100-1024: [REDACTED] Look up krio in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Krio may refer to: Sierra Leone Creole people , also known as Krio people Krio language , language of the Sierra Leone Krio people Krio Dayak people , an ethnic group in West Kalimantan, Indonesia Krio Dayak language Keriau River , in West Kalimantan, Indonesia Cape Krio , place of ancient Cnidos (modern Tekir), Turkey See also [ edit ] Krios (disambiguation) Creole (disambiguation) Cape Verdean Creole Criollo (disambiguation) Keriu Kriyoro (Suriname) Kreyol (disambiguation) Kreol (disambiguation) Kriol (disambiguation) Kriolu Topics referred to by
200-592: A schooner , and set sail for Jamaica. They were joined by two other Sierra Leone Maroons, Mary Ricketts and her daughter Jane Bryan. In 1841, this group found their way to Trelawny Town, now called Maroon Town, but which they still insisted on calling Cudjoe's Town. Their descendants still live there today in a village named Flagstaff among a group known as the Returned Maroons. In 1841, the first ship to arrive in Sierra Leone looking for African workers
300-665: A Creole community usually converted to Christianity, the religion shared by nearly all Creoles. In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the American Revolutionary War who had been evacuated to London, and Afro-Caribbeans and Africans from London, to relocate to Sierra Leone to settle in what they called the "Province of Freedom." Some of these early settlers had been freed earlier and worked as servants in London. Most of
400-542: A Recipe for Conviviality (2020) Today, Creole communities have more in common with each other than they have with any African ethnic groups . On the islands of Africa, creole languages predominate while on the mainland, creole languages are lingua franca or national languages in Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia , and South Africa. In island communities, Creoles are found in many occupations ranging from agricultural workers to members of society's elite . In
500-405: A military barracks, and renamed it Maroon Town, Jamaica . The Trelawny Maroons flourished in Sierra Leone at first, but their situation soon soured, and they submitted petitions to the British government, asking for permission to return to Jamaica. These petitions were turned down. However, in 1831, another petition was presented by 224 Sierra Leone Maroons to the British government, and this time
600-826: A newspaper proprietor and Creoles such as Macormack Easmon , Edna Elliott-Horton , and George T.O. Robinson , the founder of the Krio Descendants Union . Although Creoles are primarily Protestant , there are a small number of Creole Catholics who attend Catholic churches such as St. Anthony's Church in Brookfields and the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Freetown. Prominent Creole Catholics include Dr Monty Jones , Bertha Conton and Florence Dillsworth and, in previous generations, James C.E. Parkes . The official language of Sierra Leone
700-593: A number of atrocities before they captured Bogle. However, their cruelty in suppressing the uprising attracted a lot of criticism from Methodist missionaries and residents of Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica . To this day, the Maroons in Jamaica are, to a small extent, autonomous and separate from Jamaican culture. Those of Accompong have preserved their land since 1739. The isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today resulted in their communities being among
800-505: A treaty in 1734 and 1736, but by 1738 he agreed to parley with John Guthrie. This local planter and militia officer was known to and respected by the Maroons. In 1739, the treaty signed under British governor Edward Trelawny granted Cudjoe's Maroons 1500 acres of land between their strongholds of Trelawny Town and Accompong in the Cockpit Country and a certain amount of political autonomy and economic freedoms, in return for which
900-488: Is English. In addition to English, the Sierra Leone Creoles also speak a distinctive creole language named after their ethnic group called Creole or Krio . Krio was strongly influenced by British English , Gullah , African American Vernacular English , Jamaican Creole , Akan , Igbo and Yoruba . Jamaican Maroons Jamaican Maroons descend from Africans who freed themselves from slavery in
1000-475: Is called an Asofo, from the Akan word asafo ( ' assembly, church, society ' ). Native Jamaicans and island tourists are allowed to attend many of these events. Others considered sacred are held in secret and shrouded in mystery. Singing, dancing, drum-playing, and preparation of traditional foods form a central part of most gatherings. In their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St. Elizabeth ,
1100-429: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Sierra Leone Creole people The Sierra Leone Creole people ( Krio : Krio pipul ) are an ethnic group of Sierra Leone . The Sierra Leone Creole people are descendants of freed African-American , Afro-Caribbean , and Liberated African slaves who settled in
