ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1 , part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries , dependent territories , and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric ), and are used most prominently for the Internet 's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They are also used as country identifiers extending the postal code when appropriate within the international postal system for paper mail, and have replaced the previous one consisting one-letter codes. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
34-469: KR is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and WMO country code for South Korea . KR or Kr may also refer to: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in different environments and are also part of other standards. In some cases they are not perfectly implemented. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are used in the following standards: Starting in 1985, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes have been used in
68-415: A different character set for "foreign" or graphics characters that would otherwise been restricted by the 128 codes available in 7 data bits. Even relatively "dumb" terminals responded to some escape sequences, including the original mechanical Teletype printers (on which "glass Teletypes" or VDUs were based) responded to characters 27 and 31 to alternate between letters and figures modes. An escape character
102-460: A four-letter alphabetic code, where the first two letters are the deleted alpha-2 code. Indeterminately reserved code elements are codes used to designate road vehicles under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic but differing from those contained in ISO 3166-1. These code elements are expected eventually to be either eliminated or replaced by code elements within ISO 3166-1. In
136-408: A part of data, as the escape sequence, the sender stops communication for one second before and after the +++ .) When the modem encounters this in a stream of data, it switches from its normal mode of operation, which simply sends any characters to the phone, to a command mode in which the following data is assumed to be a part of the command language. You can switch back to the online mode by sending
170-460: A particular user application of the standard but do not qualify for inclusion in ISO 3166-1. To avoid transitional application problems and to aid users who require specific additional code elements for the functioning of their coding systems, the ISO 3166/MA, when justified, reserves these codes which it undertakes not to use for other than specified purposes during a limited or indeterminate period of time. The reserved alpha-2 codes can be divided into
204-486: Is a complete list of the 249 current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, with the following columns: The United States Department of State uses the following user assigned alpha-2 codes for the nine territories, respectively, XB, XH, XQ, XU, XM, QM, XV, XL and QW. User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories, or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and
238-402: Is based on ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes, but includes a number of additional codes for international intellectual property organizations , which are currently reserved and not used at the present stage in ISO 3166-1. The European Commission generally uses ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes with two exceptions: EL (not GR ) is used to represent Greece , and UK (not GB ) is used to represent
272-438: Is included in ISO 3166-3 . Each entry is assigned a four-letter alphabetic code, where the first two letters are the deleted alpha-2 code. Escape code In computer science , an escape sequence is a combination of characters that has a meaning other than the literal characters contained therein; it is marked by one or more preceding (and possibly terminating) characters. When directed, this series of characters
306-400: Is not acceptable. Many modern programming languages specify the doublequote character ( " ) as a delimiter for a string literal. The backslash escape character typically provides ways to include doublequotes inside a string literal, such as by modifying the meaning of the doublequote character embedded in the string ( \" ), or by modifying the meaning of a sequence of characters including
340-492: Is subject to approval by the ISO 3166/MA. The following alpha-2 codes are currently exceptionally reserved: The following alpha-2 codes were previously exceptionally reserved, but are now officially assigned: Transitional reserved code elements are codes reserved after their deletion from ISO 3166-1. These codes may be used only during a transitional period of at least five years while new code elements that may have replaced them are taken into use. These codes may be reassigned by
374-485: Is used to change the state of computers and their attached peripheral devices, rather than to be displayed or printed as regular data bytes would be, these are also known as control sequences , reflecting their use in device control, beginning with the Control Sequence Initiator - originally the "escape character" ASCII code - character 27 (decimal) - often written "Esc" on keycaps . With
SECTION 10
