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100-496: The publication of the HUD reports in the US in 1968 led to a wave of developments in the mass transit world. Dozens of companies around the world started development of AGT systems from large to small, hoping to cash in on what was predicted to be an enormous buildout of AGT systems. The majority of these systems were essentially smaller versions of rubber-wheeled metros, sometimes operating as

200-414: A Traffic Management Unit (TMU), located in the apron control tower at Terminal 1, to control the movement of aircraft and other airport traffic on the ground. The main air traffic control tower at Toronto Pearson is located within the infield operations area of the airport. The airfield maintenance unit is responsible for general maintenance and repairs at Toronto Pearson. During the winter months,

300-466: A 25-minute travel time to Union Station, the busiest intermodal transportation facility in Canada. Union Station offers connections to numerous GO Transit regional rail and bus services as well as inter-city rail links on Via Rail 's Quebec City–Windsor Corridor . Combined UP Express and inter-city tickets may be purchased from VIA Rail. The UP Express operates daily between 5:27 am and 12:57 am of

400-483: A Toronto Airport Detachment at Pearson Airport, which provides federal law enforcement services. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) is responsible for security screening procedures at Pearson Airport. Other government agencies with security operations at Pearson include the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC),

500-518: A capacity of 30 million passengers annually and Terminal 3 has a capacity of 17 million passengers annually. A third public terminal, the Infield Concourse (IFC), currently acts as an extension of Terminal 3 providing additional bridged gates . The old Terminal 1 (originally known as Aeroquay One) was demolished in 2004 after the first phase of new Terminal 1 opened. Terminal 2 was permanently closed and demolished in 2007 to make way for

600-629: A common use cargo apron , vehicle parking, and a truck maneuvering area. A four-lane vehicle tunnel connects the Infield Cargo Area to the passenger terminal area of the airport. The Cargo East facility (also known as the VISTA cargo area) is located north of Terminal 3. The VISTA cargo area is a multi-tenant facility of several buildings organized in a U-shape, with 29,500 square metres (318,000 sq ft) of warehouse space and an adjacent common-use cargo apron. The Cargo North facility

700-408: A harsh ride, quite the opposite of early predictions. The noise was due to the interaction of the linear motor and the plates of metal it reacted against (the "reaction rail"). The magnetic fields were so strong that they caused the plates to vibrate at 50 Hz (he standard European power frequency) which caused a loud humming sound that riders found distracting. The harsh ride was primarily blamed on

800-690: A hub for cargo airline FedEx Express , and as a base of operations for Air Transat and Sunwing Airlines . Toronto Pearson is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) as part of Transport Canada 's National Airports System . The airport also maintains facilities for United States border preclearance . An extensive network of non-stop domestic flights is operated from Toronto Pearson by several airlines to all major and many secondary cities across all provinces and territories of Canada . Since 2014, over 75 airlines operated around 1,250 daily departures from

900-603: A location to film major motion pictures and television productions . Skyservice FBO operates an 800-square-metre (8,611 sq ft) private VIP terminal at Toronto Pearson on Midfield Road in the infield area of the airport. The terminal handles most private aircraft arriving and departing at Toronto Pearson, providing passenger services that include a 24/7 concierge , private customs and immigration facilities, personalized catering, showers, direct handling of baggage, and VIP ground transportation services. Toronto Pearson has five runways , three of which are aligned in

1000-454: A rapid and extensive development project, amounting to $ 980 million. They outlined three areas for research, the "dial-a-bus" system using small buses and on-demand service, "dial-a-taxi" using automated car-like vehicles, and dual-mode systems that allowed these two classes of vehicles to ride on dedicated rights-of-way for longer distances and higher speeds. In order to test these concepts, the reports suggested that two new facilities be created,

1100-461: A result of Section 6(b), a series of seventeen $ 500,000 study contracts were handed out starting in 1966. The reports were finished in late 1967 and released in spring 1968. Among the many studies were conceptual designs of moving sidewalk systems, improvements to conventional rail and road systems, and a variety of other transport options. The reports were summarized by William Merritt and published in 1968 as Tomorrow's Transportation: New Systems for

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1200-484: A result there was a flight of capital from the downtown areas, leading to widespread and rapid urban decay . The creation of the federally funded Interstate Highway System fed into this evolution, and by the early 1960s there was increasing political pressure to do something about the problem - if federal funding created the problem, it should solve it too. A bill was proposed in 1960 to provide federal assistance for mass transportation projects, but never made it out of

