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60-503: Kremstal is an Austrian wine region. Downstream of the Wachau , it is centred on the town of Krems . The climate is a little warmer because the valley opens out a little, allowing more red wine to be produced, but otherwise Kremstal is quite similar to the Wachau. This wine -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Austria -related article

120-445: A great deal of genetic research ; this PI 313970 versus race S case involved multi-stage hybridization to propagate a recessive gene, pm-S in successive generations, and how this may affect other recessive and codominant genes for resistance to other races of P. xanthii "remains to be determined". A 2004 literature review regarding powdery mildew races that parasitize various cucurbit plants concluded that "race identification

180-499: A local speciality. Blauer Zweigelt and Pinot noir wines are also made here, as well as a little Eiswein. Further downstream, just outside Vienna lies Klosterneuburg . As the biggest private wine estate in the country, the abbey has played a formative role in Austrian wine for the last 900 years. The Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology was the world's first college of viticulture and continues to play an important part in

240-595: A long growing season, resulting in crisp, aromatic and full-bodied wines. The warm humid climate and steep hills make this one of the toughest places in Austria to be a vigneron . Southwest of Graz lie ancient vineyards which mainly produce a cult rosé called Schilcher . Made from the indigenous Blauer Wildbacher grape, genuine Schilcher carries a mark with a white horse, after the Lipizzaners bred in Piber for

300-633: A parent of the Orémus (Zéta) grape used in Tokaji . There were high hopes for Goldburger , a cross between Welschriesling and Orangetraube bred in Klosterneuburg, but after an initial wave of planting, enthusiasm has dimmed. Zierfandler (Spätrot) and Rotgipfler are local grapes of the Thermenregion, and are often blended together as Spätrot-Rotgipfler . It is worth noting that Pinot gris

360-500: A regular basis for best results against the disease. Control is possible with triadimefon and propiconazole . It is also possible with hexaconazole , myclobutanil , and penconazole. Some unconventional chemical control methods offer alternative modes of action. The most effective non-conventional methods of chemical control against powdery mildew are milk, natural sulfur ( S 8 >), potassium bicarbonate , metal salts, and oils. Metal salt fungicides should be applied on

420-470: A regular basis up until harvest of the host. Sulfur must be applied before the disease has emerged since it prevents fungi spores from germinating. Copper sulfate is an effective fungicide allowed in organic farming, but can cause harm to the host plant. Addition of lime hampers this effect. Neem oil effectively manages powdery mildew on many plants by interfering with the fungus' metabolism and terminating spore production. Sulfur and Fish Oil + Sesame Oil

480-572: A wide variation in soils, all kinds of grape varieties are made here, many being made into heurigen wines. Perhaps the most interesting wines are the Spätrot-Rotgipflers, made from a blend of the local varieties Zierfandler (Spätrot) and Rotgipfler, both of which are white grapes despite their names. The east side of the Neusiedler See is also known as Seewinkel, "corner of the lake". The shallow Neusiedler See (Lake Neusiedl)

540-397: Is Erysiphe cichoracearum , the former primary causal organism throughout most of the world. Podosphaera fusca is another, sometimes considered synonymous with P. xanthii . Cucumbers in greenhouse environments have also been reported to be susceptible to Leveillula taurica . Microsphaera syringae is a fungus that can cause powdery mildew in lilac . Podosphaera aphanis

600-412: Is Leveillula taurica (also known by its anamorph name, Oidiopsis taurica ). It also infects the artichoke . Podosphaera leucotricha causes powdery mildew of apples and pears . Multiple species of fungus can cause powdery mildew of cucurbits : cucumbers , squashes (including pumpkins ), luffas , melons , and watermelons . Podosphaera xanthii (a.k.a. Sphaerotheca fuliginea )

660-606: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Austrian wine Austrian wines are mostly dry white wines (often made from the Grüner Veltliner grape), though some sweeter white wines (such as dessert wines made around the Neusiedler See ) are also produced. About 30% of the wines are red, made from Blaufränkisch (also known as Lemberger, or as Kékfrankos in neighbouring Hungary ), Pinot noir and locally bred varieties such as Zweigelt . Four thousand years of winemaking history counted for little after