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#17327693365351200-491: Is due to the healthier environment of the Maroon towns. When the colonial authorities deported the Maroons of Trelawny Town, they left a void which was filled by communities of runaway slaves. The Maroons of the smaller town of Accompong were unable to cope with the growing numbers of runaways in western Jamaica, who found refuge elsewhere in the Cockpit Country. The Accompong Maroons tried but failed in their attempts to disperse
1300-737: Is possible the Maroons of de Serras merged with the Windward Maroons. Between 1673 and 1690 there were several major slave uprisings, mainly prompted by newly arrived, highly militarized Fante or Coromantee groups from Cape Coast and Ashanti Empire . On 31 July 1690, a rebellion involving 500 slaves from the Sutton estate in Clarendon Parish led to the formation of Jamaica's most stable and best organized Maroon group. Although some were killed, recaptured, or surrendered, more than 200, including women and children, remained free after
1400-861: The 2nd and 4th West India Regiments were settled in Freetown and in suburbs around it in 1819. Barbadian rebels who participated in the Bussa Rebellion were transported to colonial Freetown in 1816 and included families such as the Priddy family . Thirty-eight African Americans (nine families) immigrated to Freetown under the auspices of African-American ship owner Paul Cuffe , of Boston . These Black Americans included Perry Lockes and Prince Saunders from Boston; Abraham Thompson and Peter Williams Jr. from New York City; and Edward Jones from Charleston, South Carolina . Americo-Liberian merchants and traders also settled in colonial Freetown throughout
1500-406: The American Revolutionary War , many on promises of freedom from enslavement . On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died. However, enough survived to establish and build a colony. Seventy white women accompanied the men to Sierra Leone. Anna Falconbridge portrayed these white women as prostitutes from Deptford Prison, but they were most likely wives and girlfriends of
1600-540: The Caribbean , the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of the culture of the Caribbean. In Trinidad , the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In French Guiana the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European way of life, and in neighbouring Suriname ,
1700-506: The Cockpit Country on a massive scale, surrounding it with watchposts, firing in shells from a long distance, and intending to destroy or cut off all Maroon provision grounds. Meanwhile, Maroon attempts to recruit plantation slaves met with a mixed response, though large numbers of runaway slaves gained their freedom by fighting for Trelawny Town. Other Maroon communities maintained neutrality, but Accompong Town, however, fought on
1800-645: The Cockpit Country resisted conquest in the First Maroon War ( c. 1728 to 1740), which the colonial government ended in 1739–1740 by making treaties, to grant lands and to respect maroon autonomy, in exchange for peace and aiding the colonial militia if needed against external enemies. The tension between Governor Alexander Lindsay and the majority of the Leeward Maroons resulted in the Second Maroon War from 1795 to 1796. Although
1900-609: The Colony of Jamaica and established communities of free black people in the island's mountainous interior, primarily in the eastern parishes . Africans who were enslaved during Spanish rule over Jamaica (1493–1655) may have been the first to develop such refugee communities. The English, who invaded the island in 1655 , continued the importation of enslaved Africans to work on the island's sugar-cane plantations . Africans in Jamaica continually resisted enslavement, with many who freed themselves becoming maroons. The revolts disrupted
2000-715: The Farquhar family and their descendants such as the Stuart family and Conton family who settled in Sierra Leone from Barbados , the Bahamas , and Bermuda between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The last major group of immigrants to the colony was the Liberated Africans or "Recaptives". Held on slave ships for sale in the western hemisphere, they were liberated by the Royal Navy , which, with
2100-712: The First Maroon War . One tactic particular to the Jamaican Maroons involved the art of camouflage using plants. Queen Nanny's remains are reputedly buried at "Bump Grave" in Moore Town , the main town of the Windward Maroons, who are concentrated in and around the Rio Grande valley in the north-eastern parish of Portland . Also known as Granny Nanny (died c. 1750s), she is the only woman honoured as one of Jamaica's National Heroes . She has been immortalised in songs and legends. Disturbed by plantation raiding,
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#17327693365352200-713: The French créole , which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo , a diminutive of cria , meaning a person raised in one's house. Cria derives from criar , meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin creare , meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget"; — itself the source of the English word "create". The word creole has several cognates in other languages, such as créole , creolo , criol , criollo , crioulo , kreol , kreyol , krio , kriol , kriolu , and kriyoyo . In Louisiana ,