1300-639: A series of foreign companies starting their own projects, as the PRT field was clearly the "next big thing". By the early 1970s there were about a dozen development efforts underway in the U.S., about half that in Japan, three in Germany, two in France and one in Canada. On 21 January 1972, during his budget introduction, President Nixon announced a program to develop PRT systems. He noted that "If we can send three men to

1400-700: A single car, but often in small trains. On the simpler end were systems like the Vought Airtrans and Bendix Dashaveyor , while more complex systems include the Alden staRRcar and Cabinentaxi which were true personal rapid transit systems (PRTs). By the early 1970s many of these systems were developed to the point of being ready for deployment. In an effort to drum up business, the Urban Mass Transit Administration provided $ 1.5 million to four companies to bring their systems to

1500-479: A site that covers 1,867 hectares (4,613 acres). Pearson is the largest and busiest airport in Canada , handling 44.8 million passengers in 2023. As of 2019, it was the second-busiest international air passenger gateway in North America and the 24th-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic. Toronto Pearson is the primary hub for Air Canada . It also serves as a focus city for WestJet ,

1600-583: A wide variety of loading conditions, with thousands of vehicles operating at headways (the distance-time between like vehicles in transit) of .06 seconds at speeds up to 60 mph. Their study also strongly supported the idea of low-passenger, short-headway PRT systems. Within months of the HUD reports being published, the UMTA was flooded with requests from the companies involved to gain further funding in order to develop some of their ideas into prototype systems. This

1700-529: A widespread interest in PRT systems. The approximately 100-page report "Tomorrow's Transportation-" examines and explains these new concepts and suggests three areas for development (numbers and bold added, and paraphrased): 1. "True" PRT systems using small automated car-like vehicles. 2. Dual-mode systems using conventional buses and hybrid cars . 3. Palleted systems that would allow conventional cars and buses to drive on and off automated railways for service within urban cores. In all three cases,

1800-451: Is a 178,000-square-metre (1,916,000 sq ft) facility designed by B+H Architects and Scott Associates Architects Inc. Originally, Terminal 3 was a major tenant for Canadian Airlines (defunct since 2001). Today, the terminal serves as a hub for Porter Airlines and WestJet , a focus city for Air Transat , and an operating base for Flair Airlines and Sunwing Airlines — all of which are unaffiliated with any airline alliance. It

1900-456: Is also used by all foreign SkyTeam (except ITA Airways ) and Oneworld airlines that serve Pearson Airport, along with Biman Bangladesh Airlines , Etihad Airways , Pakistan International Airlines , Philippine Airlines and all other airlines that are unaffiliated with an airline alliance (except Air North and Emirates ). Terminal 3 has 46 gates. A five-level parking garage with 3,800 public parking spaces (including 600 rental car spaces)

2000-676: Is located and hence the IATA code for Pearson Airport is YYZ. The telegraph station in Toronto itself was coded TZ, which is why Toronto's smaller Billy Bishop Airport is coded YTZ. Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active public terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. Both terminals are designed to handle all three sectors of travel (domestic, transborder, and international), which results in terminal operations at Toronto Pearson being grouped for airlines and airline alliances , rather than for domestic and international routes. Terminal 1 has

2100-574: Is located directly across from the terminal along with Sheraton Hotel, both of which are connected to Terminal 3 by an elevated pedestrian walkway. Since June 2018, the GTAA has used the Infield Terminal to act as an extension of Terminal 3 to provide additional bridged gates . Passengers on flights arriving or departing from gates at the Infield Terminal are transported by bus to/from Terminal 3. American Airlines has an Admirals Club in

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2200-724: Is named in honour of Lester B. Pearson , who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Canada (1963–1968) and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his humanitarian work in peacekeeping. Toronto Pearson is located 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi) northwest of Downtown Toronto with the majority of the airport situated in Mississauga and a small portion of the airfield, along Silver Dart Drive north of Renforth Drive, extending into Toronto's western district of Etobicoke . It has five runways and two passenger terminals along with numerous cargo and maintenance facilities on

2300-480: Is the Canadian hub for FedEx Express . The site occupies an area on the north side of the airport near runway 05/23 and is home to two buildings operated exclusively by FedEx with 32,100 square metres (346,000 sq ft) of warehouse space and a dedicated cargo apron. The Peel Regional Police is the primary law enforcement agency at Pearson Airport. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) also maintain

2400-460: Is the largest airport terminal in Canada and the 12th largest in the world by floor space. Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Pearson Airport are based at Terminal 1 under the "Move under One Roof" policy. SkyTeam carrier ITA Airways and non-alliance carriers Air North , and Emirates also use Terminal 1. Sunwing Airlines previously had its base at Terminal 1 until it moved to Terminal 3 on May 1, 2016. Terminal 1

