, construction of the monastery in the Baroque style began with the Imperial Edifice. The idea of making Klosterneuburg the most impressive religious structure in Austria dated back to the Middle Ages with Saint Leopold III and Leopold VI. Emperor Charles VI now sought to make Klosterneuburg

2310-401: The beginning of the sixth century, when after the Council of Ephesus , the cult of the Mother of God was greatly intensified, especially in Syria. This supposition is supported by the presence of hymns for the feast in the Georgian Chantbook of Jerusalem which was compiled in the mid-6th century; the hymnographic content pre-dates this terminus ante quem . The first liturgical commemoration

2376-419: The central part. The columns of adjacent plates of different ages symbolise their connection according to the ideas of the typology theory. The arrangement may refer to the mystic doctrines of the medieval theologian Hugh of Saint Victor . American scholar Elfie Raymond, professor of philosophy and hermeneutics at Sarah Lawrence College of New York produced an online catalog of the typology of virtues found in

2442-414: The chapel of 1318 with Saint Leopold's tomb. From 1634 on, the Habsburg rulers had the facilities rebuilt in the Baroque style, continued by the architects Jakob Prandtauer and Donato Felice d'Allio . The plans to embellish the monastery on the scale of an Austrian Escorial were later resumed by the Neoclassical architect Joseph Kornhäusel , though only small parts were actually carried out. In 1879,

2508-415: The citizens to defend the town and monastery. The lower part of the town was surrendered to the attackers, but the upper part and the monastery were defended successfully. The defense of Klosterneuburg turned out to be strategically important because it served as flank protection during the rescue of Vienna by the Christian forces under the leadership of King John III Sobieski . The final phase of remodeling

2574-415: The community wisely through both the Nazi period and the subsequent Communist occupation. During the post-war period, Provost Gebhard Koberger presided over the rebuilding of the abbey's financial condition, as well as the reconstruction of several of the monastery's churches which had been damaged or destroyed by the bombing. Provost Gebhard was elected Abbot General of the Austrian Congregation and attended

2640-431: The courtyard of which a statue of him stands to this day. In November 1176, while his Austrian lands were campaigned by the forces of Duke Soběslav II of Bohemia , Henry II with his horse fell from a rotten bridge near Melk and suffered a femoral neck fracture . Henry II succumbed to his injuries on 13 January 1177 in Vienna. According to his last will, he was buried in the Schottenstift monastery. Until 1143, Henry II

2706-412: The crossing there was a tower. Two months after the consecration, Margrave Leopold III died on 15 November 1136. Agnes survived him by seven years. In 1156, Duke Henry II of Austria moved his residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna after receiving the ducal title. Despite the change, the monastery continued to develop as a religious and cultural institution. In 1220, Duke Leopold VI of Austria selected

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2772-417: The early second century, describes Mary's father Joachim as a wealthy member of one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel . He and his wife Anne were deeply grieved by their childlessness. Pious accounts place the birthplace of the Virgin Mary in Sepphoris , where a 5th-century basilica is excavated at the site. Some accounts speak of Nazareth and others say it was in a house near the Sheep Gate in Jerusalem . It

2838-443: The emperor's son, Emperor Henry V , who sided with the Papacy against his father, rewarded Leopold's loyalty by offering him his sister Agnes ' hand in marriage, in recognition of his services. Agnes was the widow of Duke Frederick I of Swabia . Leopold, who was recently widowed from his first wife, accepted the hand of this daughter of the Imperial Salian dynasty . With this new connection to two imperial families, Leopold's status

2904-510: The end of the Siege of Malta during the Second World War in 1942. The Bambina, celebrated in traditional Maltese feasts in four localities, those being Naxxar , Senglea and Mellieħa in Malta and Xagħra in Gozo . Mary is also honored as Our Lady of Victories. Churches are decorated for the occasion with red damask hangings. Depending on the locality, the structure of the feast changes. However, they generally consist of brass band concerts/marches, fireworks and liturgical functions such as