#1732781037572408-566: Is usually assigned to the Esc key on a computer keyboard , and can be sent in other ways than as part of an escape sequence. For example, the Esc key may be used as an input character in editors such as vi , or for backing up one level in a menu in some applications. The Hewlett Packard HP 2640 terminals had a key for a "display functions" mode which would display graphics for all control characters, including Esc, to aid in debugging applications. If
442-640: The Domain Name System as country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority currently assigns the ccTLDs mostly following the alpha-2 codes, but with a few exceptions. For example, the United Kingdom , whose alpha-2 code is GB , uses .uk instead of .gb as its ccTLD, as UK is currently exceptionally reserved in ISO 3166-1 on the request of the United Kingdom. The WIPO coding standard ST.3
476-649: The United Kingdom . This notwithstanding, the Official Journal of the European Communities specified that GR and GB be used to represent Greece and United Kingdom respectively. For VAT administration purposes, the European Commission uses EL and GB for Greece and the United Kingdom respectively. The United Nations uses a combination of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes, along with codes that pre-date
510-502: The Esc key and other keys that send escape sequences are both supposed to be meaningful to an application, an ambiguity arises if a character terminal is in use. When the application receives the ASCII escape character, it is not clear whether that character is the result of the user pressing the Esc key or whether it is the initial character of an escape sequence (e.g., resulting from an arrow key press). The traditional method of resolving
544-487: The Eurasian Patent Organization; however, this request was not honoured by WIPO. Besides the codes currently transitionally reserved and two other codes currently exceptionally reserved ( FX for France, Metropolitan and SU for USSR ), the following alpha-2 codes have also been deleted from ISO 3166-1: For each deleted alpha-2 code, an entry for the corresponding former country name
578-402: The ISO 3166/MA after the expiration of the transitional period. The following alpha-2 codes are currently transitionally reserved: The following alpha-2 code was previously transitionally reserved, but was later reassigned to another country as its official code: For each deleted alpha-2 code, an entry for the corresponding former country name is included in ISO 3166-3 . Each entry is assigned
612-448: The ISO 3166/MA will never use these codes in the updating process of the standard. The following alpha-2 codes can be user-assigned: AA , QM to QZ , XA to XZ , and ZZ . For example: Furthermore, the code element OO is designated as an escape code if the number of regular user-assigned code elements is not sufficient. Reserved code elements are codes which have become obsolete, or are required in order to enable
646-638: The ISO 3166/MA will not use the following alpha-2 codes at the present stage, as they are used for international intellectual property organizations in WIPO Standard ST.3: WIPO Standard ST.3 actually uses EA , instead of EV , to represent the Eurasian Patent Organization . However, EA was already exceptionally reserved by the ISO 3166/MA to represent Ceuta and Melilla for customs purposes. The ISO 3166/MA proposed in 1995 that EV be used by WIPO to represent
680-602: The O command. The Hayes command set is modal , switching from command mode to online mode. This is not appropriate in the case where the commands and data will switch back and forth rapidly. An example of a non-modal escape sequence control language is the VT100 , which used a series of commands prefixed by a Control Sequence Introducer . A control character is a character that, in isolation, has some control function, such as carriage return (CR). Escape sequences, by contrast, consist of one or more escape characters which change
714-530: The US-ASCII escape character) and one or more other characters; after exiting the context where the control character would have caused an action, the sequence is recognized and replaced by the removed character. To transmit the "escape character" itself, two copies are sent. In many programming languages and command line interfaces escape sequences are used in character literals and string literals , to express characters which are not printable or clash with
SECTION 20
#1732781037572748-458: The ambiguity is to observe whether or not another character quickly follows the escape character. If not, it is assumed not to be part of an escape sequence. This heuristic can fail under some circumstances, especially without fast modern communication speeds. Escape sequences date back at least to the 1874 Baudot code . The Hayes command set , for instance, defines a single escape sequence, +++ . (In order to interpret +++ , which may be
782-449: The creation of ISO 3166, for international vehicle registration codes , which are codes used to identify the issuing country of a vehicle registration plate; some of these codes are currently indeterminately reserved in ISO 3166-1. IETF language tags (conforming to the BCP 47 standard track and maintained in an IANA registry) are also partially derived from ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes (for
