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55-451: Krunski Venac is located along the Krunska street after which the neighborhood got its name (Serbian for "coronation street"), in the northern part of Vračar, stretches to the neighborhood of Kalenić . At the corner of modern Krunska and Kneza Miloša streets, Jevrem Obrenović , brother of the ruling prince Miloš Obrenović , built the large house in the first half of the 19th century, and

110-439: A range of homemade baked goods, pickles, jams and fruit preserves. Concentrated in the centre and along one far wall are self-contained shops selling all types of meats (fresh and smoked) and fish; tucked in among these is a healthfood store well-stocked with everything from soymilk to organic tofu and dried seaweed. Imported condiments, sauces and chocolate drink mixes can also be found. Kalenić features much more than just food:

165-516: A roof-mounted fixed unit skylight element, condensing sunlight, distributed by a light conveying optic conduit to a light diffusing element. Being small in diameter, they can be used for daylighting smaller spaces such as hallways , and bounce light in darker corners of spaces. TDDs harvest daylight through a roof-mounted dome with diameters ranging from about 10 inches for residential applications to 22 inches for commercial buildings. Made from acrylic or polycarbonate formulated to block ultraviolet rays,

220-447: A roof. A fixed skylight consists of a structural perimeter frame supporting glazing infill (the light-transmitting portion, which is made primarily of glass or plastic). A fixed skylight is non-operable, meaning there is no ventilation. An operable (venting) unit skylight uses a hinged sash attached to and supported by the frame. When within reach of the occupants, this type is also called a roof window. A retractable skylight rolls (on

275-408: A set of tracks) off the frame, so that the interior of the facility is entirely open to the outdoors, i.e., not impeded by a hinged skylight. The terms retractable skylight and retractable roof are often used interchangeably, though skylight implies a degree of transparency. Active daylighting uses a tubular daylighting device (TDD). Solar tubes, sun tunnels, or tubular skylights consist of

330-443: A vast range of fresh-cut flowers and potted plants are concentrated near a secondary entrance; new sleepwear, socks and underwear are sold at stalls which also carry second-hand shoes, sweaters and furs; antique housewares are dotted throughout the market, as are religious candles and Orthodox icons; batteries, laundry soap, lightbulbs, replacement vacuum bags, inexpensive pots and pans line another of its interior walls. It also features

385-642: A year later. Sabo perished in Holocaust and the restaurant was nationalized. In May 2018, during the Restitution Law, the ownership of the Kalenić was transferred to the Belgrade's Jewish municipality, as Sabo had no living descendants. As Kalenić is today one of the famous Belgrade kafanas and is considered a "symbol of Vračar", Jewish community stated that the kafana will continue to work. Kalenić

440-504: Is a busy commercial and residential area, a commercial and administrative center of the municipality as the building of the Municipal Assembly of Vračar is also located here. It is also one of the main traffic routes in the city, but as the neighborhood is older one, the streets are mostly narrow which causes traffic jams on daily basis (streets of Maksima Gorkog , Golsvordijeva , Krunska , etc.). For several decades, Kalenić

495-519: Is a disadvantage for comparing and choosing skylights with plastic glazing. Acrylic is the most common plastic glazing used for dome skylights. However, Polycarbonate and Copolyester materials are also used as glazing, where additional properties such as impact resistance may be required. NFRC: rating for visible transmittance U-factor: expresses the heat loss performance of any building assembly. SHGC–Solar Heat Gain Coefficient: measures

550-535: Is located 2 kilometers south-east of downtown Belgrade ( Terazije ), on the northern slopes of the Vračar hill. It extends into the neighborhoods of Čubura on the south, Crveni Krst on the east, Vukov Spomenik on the north and Krunski Venac on the west, in the direction of Cvetni Trg . Industrialist Milan Vapa founded the first paper mill in Belgrade in 1905, at the corner of Vuka Karadžića Street and Topličin Venac in

605-757: Is more important, and higher SHGC can be justified. In selection of skylights, a balance is sought between low U-factor and optimal SHGC values, while preserving enough daylight supply to minimize artificial light use. Automatic light sensing controls for electric lighting maximize energy savings. A study concluded that students have significantly higher test scores in classrooms that optimize daylighting, than classrooms that do not. Other studies show that daylight positively affects physiological and psychological well-being, which can increase productivity in many contexts, such as sales in retail spaces. In terms of cost savings, U.S. DOE reported that many commercial buildings can reduce total energy costs by up to one-third through