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720-511: Is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on Oregon grape leaves. Golovinomyces orontii causes powdery mildew on Arabidopsis (rockcress) leaves. Caused by several fungi including Golovinomyces ambrosiae (syn. G. spadiceus ) and Podosphaera macularis . In the family Sphaeropsidaceae of the Sphaeropsidales fungi, species of the genus Cicinnobolus are hyperparasites of powdery mildew. Ampelomyces quisqualis

780-683: Is a mixture effective against powdery mildew. Milk has long been popular with home gardeners and small-scale organic growers as a treatment for powdery mildew. Milk is diluted with water (typically 1:10) and sprayed on susceptible plants at the first sign of infection, or as a preventative measure, with repeated weekly application often controlling or eliminating the disease. Studies have shown milk's effectiveness as comparable to some conventional fungicides, and better than benomyl and fenarimol at higher concentrations. Milk has proven effective in treating powdery mildew of summer squash , pumpkins , grapes , and roses . The exact mechanism of action

840-466: Is an effective genetic resistance strategy that protects host species against powdery mildew fungus. In 2014, resistance was induced in hexaploid bread wheat to powdery mildew via targeted mutations with the use of CRISPR and TALENS gene-editing technology. Sunflower powdery mildew is a disease caused by the pathogens Golovinomyces cichoracearum , Podosphaera xanthii , and Leveillula taurica . The symptoms caused by L. taurica differ from

900-423: Is an effective low-toxicity fungicide against powdery mildew and apple scab . Another non-conventional chemical treatment involves treating with a solution of calcium silicate . Silicon helps the plant cells defend against fungal attack by degrading haustoria and by producing callose and papilla . With silicon treatment, epidermal cells of wheat are less susceptible to powdery mildew. The Pm3 allele

960-541: Is based on the Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW), which measures the sugar content of the grapes at harvest in a way similar to the Öchsle scale , where 1°KMW is ~5°Oe. The " Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus " has three categories, all for dry wines: Districtus Austriae Controllatus, Latin for "Controlled District of Austria", is the new geographical appellation, similar to the French AOC or

1020-490: Is generally a part-time job for wine-growers; their produce is sold mainly in the numerous Heurigen . Südsteiermark (South Styria), near the Slovenian border, is mainly Sauvignon blanc country—however, the 1,950 hectares of vineyards also include Welschriesling, Morillon, Muskateller and Traminer. Soil types include sandstone , shale , clay and shelly limestone . The combination of warm days and cool nights gives

1080-554: Is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry, which requires accuracy in declaring the type and level of resistance ... in its products". However, identifying specific races was seen as having little utility in horticulture for choosing specific cultivars, because of the rapidity with which the local pathogen population can change geographically, seasonally, and by host plant. At least three other Erysiphaceae fungi can cause powdery mildew in cucurbits: The most frequent, after P. xanthii ,

1140-551: Is known as Ruländer in Austria, and sometimes as Grauburgunder; Pinot blanc is known as Weißburgunder or Weissburgunder, and Sauvignon blanc is called Muskat Sylvaner. Riesling plays a much smaller role than in Germany, but the relatively small amount grown is used for some of Austria's most appreciated dry white wines. Zweigelt (sometimes called Zweigeltblau, a Blaufränkisch × St. Laurent cross) and Blauburger (Blaufränkisch × BlauerPortugieser) were bred at Klosterneuburg in

1200-460: Is one of the few places on earth where noble rot attacks grapes reliably every year. This means that botrytised dessert wines can be made more easily, and hence sold more cheaply, than in other areas famous for this style of wine. Increasingly, red wine is also being made in this region. The "hill country" to the west of the lake offers a diversity of terrain that is reflected in the number of grape varieties and styles of wine made here. Perhaps