2500-425: Is the largest in the world, servicing over 10,500 aircraft each winter. The six de-icing bays, covering a total area of 24 hectares (60 acres), can handle 12 aircraft simultaneously and take between 2 and 19 minutes to de-ice each aircraft dependent on factors such as active weather and aircraft specifications. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) Fire and Emergency Service maintains three stations at

2600-580: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), and Transport Canada . In addition, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) from the United States also conduct operations at the airport to facilitate United States border preclearance . Pearson Airport has seven aircraft maintenance hangars , operated by Air Canada, Air Transat, WestJet, and

2700-503: The GTAA retained plans to reactivate the IFC for regular operations whenever necessary to accommodate seasonal or overflow demand. The terminal was substantially renovated in late 2015 to serve as a dedicated terminal for incoming government-sponsored refugees of the Syrian civil war . Further renovations were completed at the Infield Concourse in early 2018 and on June 5, 2018, the terminal

2800-529: The Morgantown PRT in West Virginia . By the late 1950s it was becoming clear to urban planners that something was seriously wrong with the major cities in the U.S. The rapid increase in automobile ownership in the post-war period was providing citizens with unprecedented mobility, allowing them to leave the cities for housing in the newly created subdivisions at ever increasing distances. As

2900-568: The Transpo '72 show in Washington, DC where they were arranged as the central exhibit. Expecting numerous orders to follow, both the companies and Congress were dismayed to find a lack of interest on the part of city planners, for whom the systems had been designed and funded. This was generally blamed on the hesitations on the part of the mayors to deploy a system that was not already in use elsewhere. Krauss-Maffei (K-M) started development of

3000-611: The United States House of Representatives . After the election of John F. Kennedy as president in 1961, the bill was re-introduced as part of a larger urban housing bill. This time it passed, and was signed into law on 30 June 1961. In 1962 Kennedy guided Congress to investigate transit issues. He stated that "To conserve and enhance values in existing urban areas is essential. But at least as important are steps to promote economic efficiency and livability in areas of future development. Our national welfare therefore requires

3100-490: The Vietnam War . So, in spite of an apparent lack of technical interest within the new administration, a series of development contracts followed, leading to a series of prototype systems from aviation firms across the country. Not to be outdone, General Motors and Ford both started work on their own systems, hoping to avoid being locked out of what was apparently the start of a huge series of installations. This led to

Krauss-Maffei Transurban - Misplaced Pages Continue

3200-426: The "Urban Transportation Information Center", a clearing house of transit data, and the "Urban Transportation Test Center" that would offer companies a government-funded testing facility to run their experimental systems. These HUD reports were one of the first times that the concept of personal rapid transit (PRT) was introduced to a wide audience. Although there was some small-scale experimentation with PRTs since

3300-527: The 1950s, most of it remained on paper. One of the studies in the HUD collection was run by the General Research Corporation (GRC) and suggested that PRT systems were needed with some immediacy. The GRC study examined four cities ; Boston as an example of a large transit-oriented city, Houston as a large auto-oriented city, Hartford as a small transit-oriented city, and Tucson as a small auto-oriented city. They showed that, with

3400-526: The CNE closed for the 1974 season. Concrete pilings were poured and some of the support pillars mounted and everything was looking good for the promised opening in time for the 1975 CNE season. However, the test system in Germany failed when the vehicles rounded bends in the track, and fixes were not immediately obvious. Ontario provincial officials cancelled their visits while the West German government pondered

3500-722: The Domestic, International and Transborder zones, with the Signature Suite being in the International Zone. In addition to the eight lounges, Air Canada operates the Air Canada Cafe, in which premium passengers have the ability to enter the café to get premium coffee, tea and grab-and-go snacks. In the domestic section of the arrivals level, there are some retailers both before and after security checkpoints, such as 7-Eleven (convenience goods), which

3600-472: The GO-Urban system, and development ended. During the period of negotiations, several technical issues had cropped up too. The system used a complex system of mechanical switches to move the trains from one track to another, and these proved to easily ice up in cold weather. Fixing this would require significant re-development. Additionally, testing by US authorities found that the train was both noisy and had

3700-456: The GTAA, which are used for line maintenance and routine aircraft inspections . At the north end of the airfield are numerous independently operated hangars for charter aircraft and personal private aircraft based at Pearson Airport, along with passenger and maintenance facilities to service them. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority maintains administrative offices on Convair Drive, near