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660-475: Is planned to include complete roofing of the market, restoration and expansion of the Njegoševa Gate, refurbishment of the plateau and four drinking fountains, and construction of gastro-block, where food will be prepared and served. The Maksima Gorkog Gate will be relocated, to allow the planned expansion of the street. The outer Plateau of Soja Jovanović will also be reworked, with cascade-like stairs, though it

715-640: Is three to ten times more efficient than sidelighting. Many recent advances in both glass and plastic infill systems have greatly benefited all skylight types. Some advances increase thermal performance, some are focused on preserving and utilizing daylight potential, and some are designed to enhance strength, durability, fire resistance and other performance measures. Contemporary skylights using glass infill (windows) typically use sealed insulating glass units (IGU) made with two panes of glass. These types of products are NFRC-ratable for visible transmittance. Assemblies with three panes can sometimes be cost-justified in

770-606: The Industrial Revolution , when advances in glass manufacturing made them practical. Since the mid-20th century, mass production of skylights has brought them to many more uses and contexts. Energy conservation has brought new motivation for installing skylights, design innovations (including options in light transmission), and skylight efficiency ratings. Skylighting types include roof windows , unit skylights, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), sloped glazing, and custom skylights. Uses include: An unglazed hole in

825-616: The Saint Ladislav Chapel in 1925-1926, which functioned as the temporary cathedral of the Archdiocese since 1924. Proper Roman Catholic cathedral in Belgrade, after continuous failed offering of various locations during the Interbellum , was ultimately never built. In 1943, as part of the strategic bombing campaign within the scopes of the oil campaign against Nazi Germany , the U.S. began massive bombardment of

880-425: The Saint Ladislav Chapel in 1925-1926, which since 1924 functioned as the temporary cathedral of the Archdiocese. Proper Roman Catholic cathedral in Belgrade, after continuous failed offering of various locations during the Interbellum , was ultimately never built. A monument to vojvoda Petar Bojović was placed in the park, today called after him, in 1993. The bust is work of Drinka Radovanović . The monument

935-472: The Germans didn't try to stop them so they became sort of public swimming pools. The pools were ultimately re-filled by 1950. In 1993, a monument to vojvoda Petar Bojović was placed in the park bearing his name. The bust is work of Drinka Radovanović . It was fully renovated in 2020. A kafana named Kalenić is located in the neighborhood. It was open in 1938 and purchased by an engineer Adolf Sabo

990-640: The Krunska, there was a House of Pera Velimirović, built in 1908. Two-floor house was designed by Jovan Ilkić for prime minister Petar Velimirović . Despite the house was placed under the preliminary protection as the future cultural monument, it was demolished in June 2020 by the private investors. Public and architects were outraged, director the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments claimed that

1045-648: The Njegoševa Street, was built during Interbellum. It is made of brick, with wooden roof. The other one, from the Maksima Gorkog Street, was built later. The main recognizable feature of the market were yellow bricks from which it was originally built. It is one of the most vibrant, popular open-air markets in Belgrade, and sees hundreds of shoppers each day. Stalls are roughly grouped according to their wares, and primarily feature locally-produced seasonal fruits , vegetables , artisanal cheeses , and

1100-615: The area of Krunski Venac. From 1900 to 1903 the street was named after queen Draga . In 1920, the Society for the Construction of Catholic Church in Belgrade was founded. Since 1924 it has been headed by the archbishop of Belgrade Ivan Rafael Rodić who organized numerous charity gatherings to collect funds for the future Roman Catholic cathedral in Belgrade. City administration donated the parcel in Krunski Venac, bounded by

1155-444: The assembly's transfer of heat from outside to inside that is caused by sunlight. These properties are labeled in the U.S. as a decimal between zero and one, with lower numbers indicating lower heat transfer rates. Depending on the geographic region, optimal U-factor and SHGC performance will vary. In the sunny southern climate zones, a lower SHGC is more important than lower U-factor. In the cooler northern climate zones, lower U-factor