1260-466: Is quite similar to the Wachau. To the north of Krems lies Langenlois , which is the main town of Kamptal, the valley of the river Kamp . The sandstone slopes are so steep that only a thin layer of soil is retained, and exposure to the sun is high. Riesling thrives on these steep slopes; closer to the Danube the valley broadens and more red grapes are grown. To the south of Krems lies Herzogenburg, at

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1320-584: Is the cause of powdery mildew in strawberries and other Rosaceae like Geum rivale (the water avens). Sawadaea tulasnei is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on tree leaves. This fungus attacks the leaves of the Acer platanoides (Norway maple) in North America , Great Britain , and Ireland , Acer palmatum (also known as the Japanese maple or smooth Japanese maple). Erysiphe berberidis

1380-474: Is the most commonly reported cause on cucurbits. Erysiphe cichoracearum was formerly reported to be the primary causal organism throughout most of the world. Since 1925, commercial Cucumis melo (cantaloup and muskmelon) production has been engaged in a biological "arms race" against cucurbit powdery mildew ( CPM ) caused by the fungus Podosphaera xanthii , with new cultivars of melons being developed for resistance to successively arising races of

1440-687: Is unknown, but one known effect is that ferroglobulin , a protein in whey , produces oxygen radicals when exposed to sunlight, and contact with these radicals is damaging to the fungus. Dilute sprays containing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and vegetable or mineral oils in water are often recommended for controlling powdery mildew, but such mixtures have limited and inconsistent efficacy. While sodium bicarbonate has been shown to reduce to growth of mildews in lab tests, sprays containing only baking soda and water are not effective in controlling fungal diseases on infected plants, and high concentrations of sodium are harmful to plants. Potassium bicarbonate

1500-533: The Spanish Riding School in Vienna. Powdery mildew Powdery mildew grows well in environments with high humidity and moderate temperatures; greenhouses provide an ideal moist, temperate environment for the spread of the disease. This causes harm to agricultural and horticultural practices where powdery mildew may thrive in a greenhouse setting. In an agricultural or horticultural setting,

1560-525: The list of wine producing countries by volume (2011). As can be seen from the table, Grüner Veltliner is the dominant white grape in Austria, producing generally dry wines ranging from short-lived Heuriger wines to Spätleses capable of long life. The ancient Welschriesling variety is used in the noble rot dessert wines of the Neusiedlersee; it also makes undistinguished dry wines for drinking young, as does Müller-Thurgau (Rivaner). Neuburger

1620-533: The pathogen can be controlled using chemical methods, bio-organic methods, and genetic resistance. It is important to be aware of powdery mildew and its management strategies as the resulting disease can significantly reduce important crop yields. Powdery mildew fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction occurs via chasmothecia (formerly cleistothecium ), a type of ascocarp in which genetic recombination takes place. Ascocarps including chasmothecia, apothecia, perithecia, and pseudothecia, are

1680-410: The " antifreeze scandal " of 1985, when it was revealed that some wine brokers had been adulterating their wines with diethylene glycol . The scandal destroyed the market for Austrian wine and compelled Austria to tackle low standards of bulk wine production, and reposition itself as a producer of quality wines. The country is also home to Riedel , makers of some of the most expensive wine glasses in

1740-527: The 1920s and now account for nearly half of Austria's red wine. The former can be made into powerful wines for ageing, the latter is easier to grow and is generally blended; both are also made into a lighter style for drinking young. Blaufränkisch and Blauer Portugieser are the traditional red grapes of the region, being part of the blend of Hungary's Egri Bikavér . The former is the more "serious" variety, Blauer Portugieser produces fresh, fruity red wines for drinking young. Saint Laurent came from France in

1800-573: The 5th century BC have been found at Dürrnberg in Salzburg state. Viticulture thrived under the Romans, once Marcus Aurelius Probus ( Roman emperor 276–282) had overturned the ban on growing grapes north of the Alps. Both Grüner Veltliner and Welschriesling appear to have been grown around the Danube since Roman times. Viticulture suffered with the invasions of Bavarians, Slavs and Avars after