2300-598: The Gold Coast likewise settled in Freetown and eventually coalesced into the Sierra Leone Creole identity. In the 21st century, the majority of Creoles in Sierra Leone continue to reside in Freetown and along the surrounding Western Area peninsula where their language and culture have a disproportionate influence relative to their population. The Creole people acted as colonial administrators, traders and missionaries in other parts of West Africa during
2400-671: The Sierra Leone Company established it in West Africa (in present-day Sierra Leone ) as a British colony, where they formed the Sierra Leone Creole ethnic identity. The word " maroon " is derived via French from the Spanish word cimarrón , meaning "wild" or "untamed". This word usually referred to runaways, castaways, or the shipwrecked; those marooned probably would never return. The origin of
2500-507: The West Africa Squadron , enforced the abolition of the international slave trade after 1808. The Liberated Africans were multi-ethnic and were largely Akan , Aja , Ewe , Angolan , Wolof , Hausa , Yoruba , Igbo , Bambara , Nupe , and Fulani people who had been enslaved by illegal slave traders. The Liberated Africans also included Sherbro , Mende and Temne people who had been enslaved in territories neighbouring
2600-696: The Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. The colony was established by the British , supported by abolitionists , under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen . The settlers called their new settlement Freetown . Today, the Sierra Leone Creoles are 1.2 percent of the population of Sierra Leone. The Creoles of Sierra Leone have varying degrees of European ancestry , similar to their Americo-Liberian neighbours and sister ethnic group in Liberia . In Sierra Leone, some of
2700-434: The Western Area peninsula of Sierra Leone. By the 1850s, they had already established Aberdeen , Bathurst , Charlotte , Dublin , Gloucester , Goderich , Grafton , Hastings , Kent , Kissy , Leicester , Murray Town , Regent , Ricketts , Sussex , Waterloo , Wellington , Wilberforce and York . Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, immigrants from the Bahamas , Barbados , Bermuda , Liberia and
2800-471: The large cotton tree near George Street. As the Settlers gathered under the tree, their preachers held a thanksgiving service and the white minister, Rev. Patrick Gilbert preached a sermon. After the religious services, the settlement was officially established and was designated Freetown. The Settler men cleared the forest and shrub and built a new settlement on the overgrown site that had formerly contained
2900-564: The 1870s, when the Creole identity was beginning to form. The next arrivals were the Jamaican Maroons ; these maroons came specifically from Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) , one of the five Maroon cities in Jamaica. The Maroons mainly descended from highly military skilled Ashanti slaves who had escaped plantations and, to a lesser extent, from Jamaican indigenous people. The Maroons numbered around 551, and they helped quell some of
3000-973: The 19th century, and as a result, there are also Creole communities in The Gambia , Nigeria , Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea . Due to normal migration patterns, the Sierra Leone Civil War , and some discrimination at home, many Sierra Leone Creoles live abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom . In the United States, Creoles are mostly settled in Washington DC , Maryland , Virginia , Texas , New York , Georgia , California and North Carolina . The Creoles are Christians, whether nominal or in practice, at more than 98 percent. A large proportion of
3100-716: The African Americans were from South Carolina and the Sea Islands, of the Gullah culture; others were from states along the eastern seaboard up to New England. Some 1200 of these blacks emigrated to Sierra Leone from Halifax Harbour on 15 January 1792, arriving between 28 February and 9 March 1792. On 11 March 1792, the Nova Scotian Settlers disembarked from the 14 passenger ships that had carried them from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone and marched toward
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3200-530: The British colonial administration intervened to ensure the Recaptives became firmly rooted in Freetown society; they served in the army with the West India Regiment, and they were assigned as apprentices in the houses of Settlers and Maroons. Sometimes if a child's parents died, the young Recaptive would be adopted by a Settler or Maroon family. The two groups mixed and mingled in society. As
3300-445: The British took and destroyed Nanny Town in 1734, but most of the Windward Maroons simply dispersed and formed new settlements. At this point, however, fighting shifted to Leeward, where the British troops had equally limited success against the well-trained and organized forces of Cudjoe . By the mid-1730s, warfare was proving costly to Maroons and British alike and was turning into an ongoing stalemate. Cudjoe rejected suggestions of