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1210-488: The capital during Interbellum, but also of the certain style of living of its residents." Kaleni%C4%87 (Belgrade) Kalenić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Каленић, Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [kǎle̞nit͡ɕ] ) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade , the capital of Serbia . It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Vračar , centered on the Kalenić market, one of the main open greenmarkets in Belgrade. Kalenić

1265-483: The city which are docile units, and which can't resist the pressures from the investors. In the Topolska Street, someone is trying to capitalize on the ambient fineness by constructing the buildings which kill that very fineness". Deputy mayor Goran Vesić said that he supports the motion for preserving the old neighborhood. Still, the demolition began. In September 2018, the 1927 villa, designed by Milan Štangl,

1320-569: The city, further from the downtown: Zeleni Venac , Kalenić, Bajloni and Jovanova market. Originally it covered only 500 m (5,400 sq ft), but it grew in time. During the German occupation in World War II , as the food became scarce, city administration parceled the market's lot into gardens, and awarded the parcels to its clerks and other employees to grow vegetables and other food. The market has two main entry gates. One, from

1375-464: The coldest climate zones, but they lose some light by adding the third layer of glass. Glass units typically include at least one low emissivity (Low-E) coating applied to one or more glass surfaces to reduce the U-factor and especially SHGC by suppressing radiant heat flow. Many varieties of Low-E coatings also reduce daylight potential to different degrees. High purity inert gas is frequently used in

1430-404: The criticism in an offensive manner. Some of the architects joined the criticism, saying that the rows of a new, black tin shops which encircle the market, resemble the funeral homes . The reconstruction was labeled as the "pinnacle of a mess, chaos, lack of taste and functionality" in the "devastation of Vračar ". In May 2021, city announced further works in total of five phases. Reconstruction

1485-560: The design of the fountain with the famed US stained glass artist Louis Comfort Tiffany . On the corner with the Braće Nedić street, one of the "most elegant" buildings in Belgrade was built in 1923/1924, with the purpose of being the largest and the most modern privately owned health institute in the Balkans . During the heavy " Easter bombing " of Belgrade by the Allies on 16 April 1944.

1540-490: The dome captures and redirects light rays into an aluminum tubing system that resembles ductwork. Sloped glazing differs from other "skylights" in that one assembly contains multiple infill panels in a framing system, usually designed for a specific project and installed in sections on site. Pavement lights are walk-on skylights. They are set into sidewalks, open areas, and well-lit interior floors as laylights . Prism lights are sometimes used as skylights; they redirect

1595-481: The eastern section of the neighborhood (around the streets of Topolska, Petrovgradska and Vojvode Dragomira) and construction of several highrise buildings in the area. Inhabitants of Vračar organized, protesting against the project and stressing the necessity of preserving such refined ambient entireties. Architect Bojan Kovačević, president of the Serbian Academy of Architecture, said that "there are parts of

1650-468: The entire block bounded by the Krunska, Smiljanićeva, Kneginje Zorke and Njegoševa street. It covers 1.8 ha (4.4 acres). Demolition of the old buildings, including the Museum of Natural History, was planned, which were to be replaced with the modern, much higher residential-commercial buildings. After strong negative public, experts' and political reaction, only few days later city administration abandoned

1705-456: The gauntlet of pet stalls selling puppies, rabbits , small birds , fish and turtles out front. High-quality Serbian fast food shops ring its outer wall. The market was scheduled to be reconstructed and remodeled in Spring 2008 with completion in early 2009. The redevelopment will create Belgrade's second high quality market with closed and open areas and extended facilities. During the works

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1760-466: The hospital was hit and over 50 people were killed, including 22 mothers and 22 newborns, several visiting family members and several medical workers. Since the mid 1950s the "Institute for the student's health protection Belgrade" has been located in the building, which is colloquially known as the Students' polyclinic . Memorial plaque for the 1944 event was dedicated on 16 May 2017. In February 2021,

1815-465: The investors had no green light to do it, other members of the Institute stated that the director issued the permit for demolition on her own breaking the law, but the building was leveled to the ground anyway to make room for the generic commercial building. In December, the same investor demolished another, even older house from the 19th century, on the lot adjoined to the already demolished building. In September 2020, city announced plan for tearing down