1860-463: The Austrian capital. Vines were grown within the city walls of Vienna in the Middle Ages, although they have now been pushed into the outskirts. Riesling, Chardonnay and Pinot blanc are grown on the limestone soils towards Klosterneuburg, whereas red grapes do better on the rich soil to the south of the city. Field blends known as Gemischter Satz are common here, and most wine is drunk young in

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1920-574: The Austrians have made real efforts to improve matters. At present there are three systems—the traditional system based on the German scheme, a different classification used only in the Wachau , and a new system of regional appellations called DACs that is being trialled in the Weinviertel. The existing system was based on the German system during World War II , but was modified after 1985. It

1980-746: The Italian DOCG . Regional wine committees award the DAC to wines typical of their region. There are now ten DACs: In 2005 Austria had 51,213 hectares of vineyard, almost all of it in the east of the country. Of these 31,425 ha are in the state of Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) and 15,386 ha in Burgenland which together make up Weinland Österreich. Steiermark (Styria) accounts for 3,749 ha, Wien (Vienna) 621 ha and there are 32 ha in "the Austrian Mountains" (Bergland Österreich), which covers

2040-535: The South Burgenland, Eisenberg reflects the red, iron-rich soil which imparts a distinct spiciness to the Blaufränkisch grown here. A speciality here is Uhudler wine, made from hybrids with North American species such as Isabella , Concord , Delaware , Noah , Elvira and Ripadella , which was banned for a while after the 1985 scandal. There are 621 ha of vineyards within the city limits of

2100-473: The ability to survive throughout the winter. They will germinate in the spring for new infection. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an enzymatic system for recognizing and repairing erroneous base insertions, deletions, and mis-incorporations in DNA that can arise during DNA replication and recombination . This system can also repair some forms of DNA damage . Four closely related species of plant parasites from

2160-530: The addition of a little diethylene glycol , more commonly found in antifreeze , which imparted sweetness and body to the wine. The adulteration was difficult to detect chemically—the 'antifreeze scandal' broke when one of them tried to claim for the cost of the chemical on his tax return. Although the amounts of glycol were less dangerous than the alcohol in the wine, and only a few middlemen were involved, exports collapsed and some countries banned Austrian wine altogether. The antifreeze jokes persist, but in fact

2220-528: The centre of Traisental, which was only designated as a wine district in 1995. Mostly Grüner Veltliner is grown here, which is made into a fresh style for drinking young. Between Krems and Vienna lies the Wagram, which covers two very different areas. North of the Danube is the plateau of Wagram , where the Grüner Veltliner is a bit more full-bodied and aromatic, and Roter Veltliner is something of

2280-664: The city's heurigen. Under a 2002 amendment to the wine laws, Steirerland (the modern Austrian state ) replaced Steiermark as the name for Styria on wine. The many extinct volcanoes east of Graz give a rich soil which imparts a spiciness to the variety of grapes grown in Southeast Styria. The climate is a little cooler here, especially at night, giving a long growing season resulting in wines that are crisp, aromatic and full bodied. Thirteen hundred hectares of vineyards are cultivated—all located around Klöch , Sankt Anna am Aigen and Straden and situated primarily on

2340-547: The culture of wine production in Austria towards an emphasis on quality, as opposed to the low standards that permitted the scandal to happen in the first place. The Austrian Wine Marketing Board was created in 1986 as a response to the scandal, and Austria's membership of the European Union has prompted further revisions of her wine laws, notably the new DAC system of geographical appellations launched in 2002 (see Classification section below). Today Austria lies 16th in

2400-488: The development of wine in Austria. The Weinviertel lies in the northeast corner of Austria, between the Danube and the Czech and Slovak borders. The biggest single wine region in Austria is home to half the Grüner Veltliner in the country (subject of the first DAC), and considerable amounts of Welschriesling , but most of Austria's varieties can be found here. Even sparkling wine is made from Riesling and Grüner Veltliner in