3800-872: The ICTS is the basis for several mass transit systems around the world. Like most AGT systems, the Transurban was based on a vehicle sized about the same as a large passenger van or small bus. The vehicle was essentially a large box, with windows on the side. The lack of a conventional suspension and wheels below the vehicle was its most notable feature, making it quite short compared to similar wheeled vehicles. The Transurban vehicles held 12 passengers seated, and another 6 to 8 standing. There were two automatic doors on either side. The Transurban used separate suspension and propulsion systems. The suspension used attractive magnetic levitation , lifted on two upside-down T-shaped beams. Each held magnets for both lifting and switching, on

3900-607: The Malton Airport to the Government of Canada, which subsequently renamed the facility to Toronto International Airport, under the management of Transport Canada . The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport on January 2, 1984, in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson , the 14th prime minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize . The Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA) assumed management, operation, and control of

4000-572: The Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29, 1939. During World War II , the Royal Canadian Air Force established a base at the airport as a component of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan . RCAF Station Malton was home to several training schools and was in operation between 1940 and 1946. In 1958, the municipal government of Toronto sold

4100-617: The Morgantown system continued development, other requests to the UMTA were essentially ignored, and then abandoned. Malton Airport Toronto Pearson International Airport ( IATA : YYZ , ICAO : CYYZ ) is an international airport located in Mississauga , Ontario , Canada. It is the main airport serving Toronto , its metropolitan area , and the surrounding region known as the Golden Horseshoe . The airport

Krauss-Maffei Transurban - Misplaced Pages Continue

4200-500: The Nation's metropolitan areas. The question facing governments at every level, private industry and the public, is not whether provisions can be made for this massive and complex growth. Houses will be built - as will schools, hospitals, libraries, airports, water and sewer systems, roads, shopping centers and office buildings. Of this there can be no doubt. What is in doubt is the shape and substance of cities and their opportunities; i.e.,

4300-519: The Transurban system in 1970. Full funding for a five-year development process was granted on 1 October 1971, part of a wider funding project by the German Ministry of Research and Technology. Many companies in Germany received funding to develop AGT systems, and maglev systems in particular. K-M won funding for both their AGT system, as well as their inter-city high-speed Transrapid maglev. K-M partnered with Standard Elektrik Lorenz to provide

4400-403: The Transurban, trains could be connected and disconnected on the fly. Krauss-Maffei's system immediately caught the interest of the selection board. It had a number of advantages over the competition due to its use of a maglev and linear induction motor . The drive system had no physical contact between the train and "rails", so snow and ice would not affect its operations in the winter. Since it

4500-441: The US preclearance departures area. The Infield Concourse (IFC) was originally built to handle traffic displaced during the development and construction of the current Terminal 1. Its 11 gates were opened gradually throughout 2002 and 2003, and a business lounge was opened in 2005. In 2009, the Infield Concourse was closed for regular operations in conjunction with the official opening of the newly constructed Terminal 1. However,

4600-518: The Urban Future . Tomorrow's Transportation opens with a description of the problem the country was facing: Urban America will double in the next 40 years, growing as much in that time as all of American urban growth since the landing of the Pilgrims. In that short period, the needs of older cities must be met at the same time that more than 100 million additional persons will be living in

4700-556: The agency responsible for regulating the sale of alcohol in Ontario. An eight-level parking garage with 8,400 public parking spaces (including 700 rental car spaces) across from Terminal 1 is connected to the terminal by several elevated and enclosed pedestrian walkways. Terminal 1 is home to the ThyssenKrupp Express Walkway, the world's fastest moving walkway . Terminal 3 opened in 1991. The building

4800-485: The air, and in a manner that will contribute to sound city planning. The program shall (1) concern itself with all aspects of new systems of urban transportation for metropolitan areas of various sizes, including technological, financial, economic, governmental, and social aspects; (2) take into account the most advanced available technologies and materials; and (3) provide national leadership to efforts of states, localities, private industry, universities, and foundations. As

4900-736: The airfield connected with multiple large jet parking bays and logistics handling facilities for servicing the Greater Toronto Area. Bombardier Aviation 's Bombardier Global Express business jet final assembly are completed at the factory located on the north side of Toronto Pearson since 2023. The Union Pearson Express (UP Express) is an airport rail link running between Pearson Airport and Union Station in Downtown Toronto , with intermediate stops at Weston and Bloor GO Train stations. Trains depart every 15 minutes from Toronto Pearson Terminal 1 station and provide

5000-558: The airport in 1996, and has used the name Toronto Pearson International Airport for the facility since the transition. Since Toronto has more than one airport, YTO is used for the area designation, while Pearson is coded YYZ, Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport is YTZ and Toronto/ Buttonville Municipal Airport in Markham , until its closure on November 24, 2023, was YKZ. YZ was the code for the station in Malton, Ontario, where Pearson Airport