1870-595: The later famous kafana Tri lista duvana ("Three tobacco leaves") was opened on the corner of the Kneza Miloša street and Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra . A bit later, the first telephone exchange in Belgrade was installed in the venue. One of the best preserved sections of "Old Belgrade", Krunska Street is considered to be one of the most distinguished areas in Belgrade, after the Civil Engineering Law from 1900 allowed only villa-type houses to be built in

1925-705: The light passing through. Solar architecture means designing buildings to use the sun's heat and light to maximum advantage and minimum disadvantage, especially in the sense of harnessing solar power. Skylights are widely used in designing daylighting for residential, public, and commercial buildings. Increased daylighting can result in less electrical lighting use and smaller sized window glazing (sidelighting), saving energy, lowering costs, and reducing environmental impacts. Daylighting can cut lighting energy use in some buildings by up to 80%. Toplighting (skylights) works well with sidelighting (windows) to maximize daylighting: Even on overcast days, toplighting from skylights

1980-688: The local heritage organizations, and celebrities and public figures grew by the end of 2021, pressuring the government to stop dragging the decision on extending protection to the entire Krunski Venac area. The motion was held by the government for months. Despite the protection, construction in Topolska continued, while in August 2022 city restored the plan for the demolition in the Krunska-Smiljanićeva-Kneginje Zorke-Njegoševa section, and construction of higher buildings. The plan

2035-425: The lot, bounded by the streets of Kičevska, Mileševska and Sinđelićeva, roughly where the modern Park Vojvoda Petar Bojović is today. The Archdiocese was quite satisfied with the location of the parcel, but the problem of ownership surfaced. The city donated the land which it didn't officially own, so the plans failed, followed by the severe protests by both the Society and the Archdiocese. Funds were then used to expand

2090-418: The market will be relocated to a park alongside the present site. However, full reconstruction began only on 26 March 2016. It was projected to consist of 4 phases and to last for 2 years. The idea of covering the market, either with the roof or glass, was abandoned. But by 2017 citizens showed dislike of the changes and pointed to the poor quality of the works. In October 2017, city company publicly addressed

2145-416: The name. The green market, built in 1926, also bears his name, so as the neighboring Kalenićeva Street. The Society for the Construction of Catholic Church in Belgrade was established in 1920. It has been headed by the archbishop of Belgrade Ivan Rafael Rodić from 1924, who organized various charity gatherings to gather funds for the future Roman Catholic cathedral in Belgrade. City administration donated

2200-548: The neighborhood of Kosančićev Venac . In 1907 he relocated it to Kalenić. He moved his business again in the new cardboard factory, built from 1921 to 1924, in Bara Venecija ( Cardboard Factory of Milan Vapa  [ sr ] ). The area became known as the Kalenića gumno (Kalenić's threshing floor ), as it historically served this purpose. The lot was later purchased by the magnate and benefactor Vlajko Kalenić, hence

2255-489: The new master plan by the Ministry of Health envisioned abolishment of the student polyclinics, and their annexation to the regular, community healthcare centers . Negative backlash, both by the citizens who rejected an instant influx of 100,000 new patients into the regular healthcare system which is overstretched as it is, and by the students, resulted in the petition of 35,000 signatories in only two days, and protests by

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2310-537: The oil fields and refineries in Romania, known as the Operation Tidal Wave campaign. On their return, as Belgrade was important strategic point, the bombers threw their unused bombs on the city. German occupational forces dug several pools across the city to storage water for extinguishing the fires. One of such pools was built close to the market. In time, citizens began to use the pools for swimming and

2365-563: The plans. City then suggested to the government to protect this specific block, which the government did in April 2021, declaring this part of Krunski Venac a spatial cultural-historical unit . The neighborhood was described as specific, with authentic appearance of ground floor houses, which were built at the same time (early 20th century) and in the same style. As such, they make a "harmonious ambiance and priceless heritage and testament" in development of Belgrade. Number of appeals and pressure by