2460-505: The distinctive Austrian tradition of inns called Heurigen . Derived from the German for "new wine", the decree allowed all winemakers to sell home-grown food with their wine all year round. Fir trees hung above the door alerted customers to the arrival of the new season's wine. The 19th century saw the arrival of all sorts of biological invaders. First there was powdery mildew ( Uncinula necator ) and downy mildew ( Peronospora ). One response to these fungal diseases from North America

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2520-611: The fall of the Roman Empire , but from 788 the rule of Charlemagne saw considerable reconstruction of vineyards and introduction of new grape presses. Once Otto the Great had seen off the threat from Magyar incursions in 955, Austrian viticulture was nurtured by the Church and encouraged among the populace at large. The first vineyard names recorded are Kremser Sandgrube in 1208, and Steiner Pfaffenberg in 1230. Rudolf IV introduced

2580-422: The far northeast around Poysdorf. The deep soils between Vienna and the Neusiedlersee are rapidly establishing a reputation for well-balanced red wines made from Zweigelt and Blaufränkisch. Being close to Vienna and full of history, the area is a popular area to visit. The spa region south of Vienna saw two wine regions, Gumpoldskirchen and Bad Vöslau , merged in 1985. Climatically similar to Burgundy, with

2640-557: The first wine tax, Ungeld , in 1359, as Vienna established itself as a centre for wine trading on the Danube. The wine business boomed in the 16th century, but the Thirty Years War and others of the 17th century took their toll, as much due to the heavy taxation of the period as the direct disruption of war. Various drink taxes were unified in 1780, as part of a drive by Maria Theresa and Joseph II to encourage viticulture. An imperial decree of 17 August 1784 gave birth to

2700-470: The fruiting bodies unique to fungi in the Ascomycota phylum (known as ascomycetes). Within each ascocarp are several asci that contain ascospores. Powdery mildew fungi must be adapted to their host for successful infection. Under optimal conditions, ascospores mature and are released to initiate new infections. Conditions necessary for spore maturation differ among species. In asexual reproduction,

2760-594: The fungus, identified simply as race 1, race 2, etc. (seven in total by 2004), for races found around the world, and race N1 through N4 for some divergent races native to Japan. Various subraces have been identified, and given names such as race 2U.S., race 3.5, and race 4.5. A new race S was discovered in 2003, and a specific melon cultivar ( C. melo var. acidulus 'PI 313970') found resistant to it, then used for backcrossing to increase resistance in other cultivars. Such modern selective breeding of plants for phytopathological resistance to particular fungal races involves

2820-448: The mid-19th century, and seems to have substantial Pinot noir (Blauerburgunder) parentage; St Laurent has a reputation for being problematic to grow, but can produce good quality wine. Blauer Wildbacher is probably an indigenous wild grape variety, used to make a cult rosé called Schilcher in western Styria. Rössler is the latest variety to be bred at Klosterneuburg. Since joining the EU

2880-526: The most famous is the Ruster Ausbruch dessert wine from the western shore of the lake. The Mittelburgenland is a southern continuation of the forested hills to the west of the Neusiedlersee. The nickname "Blaufränkischland" reflects the dominant variety here, which is the subject of the only red wine DAC and can be very good, the Bordeaux varieties also do well here. The most famous vineyard of

2940-469: The mother fungi and offspring are genetically identical. Asexual reproduction is the predominant form of reproduction and dispersal in powdery mildew infections of wheat and barley species, as compared to sexual reproduction. Yet sexual reproduction results in durable and resistant overwintering spores, produced in chasmothecia. These spores are dark (to protect against UV irradiation), round and thick-walled (to protect against freezing rupture), giving them

3000-419: The other pathogen symptoms. Green-yellow spots appear on upper leaf surface. Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici , causes powdery mildew of wheat , whereas f. sp. hordei causes powdery mildew of barley . Legumes, such as soybeans , are affected by Microsphaera diffusa . Erysiphe necator (or Uncinula necator ) causes powdery mildew of grapes . The fungus causing powdery mildew of onions