5100-462: The airport terminals are situated outside of the Toronto city limits, TTC bus services at Pearson Airport do not require a supplementary fare . TTC buses serve both Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. Two public transit operators based in Peel Region also operate routes to the airport: Brampton Transit and MiWay . Brampton Transit operates all-day public transit bus service from Pearson Airport to

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5200-598: The airport to more than 180 destinations across five continents . The airport is supported by around 50,000 employees (1800 with GTAA) excluding airline staff and policing. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports in the Toronto area. One site selected was on the Toronto Islands , which is the present-day Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport . The other site selected

5300-503: The airport, with more than 80 firefighters providing fire and rescue operations at Toronto Pearson. They are equipped with six crash tenders as well as several pumpers , aerial ladders , and heavy rescue units. The GTAA Fire and Emergency Service operates in conjunction with the Fire and Emergency Services Training Institute (FESTI), located at the northwest end of the airport grounds. Toronto Pearson handles approximately half of all

5400-409: The automated control system. Their system was based on attractive maglev (as opposed to repulsive) because they calculated it would require half as much power. This would require much more direct control over the suspension systems, however, as Eric Laithwaite famously noted. K-M also noted that maglev in general would have a wide array of advantages over traditional designs, including no contact with

5500-617: The basic train design, linear motor, SEL control system and other features of the Transurban, and redesigned it to run on conventional steel wheels. The result was the "ICTS" system. Announced in June 1975, the government used the existing shell of the OTDC to form the new Urban Transportation Development Corporation , in partnership with five industrial firms. Today known as the Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit (ART),

5600-567: The city of Brampton , with express service operating to Bramalea Terminal . Brampton Transit buses arrive and depart from Terminal 1. MiWay operates all-day public transit bus service from Pearson Airport to the city of Mississauga , with express service to City Centre Transit Terminal , Humber College , and Winston Churchill Transitway Station , and local routes to Westwood Square Terminal , Renforth station , and Meadowvale Town Centre Terminal . MiWay buses arrive and depart from Terminal 1, Terminal 3, Toronto Pearson Viscount station , and

5700-456: The contest, although there were also technical requirements the slower ACT could not meet. With only Hawker-Siddeley and Krauss-Maffei left, the 1 May 1973 announcement that the Transurban design had won the contest was unsurprising. K-M had not yet built a full-scale Transurban test system, and agreed to help fund development of a test track in Ontario. Unlike most systems, which built test tracks at their industrial sites, Transurban's test system

5800-414: The development of the personal rapid transit (PRT) concept, small pod-like vehicles that automatically travel from point-to-point in extended networks. Their publication in early 1968 sparked off PRT development projects at dozens of companies around the world. In spite of intense interest in the early 1970s, political winds shifted and today there is only one HUD-inspired PRT system in commercial operation,

5900-433: The doors at the stations. The trains could automatically couple or uncouple in the stations, allowing the capacity to be adjusted "on the fly", or to allow individual cars to be pulled out of operation on demand, as opposed to removing the entire train from operation. Each car held 12 seated and 6 standing. The system could also operate at different speeds, normally 30 mph but could go as high as 75 mph. This allowed

6000-619: The downtown area directly to the fair, or to the recently completed Ontario Place grounds, which are difficult to access due to the 6-lane Lake Shore Boulevard separating Ontario Place from the Ex. K-M and the Ontario government formed the Ontario Transportation Development Corporation (OTDC) to handle local sales into the North American market. Construction on the test track started when

6100-458: The downtown portions of the transit would be electric, which they suggested would alleviate the smog problems that were a serious concern in the 1960s. In early 1968 the Board of Trustees of The Aerospace Corporation examined the HUD reports and started a study project of their own. Led by vice president Jack Irving , their reports included highly detailed simulations of various systems under

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6200-515: The early 1960s, and at that time gave speeches in which he urged political support for the development of new transit concepts. When the subcommittee formed to produce the UMTA, Reuss was assigned to the project, and through his efforts an additional Section 6(b) was added: The Secretary shall undertake a study and prepare a program of research, development, and demonstration of new systems of urban transportation that will carry people and goods within metropolitan areas speedily, safely, without polluting

6300-499: The east–west direction, and two in the north–south direction. A large network of taxiways , collectively measuring over 40 km (25 mi) in length, provides access between the runways and the passenger terminals, air cargo areas, and airline hangar areas. Toronto Pearson is home to the Toronto Area Control Centre , one of seven area control centres in Canada operated by Nav Canada . The airport uses