2420-632: The space(s) between panes, and advances in thermally efficient glass spacing and supporting elements can further improve thermal performance of glass-glazed skylight assemblies. Plastic glazing infill is commonly used in many skylights and TDDs. These assemblies typically contain thermally formed domes, but molded shapes are not uncommon. Domed skylights are typically used on low slope roofs. The dome shape allows for shedding of water and burning embers. Plastics used in skylights are UV stabilized and may feature other advances to improve thermal properties. Lack of accepted standards for measuring light transmittance

2475-481: The spacious flower garden. Kept by his wife Tomanija, it was considered the most beautiful private garden in Belgrade at the time. The plants were imported from Turkey, Wallachia , Austria and France. In time, the area became known among the Belgraders as the "Corner at Mrs. Tomanija". The residence itself became the center of the cultural events in the city and one of the most visited houses in Belgrade. In 1880s,

2530-413: The streets of Kičevska, Mileševska and Sinđelićeva, or roughly where the modern Park Vojvoda Petar Bojović is today. The Archdiocese was very satisfied with the location of the land lot, however the problem of ownership surfaced. The city donated the lot which he didn't officially own, so the plans failed, causing severe protests by both the Society and the Archdiocese. Collected money was then used to expand

2585-419: The streets of Topolska, Petrogradska, Krunska, Vojvode Dragomira and sections of Mileševska, Maksima Gorkog and Novopazarska. The area was described as the "part of the wider city center, mostly residential, which was formed in the first decades of the 20th century. The area and the individual buildings have cultural, historical and architectural values, as testament of the urban, economic and social development of

2640-503: The students in front of the ministry building. Minister Zlatibor Lončar verbally clashed with the students accusing them of being political, but both he and the prime minister Ana Brnabić then announced that the plan will not be implemented and that students medical centers will remain as they were. The neighborhood was placed under the legal protection in May 2021 as one of Belgrade's spatial cultural-historical units. Protected area includes

2695-410: The summer and fall of 2021. It was disclosed that the investor had no permits for the various adaptations and additions, including the construction of elevator shaft in the building's skylight . Several inspections ordered halting of the works and restoration of previous appearance, but the investor ignored them and street protests of the neighbors continued. At Resavska 25, just below the crossing with

2750-460: Was administratively organized as a local community ( mesna zajednica ), a sub-municipal administrative unit within Vračar. It had a population of 7,442 in 1981 and 6,815 in 1991. Kalenić market or Kalenićeva pijaca ( Serbian : Каленићева пијаца ) was founded in 1926. That year, the central city market, the Great Market, was finally closed and city founded several new markets throughout

2805-566: Was already reconstructed in May 2021. Skylight A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight ) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transparent or translucent glass, that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for daylighting and ventilation purposes. Open skylights were used in Ancient Roman architecture , such as the oculus of the Pantheon . Glazed 'closed' skylights have been in use since

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2860-515: Was demolished. It was considered one of the earliest representatives of the moderna in Belgrade. It was demolished to make way for a residential building. Only after it was demolished, the city decided to draft the detailed regulatory plan for the eastern section of the neighborhood which stipulates that the façades of the new buildings must be in accordance with the "ambient unit" of the neighborhood, and can't have modern glass-like façades, for example. The villa continued to make headlines, including

2915-466: Was fully renovated in 2020. The name of the neighbourhood, just like the adjoining Grantovac , later fell into obscurity and is not used much today. One of the rare official usage is for one of the exchanges of Telekom Srbija , until it resurfaced in the late 2010s in the media, regarding demolitions in the neighborhood. In August 2018 part of the neighborhood was placed under the protection. Concurrently, private investors announced partial demolition of

2970-483: Was opened for public insight but was abruptly withdrawn the next day. In February 2023, the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments declared another villa purchased by the investors, at 18 Petrogradska Street, of having absolutely no value, and that it can be demolished to make way for a modern three-storey building. The Nikola Tesla Museum is located in the neighbourhood. On 12 July 2007, Tesla's fountain

3025-406: Was opened on a lawn outside the Museum, marking the 115th anniversary of the "Belgrade Waterworks", the city's official plumbing and sewage company. It was made after the original project of Nikola Tesla, patented in 1913, using a pump which uses very little electricity. It took 25 years for researchers to fully understand Tesla's idea and create a fountain like this. At the time, Tesla collaborated on

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