3060-574: The pathogen can be controlled using chemical methods, genetic resistance, and careful farming methods. Some cultivated plants have varieties resistant to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew growth can be limited by reducing humidity, such as by allowing space between plants for airflow, and pruning to thin foliage. Standard fungicides are an effective way to manage powdery mildew disease on plants. Spray programs of conventional fungicides are advised to begin when powdery mildew symptoms and signs are first noticed. Conventional fungicides should be applied on

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3120-485: The powdery mildew genera were found to have lost between 5 and 21 of the 48 to 52 MMR genes that are present in most other ascomycete genomes. The powdery mildew species with higher levels of MMR gene loss exhibited elevated rates of various types of mutation . These elevated mutation rates suggest that a lack of genes essential for accurate DNA replication can cause an increased rate of sequence evolution and evolutionary diversification. In an agricultural setting,

3180-538: The rest of the country. The four main wine regions are split into 16 districts. This narrow valley of the Danube around Melk is reminiscent of the great wine areas of the Rhine, with steep terraces that produce world-class Grüner Veltliner and Riesling wines. Climatically and geologically it marks the transition from the Alps to the Hungarian plains, leading to a diverse array of microclimates and terroir , with

3240-604: The river moderating the effects of the cold Alpine winds. As mentioned above, the Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus still clings to its own classification of Steinfeder, Federspiel and Smaragd, reserved for wines that are made 100% from Wachau grapes. Downstream of the Wachau lies the Kremstal region, centred on the town of Krems . The valley opens out a little, the climate is a little warmer allowing more red wine to be produced, but otherwise Kremstal

3300-399: The scandal was the saviour of the industry in Austria. Strict new regulations restricted yields among other things, producers moved towards more red wine and a dry style of white wine that was what the 1990s market would demand, and the middlemen went bust forcing producers to sell direct and encouraging the expression of local terroir . Perhaps most importantly, there was a massive change in

3360-546: The slopes of the extinct volcanoes which characterize the landscape. Some vineyards are up to 650 m above sea level. The main grape varieties grown in this region are Welschriesling , Chardonnay (called Morillon), Weißburgunder (Pinot blanc) and Grauburgunder (Pinot gris), Gelber Muskateller , the Traminer family, Sauvignon blanc and Riesling ; red wines feature Zweigelt as well as other grapes, including St. Laurent or Blauburgunder (Pinot noir). Viticulture

3420-618: The world. Some of the best producers of Austria include Weingut Bründlmayer , Weingut F.X. Pichler and Weingut Franz Hirtzberger, Weingut Nikolaihof, Weingut Knoll, Weingut Tement, and Weingut Sattlerhof. There is archaeological evidence of grape growing in Traisental 4000 years ago. Grape seeds have been found in urns dating back to 700 BC in Zagersdorf , whilst bronze wine flagons of the Celtic La Tène culture dating to

3480-527: Was supposedly found as flotsam in the Danube in the 1850s, but is now known to be a cross between Silvaner and the ancient Roter Veltliner . Frühroter Veltliner is also known as Malvasier, suggesting a link to the Malvasia grape family of the Eastern Mediterranean. Muscat Ottonel is used in dessert wines from the Neusiedlersee, as is Bouvier, which is related to the muscat family and is

3540-480: Was the founding in 1860 of what became the Federal Institute for Viticulture and Pomology at Klosterneuburg . Then the phylloxera root aphid arrived in 1872 and wiped out most of the vineyards of central Europe . Although it took several decades for the industry to recover, it allowed lower quality grapes to be replaced with better varieties, particularly Grüner Veltliner . After World War I , Austria

3600-556: Was the third biggest wine producer in the world, much being exported in bulk for blending with wine from Germany and other countries. However that intensification of viticulture sowed the seeds of its own destruction. During the twentieth century Austrian wine became a high-volume, industrialised business, with much of it being sold in bulk to Germany. A run of favourable years in the early 1980s saw massive yields of wines that were light, dilute and acidic, that nobody wanted. Wine brokers discovered that these wines could be made saleable by

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