6400-490: The expansion of new Terminal 1. Terminal 3 retains its numbering to prevent confusion and it would have cost millions of dollars in replacement signage had it been renumbered. The Terminal 2 designation is reserved for a future terminal separate from Terminal 3. The current Terminal 1 opened in 2004, replacing Aeroquay One (also referred to by its retronym: the original Terminal 1 ) and Terminal 2 . Measuring over 346,000 square metres (3,724,000 sq ft), Terminal 1

6500-629: The high hopes represented by the Transpo show, city leaders showed little interest and no major orders for PRT systems were forthcoming. With the election pressures off after November 1972, Nixon replaced all of his appointed officials within the hierarchy. Notwithstanding a "Memorandum-of-Understanding" party at NASA, the NASA PRT program stalled within UMTA while the UMTA planned its own program. Several follow-on development projects were announced, only to have their funds diverted into other programs. While

6600-411: The inside and outside of the T, respectively. Normally the cars ran with the T misaligned slightly inside of a similar structure attached to the track above it, which made the system self-centering. Switching was accomplished by pulling the vehicle sideways with the second set of magnets, before moving onto the new track. Skid pads on the track stopped the vehicle in the case of a power failure. The motor

6700-483: The international air cargo in Canada. The airport has three main cargo facilities, known as Cargo West (Infield), Cargo East (VISTA), and Cargo North ( FedEx ). The Cargo West facility (also known as the Infield Cargo Area) is located between runways 15L/33R and 15R/33L. It is a multi-tenant facility including three large buildings with 52,600 square metres (566,000 sq ft) of warehouse space,

6800-458: The lack of a secondary passive suspension system, requiring the active system to continually adjust the distance over the track. K-M offered to continue development of the system in Heidelberg, using a rubber-wheeled design in place of the maglev. These plans went nowhere. Given the technical problems remaining, the Ontario government decided to abandon the maglev concept. Instead, they took

6900-655: The main express bus service to the airport from Kipling station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway , and route 52 Lawrence West / 352 Lawrence West Night / 952 Lawrence West Express operate service along Lawrence Avenue to Lawrence and Lawrence West stations on the subway's Line 1 Yonge–University . Additionally, route 900 Airport Express buses have a unique airport-themed livery and luggage racks. The TTC Blue Night Network operates local night bus routes to Warden Avenue in Toronto's east end via Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue , Eglinton station via Eglinton Avenue and Sunnybrook Hospital . Although

7000-495: The major US developments, several European designs, and the locally designed system from Hawker-Siddeley Canada . Most of these were rubber-wheeled systems, but there were several hovercraft , along with the maglevs from Krauss-Maffei and the US ROMAG . The initial selection left fourteen systems under consideration, then nine for the year-long detailed inspection. All but three were left after that process. Ford 's ACT system

7100-413: The many historic buildings, so K-M suggested moving the system to a tunnel. Since the system was much smaller than a traditional subway, it would cost less to install and require less earth moving under the buildings. The system was fairly small, with 3.6 km of track with 10 stations. It covered the downtown core only. When Toronto announced its GO-Urban system in 1972, there was enormous interest on

7200-619: The moon 200,000 miles away, we should be able to move 200,000 people to work three miles away." As part of the announcement, he ordered the UMTA to divert $ 20 million of its capital funds to PRT development. The UMTA ignored the request, and instead the Office of Science and Technology within the Executive Office took up the task, starting a development program with NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . After strong lobbying from influential Senator Robert Byrd , Morgantown, West Virginia

7300-589: The need to recheck bags, pass through security screening, and relieves congestion in the primary customs hall. International-to-domestic passengers use the same corridor and a bus for one-stop security procedures, which avoids having to re-clear security if coming from another country with a mutual agreement. The terminal has a total of eight lounges, with five of the lounges being Air Canada–operated lounges (three Maple Leaf Lounges, one Maple Leaf Express Lounge and one Signature Suite) and three being Plaza Premium operated. Both Air Canada and Plaza Premium have lounges in

7400-951: The next calendar day. The Terminal Link (formerly the Link Train) is an automated people mover that facilitates inter-terminal transportation at Pearson Airport. It runs between Terminal 1, Terminal 3, and Toronto Pearson Viscount station located at the Viscount Value Park Lot, connecting directly to the airport terminals at Toronto Pearson Terminal 1 station and Toronto Pearson Terminal 3 station . The Terminal Link train operates daily, 24-hour service with trains departing all stations every 4 to 8 minutes. Several public transit bus services operate bus routes to Toronto Pearson International Airport. Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) operates daily, 24-hour public transit bus service from Pearson Airport to various subway stations in Toronto, with route 900 Airport Express being