2970-533: The exception of two four-year lapses at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries, the community has enjoyed stable and continual self–governance for nearly 900 years. Nativity of Mary The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary , the Nativity of Mary , Marymas or the Birth of the Virgin Mary , refers to a Christian feast day celebrating the birth of Mary, mother of Jesus . The modern Biblical canon does not record Mary's birth. The earliest known account of Mary's birth

3036-400: The ideal wishes of a newlywed bride. A similar devotion showcasing the toddler years of Mary began to develop, mainly in former Spanish territories such as Mexico, Guatemala and the Philippines, where the La Niña María is portrayed as a prepubescent girl. In 19th-century Mexico, the Conceptionists nun Sister Magdalena endorsed a devotion to the infant Virgin, using the Cabeza or head of

3102-406: The localities surrounding Mount Mary Church . In Malta , the feast of the nativity of the Virgin Mary ( Maltese : Il-Bambina) is referred to as Victory Day ( Maltese : Jum Il-Vittorja), since the day coincides with three major victories throughout Maltese history. Namely: a turn in the tide of the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, the surrender of French troops occupying the island in 1800, and

3168-404: The monastery increased its pastoral work in creating new parsonages and making available to poor citizens certain monastery properties on the outskirts of Vienna. In gratitude, some of the new Vienna suburbs were named after monastery provosts, for example, Floridsdorf (named for Floridus Leeb) and Gaudenzdorf (named for Gaudenz Dunkler). In 1836, construction of the monastery resumed, and by 1842,

3234-408: The monastery. Between 1634 and 1645, the first phase of remodeling the abbey church in the Baroque style took place. Artists from northern Italy were brought in to work on the project, under the guidance of Giovanni Battista Carlone . In 1636, the crossing tower was demolished. Between 1638 and 1644, the north tower of the abbey church was constructed. In 1644, a 6000-kg bell was cast and installed in

3300-414: The night of 8 September, a man heard the angels singing in heaven, and on asking the reason, they told him they were rejoicing because the Virgin was born on that night; but this tradition is not substantiated by historical proofs. Marymas is traditionally celebrated as a liturgical feast on 8 September, nine months after the solemnity of the Immaculate Conception , celebrated on 8 December, according to

3366-456: The north tower, named Leopoldiglocke , after Saint Leopold III. The second phase of remodeling the abbey church in the Baroque style took place between 1680 and 1702. In the fall of 1683, a massive Ottoman army under the leadership of Kara Mustafa Pasha laid siege to Vienna and threatened Klosterneuburg. Most of the town and monastery escaped with the members of the imperial court, but two men—one priest and one lay brother—remained behind with

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3432-429: The planned construction. In 1768, the theological academy at the monastery was founded. The accession of Emperor Joseph II as Archduke of Austria in 1780 marked a change in the Empire's relationship with the Church. Inspired by the Age of Enlightenment , Joseph was anxious to reduce the power of the church, to relieve the peasantry of feudal burdens, and to remove restrictions on trade and knowledge. During this period,

3498-435: The residential wing, the south wing, and the west wing were finished by Neoclassical architect Joseph Kornhäusel from Vienna. Only two of the planned nine domes were completed. The main dome bears the imperial crown, and the smaller dome the archducal crown. In 1879, a major restoration project was initiated, according to plans by Friedrich von Schmidt . During this period, the vestry and choir chapel were erected, as well as

3564-413: The secular canons. Leopold sought to create an impressive but private monastery next to his residence. On 29 September 1136, the abbey church was consecrated after 22 years of construction. The form of that original basilica has survived for nine centuries, despite many subsequent modifications and reconstructions. Most likely the two side aisles had lofts, the middle aisle was most likely higher, and above

3630-480: The service of God (a direct parallel to the Old Testament Hannah , whose mothering of the judge and prophet Samuel followed an identical storyline). She prayed for her child to remain protected from Satan ( Shayṭān ) and Muslim tradition records a hadith , which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan", were Mary and Jesus . Henry II, Duke of Austria Henry II ( German : Heinrich ; 1107 – 13 January 1177), called Jasomirgott ,