816-471: The following four categories: exceptional reservations , transitional reservations , indeterminate reservations , and codes currently agreed not to use . Exceptionally reserved code elements are codes reserved at the request of national ISO member bodies, governments and international organizations, which are required in order to support a particular application, as specified by the requesting body and limited to such use; any further use of such code elements
850-469: The hexadecimal value of a doublequote character ( \x22 ). Both sequences encode a literal doublequote ( " ). In Perl or Python 2 produces a syntax error, whereas: produces the intended output. Another alternative: uses "\x" to indicate the following two characters are hexadecimal digits, "22" being the ASCII value for a doublequote in hexadecimal. C , C++ , Java , and Ruby all allow exactly
884-593: The interpretation of subsequent characters. The VT52 terminal used simple digraph commands like escape-A: in isolation, "A" simply meant the letter "A", but as part of the escape sequence "escape-A", it had a different meaning. The VT52 also supported parameters: it was not a straightforward control language encoded as substitution. The later VT100 terminal implemented the more sophisticated ANSI escape sequences standard (now ECMA-48) for functions such as controlling cursor movement, character set, and display enhancements. The Hewlett Packard HP 2640 series had perhaps
918-599: The introduction of ANSI terminals most escape sequences began with the two characters "ESC" then "[" or a specially-allocated CSI character with a code 155 (decimal). Not all control sequences used an escape character; for example: Escape sequences in communications are commonly used when a computer and a peripheral have only a single channel through which to send information back and forth (so escape sequences are an example of in-band signaling ). They were common when most dumb terminals used ASCII with 7 data bits for communication, and sometimes would be used to switch to
952-472: The latter is in the use of the caret ( ^ ). E.g. this outputs "You can do so via Cut&Paste" in CMD . (otherwise, the ampersand has a restricted use) A common use of escape sequences is in fact to remove control characters found in a binary data stream so that they will not cause their control function by mistake. In this case, the control character is replaced by a defined "escape character" (which need not be
986-497: The meantime, the ISO 3166/MA has reserved such code elements for an indeterminate period. Any use beyond the application of the two Conventions is discouraged and will not be approved by the ISO 3166/MA. Moreover, these codes may be reassigned by the ISO 3166/MA at any time. The following alpha-2 codes are currently indeterminately reserved: The following alpha-2 codes were previously indeterminately reserved, but have been reassigned to another country as its official code: In addition,
1020-573: The most elaborate escape sequences for block and character modes, programming keys and their soft labels, graphics vectors, and even saving data to tape or disk files. A utility, ANSI.SYS , can be used to enable the interpreting of the ANSI (ECMA-48) terminal escape sequences under DOS (by using $ e in the PROMPT command) or in command windows in 16-bit Windows . The rise of GUI applications, which directly write to display cards, has greatly reduced
1054-439: The new preferred subtags, or kept as subtags grouping several countries. Some other region grouping subtags are derived from other standards. Under the newer stability policies, old assigned codes that have been withdrawn from ISO 3166-1 should no longer be reassigned to another country or territory (as has occurred in the past for "CS"). The following is a colour-coded decoding table of all ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes. The following
KR - Misplaced Pages Continue
1088-454: The region subtags). The full list of ISO 3166-1 codes assigned to countries and territories are usable as region subtags. Also, the "exceptionally reserved" alpha-2 codes defined in ISO 3166-1 (with the exception of UK ) are also usable as region subtags for language tags. However, newer stability policies (agreed with ISO) have been implemented to avoid deleting subtags that have been withdrawn in ISO 3166-1; instead they are kept and aliased to
1122-486: The syntax of characters or strings. For example, control characters themselves might not be allowed to be placed in the program coded by the editor program, or may have undesirable side-effects if typed into a command. The end-of-quote character is also a problem for programmers that can be solved by escaping it. In most contexts the escape character is the backslash (" \ "). For example, the single quotation mark character might be expressed as '\'' since writing '''
1156-512: The usage of escape sequences on Microsoft platforms, but they can still be used to create interactive random-access character-based screen interfaces with the character-based library routines such as printf without resorting to a GUI program. The default text terminal, and text windows (such as using xterm ) respond to ANSI escape sequences. When an escape character is needed within the quoted/escaped string, there are two strategies used within programming and scripting languages: An example of
#571428