7500-471: The part of industry, who were all clamouring to win a contract and thereby be the first to be able to offer an operational system to future customers. Unlike the Heidelberg system, GO-Urban featured three major lines covering the entire Toronto area as well as neighboring cities and providing service to the distant Malton Airport . Eighteen proposals were sent in for the Phase I selection process, including all of

7600-843: The poor and the handicapped. Facing what appeared to be a crisis in transportation, the reports suggested several plans of action. The first was to immediately research improvements in existing systems and to disseminate those improvements as quickly as possible. The HUD had already been working in partnership with industry to improve service, for instance, HUD carried out experiments on the New York City Subway to test installations of two-way radios between operator cabs and central control, which decreased train delays by 41%. Similar experiments were carried out on automated routing and scheduling, communications, rail grinding, even informational displays for passengers. But most of Tomorrow's Transportation outlined future possibilities and urged

7700-458: The problem. In November 1974, the German government announced a major shake-up of their maglev development funding. Krauss-Maffei's funding was dramatically reduced in favour of competing systems from MBB . The loss of funding was a severe blow to the project. Although K-M offered to move the entire project to Ontario if development funding was picked up there, no further money was forthcoming from

7800-519: The projected population growth and growth of the use of automobiles, using conventional transit systems would continue to worsen the problems in cities. Only by deploying personal transit systems would it be possible to reverse the direction. One of the early pioneers in the PRT field was Donn Fichter . In 1964 he published Individualized Automated Transit and the City , which suggested that people would not leave their cars unless transit systems offered

7900-408: The provision of good urban transportation, with the properly balanced use of private vehicles and modern mass transport to help shape as well as serve urban growth." The new bill, providing $ 375 million in capital assistance over three years, was signed by Lyndon B. Johnson on 9 July 1964, after Kennedy's death. Congressman Henry S. Reuss of Milwaukee had learned of dual-mode transit systems in

8000-485: The quality of urban life. The form and quality of future cities is affected by many factors: Local administration, intergovernmental relations, municipal finance, private investment, water and sewer and other public facilities, and - basically - by urban transportation. The life of a city depends on its transportation system. Inefficient transportation services increase the costs of local industry and commerce. They rob citizens of their time and comfort. They penalize especially

8100-402: The running surface (eliminating wear), no noise or vibration and thus very little sound, low drag, and a low-profile vehicle because there was no "undercarriage". SEL's control system allowed the Transurban cars to be operated singly or in five-car trains. This gave the Transurban system added flexibility; the very same system could be used on high or low-density routes, the only difference being

8200-548: The same sort of personalized point-to-point on-demand service. This was a highly influential work that was being circulated within the urban planning field while the HUD reports were being studied. When the GRC work was summarized in 1969 in the Scientific American article "Systems Analysis of Urban Transportation Systems" (January 1969, pages 19–27), Fichter's arguments, along with the GRC computerized studies, led to

8300-401: The southeast corner of the airfield. Gate Gourmet and CLS Catering Services both operate dedicated flight kitchen facilities at Pearson Airport for airline catering services. Aviation fuel is supplied by Esso Avitat (Jet A-1) and Shell Aerocentre (Jet A and A-1), both located in the infield operations area of the airport. FedEx has a large distribution centre on the north side of

8400-433: The track. This required much higher bandwidth than the inductive loop could provide, and was handled separately. Although the Transurban system was never built in a production setting, SEL's control system became widespread. Now better known as SelTrac , the system was licensed by Alcatel for deployment in Canada on the ICTS. ICTS's initial installs had problems, but they were solved and the system quickly proved itself. It

8500-519: The unit expands into a dedicated 24-hour snow removal team of more than 200 workers tasked with ensuring normal operations at the airport, as Toronto Pearson regularly experiences 110 to 130 centimetres (43 to 51 in) of total snow accumulation in a typical winter season. The airport employs over 94 pieces of snow removal equipment , including 11 Vammas PSB series, four Oshkosh Corporation Snow Products HT-Series snowplow units, and 14 snowmelters . Pearson Airport's Central De-icing Facility

8600-480: The vehicles to be used on longer distance runs where the higher speeds were needed to reduce transit times. Passenger capacity was about the same at all speeds, headway was 10 seconds at 30 mph but was increased at higher speeds. Stations could be on-line or off-line, the later allowing "through trains" to pass by intermediate stations. Unlike true personal rapid transit systems, individual cars could not be switched out of trains, so individual point-to-point service

8700-500: Was a one-sided LIM design, with an aluminum reaction rail positioned on the track between the two suspension rails. Power pickup was provided by two slipping brushes, like those on a conventional subway system. A subway can use the running rails as the ground, but the Transrapid had no contact with its rail, so it needed a second conductor. Brushes were positioned on both sides of the vehicle, to allow it to pick up from either side. It