3696-422: The south tower of the early-Gothic abbey church. It would take two centuries before the tower was completed in 1592. On 6 January 1485, Leopold III was canonized by Pope Innocent VIII . As a result, Klosterneuburg soon became an important pilgrimage site. Throughout the fifteenth century, the Augustinian canons had devoted themselves to humanistic studies and the sciences, especially geography and astronomy. During

3762-595: The theological program. In accordance with the social statute of the foundation issued in 2000, annually at least 10% of the profits generated in the commercial enterprises are used for social purposes. A known social project is the Concordia project by the Jesuit father Georg Sporschill, which helps almost 100 Romanian street children and supports the elderly in Moldova. Smaller campaigns such as child protection centers in India and Honduras, women's aid projects in Afghanistan or an eye clinic in South Sudan are also funded. Klosterneuburg has had 66 provosts in its history. With

3828-442: The time, Henry moved his Austrian residence to Vienna in 1145. Only by this act could Vienna surpass other cities within the duchy, such as Krems , Melk , and Klosterneuburg . Since then, it has remained the capital of the country. In addition, in 1147 the first St. Stephen's Church was completed, becoming a visible landmark for the city and showing its prominence. In 1155, Henry founded the Schottenstift monastery in Vienna, in

3894-493: The traditional diadem reserved for images of adult saints. Similar to Hispanic traditions, candies and cakes are popularly offered in the infant Virgin's honour, emphasizing her honorific title as La Dulce María or the Sweet Mary. On 27 December 2018, the House of Representatives of the Philippines officially approved bill #7856, in honor of the Virgin Mary's birthday for 8 September as a working holiday . On 13 August 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act 11370 ,

3960-430: The various wars of that period, especially the Ottoman sieges of Vienna in 1529 and 1679, the monastery suffered severe damage. In the sixteenth century, the Protestant Reformation posed another threat to the monastery, as its influence led to reduced numbers—at one point leaving the monastery in the care of only seven canons. The success of the Counter-Reformation during the seventeenth century strengthened and renewed

4026-399: The whole creation is jubilant on this special day because the birth of Mary is a joyful prelude to the gift of humanity's salvation. In France, Marymas is known as "Our Lady of the Grape Harvest" among the winegrowers. The best grapes are brought to the local church to be blessed and then some bunches are attached to the hands of the statue of Mary. A festive meal that includes the new grapes

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4092-458: Was carried away by a strong gust of wind. The area was searched, but the veil was not found. Years later, Leopold was out hunting when he became attracted by a brilliant radiance coming from the foliage of an elderbush. The source of the light was the undamaged veil, entangled in the foliage. From the light emerged a vision of the Virgin Mary, who directed Leopold to build a church and monastery in her honour at that location. In 1113, Leopold founded

4158-412: Was elevated by the marriage, which also brought with it a large dowry of royal possessions. Following his marriage, Leopold initiated plans to build a castle on Leopoldsberg for his new residence, which had formerly been at Gars am Kamp and Tulln an der Donau . He named the new castle Niwenburc . According to legend, Leopold was standing with his wife on the balcony of their new castle when Agnes' veil

4224-476: Was expected to stand as a candidate in the 1125 election as king of Germany ; nevertheless, he renounced in favour of his step-son (and Henry's half-brother), the Hohenstaufen duke Frederick II of Swabia , who eventually lost against Lothair of Supplinburg . Among Henry's younger brothers were Bishop Otto of Freising and Archbishop Conrad II of Salzburg . His sister Judith became the wife of Marquess William V of Montferrat . Henry's nickname, Jasomirgott ,

4290-400: Was first documented during the 13th century in the form of Jochsamergott , the meaning of which is unclear. According to popular etymology, it is derived from the Middle High German form of the oath joch sam mir got helfe (meaning: "Yes, so help me God"). When Margrave Leopold III died in 1136, he was succeeded by his third-born son Leopold IV , probably because Henry already administered

4356-403: Was sanctified in Saint Elizabeth 's womb according to the traditional interpretation of Luke 1:15 ). Devotion to the innocence of Mary under this Marian title is widely celebrated in many cultures across the globe in various prayers and hymns such as the Novena in Honor of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary . The Gospel of James , which was probably put into its final written form in

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