8800-449: Was an area northwest of Toronto near the town of Malton in what was then Toronto Township (which would later become Mississauga to avoid confusion with the nearby city of Toronto), which was originally intended to serve as an alternate to the downtown airport but instead would become its successor due to having a much larger space without being constrained by Lake Ontario and Toronto Inner Harbour. The first scheduled passenger flight at

8900-814: Was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada made up of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates . It contains 58 gates, with two of them being able to accommodate the Airbus A380 . Along with the standard customs and immigration facilities, Terminal 1 also contains special customs "B" checkpoints along the international arrivals walkway. Passengers connecting from an international or trans-border arrival to another international (non-U.S.) departure in Terminal 1 go to one of these checkpoints for passport control and immigration checks, then are immediately directed to Pier E for departure. This alleviates

9000-464: Was expected to be almost silent in operation, the routes could be slotted into subdivisions close to houses (a major issue with most elevated railways ). A major part of the contract negotiations required the winning system to be built in Ontario. This was no problem for Hawker-Siddeley and Krauss-Maffei, who agreed to allow construction for any system sold to North America to be handled from Ontario. Ford could not meet this requirement, and withdrew from

9100-577: Was happening in the midst of the handover from the Johnson administration to the newly incoming one of Richard Nixon , which caused delays and confusion. However, the rush of proposals dovetailed neatly into a problem the Nixon administration was struggling to solve, the rapid reduction in money flowing in the aerospace industry with the ending of the Apollo Program and the promised winding-down of

9200-692: Was intended to be built downtown Toronto , on the Exhibition Place (the Ex) fairgrounds. When testing was complete, the system would be used in production for moving passengers around the site, especially during the two weeks in the summer that the Canadian National Exhibition was in operation. In the future, the test tracks could be connected to the Lakeshore Line of the GO-Urban network, allowing riders to transit from

9300-422: Was not available. A 1,200 m test track was built to test the control system, using prototype vehicles on rubber wheels. The track was completed in 1973. This was followed by a 200 m test track for the maglev system. Early in development, K-M started negotiations with the city of Heidelberg to install a system in the downtown core. The city was worried about the visible impact of suspended systems among

9400-457: Was powered by 600 VDC power, typical for mass transit systems, and drew 50 kW at 50 mph. Almost as complex as the vehicle was the automated system to control the network in operation. For signalling, the system used dual redundant induction loops , one on each side of the LIM reaction plate. Magnets on the bottom of the vehicles relayed information about the vehicle location and speed, which

9500-416: Was reactivated for summer operations by the GTAA to act as an extension of Terminal 3 with the purpose of providing required additional bridged gates . Passengers are transported by bus between Terminal 3 and the IFC. Effective December 2019, Sunwing Airlines moved their operations from Terminal 3 to the IFC. Due to its intermittent usage for passenger traffic, the Infield Concourse is frequently used as

9600-427: Was received at the central control station. The control station received this information to provide communication-based train control based on moving blocks . The control center used the same loops to send control signals to the cars, as well as announcements in emergency situations. The control center also featured a widespread closed-circuit-television system, to provide security at stations and locations along

9700-506: Was renovated and expanded in late 2022 and remains the only "dry" 7-Eleven location in Ontario as Pearson Airport does not allow the bulk sale of alcoholic beverages outside of duty-free areas amid the expansion of the sale of alcoholic beverages to all other 7-Eleven locations and most other convenience stores in Ontario on September 5, 2024, as Pearson Airport is outside the jurisdiction of the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario (AGCO),

9800-551: Was selected as the site for the installation of a prototype system based on the Alden staRRcar system. The results of the HUD studies came to fruition at the Transpo '72 show at Washington Dulles International Airport . In 1971, the UMTA granted $ 1.5 million each to four companies to set up demonstration systems at the show. The systems selected were the Rohr ROMAG , the Ford ACT , WABCO and Otis Elevator . In spite of

9900-420: Was the least-advanced of the selectees, based on a 20-person rubber-wheeled vehicle. Its primary point of interest was that it used a single track for most rights of way, with smaller double-tracked areas allowing vehicles to pass each other. Hawker-Siddeley's entry also survived. It was based on smaller vehicles that switched onto separate lines at the stations, allowing other traffic to pass by at full speed. Like

10000-649: Was then adopted by other Canadian train operators, notably CP Rail , as well as many other AGT systems. Today it is used for hundreds of AGT and heavy rail systems around the world. HUD reports The HUD Reports were a series of studies in mass transit systems, funded by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) department of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The HUD reports were extremely influential in

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