3400-400: The British would hold their conquest, the group run by de Bolas changed its position. Faced with discovery and defeat in 1659, de Bolas allied with the English and guided their troops on a raid which resulted in the final expulsion of the Spanish in 1660. In exchange, in 1663, Governor Sir Charles Lyttelton, 3rd Baronet , signed the first maroon treaty, granting de Bolas and his people land on
3500-591: The Colony of Sierra Leone. The Liberated Africans, also called Recaptives, contributed greatly to the Creole culture. While the Settlers, Maroons, and transatlantic immigrants gave the Creoles their Christianity, some of their customs, and their Western influence, the Liberated Africans modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions. Initially
3600-687: The Creole people influenced other pidgins such as Cameroonian Pidgin English , Nigerian Pidgin English , and Pichinglis . As a result of their history, the Gambian Creole people , or Aku people of the Gambia , the Saro people of Nigeria, and the Krio Fernandinos of Equatorial Guinea , are sub-ethnic groups or partly descended from the Sierra Leone Creole people or their ancestors. The English word creole derives from
3700-652: The Granville Town settlement. They had a profound influence on Creole culture; many of the Western attributes of Creole society were conveyed by the "Settlers", who continued what was familiar to them from their past lives. In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotians or "Settlers" (the 1787 Settlers were called the Old Settlers). They founded the capital of Sierra Leone in 1792. The descendants of African Americans remained an identifiable ethnic group until
3800-479: The Jamaican authorities relented. They responded by saying they would place no obstacle in the way of Maroons returning to Jamaica, but would not pay any passage or for the purchase of lands in the island. In 1839, the first Maroons made their way from Sierra Leone to Jamaica. Mary Brown and her family, which included her daughter Sarah McGale and a Spanish son-in-law, sold off their property in Sierra Leone, bought
3900-630: The Jamaican government called upon the Maroons to honour their treaties and come to their assistance during the major slave uprising led by the Fante leader, Tacky, in Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica . The Windward Maroons were first to be mobilized. Their intervention at first appeared half-hearted: the Scott's Hall Maroons began by claiming outstanding arrears in bounty, while those Charles Town Maroons at Down's Cove allegedly took cover when attacked by
4000-562: The Jamaican mountainous interior. In the 1670s and 1680s, in his capacity as an owner of a large slave plantation, former buccaneer and now lieutenant-governor of Jamaica Sir Henry Morgan led three campaigns against the Karmahaly Maroons of de Serras. Morgan achieved some success against the Maroons, who withdrew further into the Blue Mountains, where they were able to stay out of the reach of Morgan and his forces. It
4100-614: The Jarretts, Smiths, Hortons, Coles, Porters, Jones, and the Morgans, settled in Maroon Town , Sierra Leone. Seventy percent of Maroons lived on five streets: Gloucester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, and Westmoreland street. The Jamaican Maroon settlement was west of Settler Town between Walpole street and King Tom. The Liberated African ancestors – principally of Akan , Bakongo , Ewe , Igbo and Yoruba origin – settled across
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4200-444: The Maroon settlements in 1686 and 1702, to little effect. By about 1720, a stronger Windward community had developed around the culturally Africanised group of three villages known as Nanny Town , under the spiritual leadership of Queen Nanny , an Ashanti woman, sometimes in allegiance and sometimes in competition with other Windward groups. She was known for her exceptional leadership skills, especially in guerrilla warfare during
4300-632: The Maroons in Sierra Leone returned to Jamaica in the 1840s. In 1865, poor free blacks, led by Baptist deacon Paul Bogle , rose in revolt against the colonial authorities in the Morant Bay Rebellion . The governor called out the Moore Town Maroons one last time to put down the rebellion. Fyfe was called up once more to lead a combination of Moore Town Maroons, including some who resided in Hayfield and Bath, and they committed
4400-454: The Maroons of Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) . The treaties following the First Maroon War had called for the assignment of a white "superintendent" in each Maroon community. Trelawny Town had objected to the official recently assigned to them and eventually expelled him. At this, the new, hardline Governor, Balcarres , sent William Fitch to march on Trelawny Town with a military force to demand their immediate submission. Balcarres ignored
4500-399: The Maroons were to provide military support in case of invasion or rebellion, and to return runaway slaves in exchange for a bounty of two dollars each. This last clause in the treaty caused tension between the Maroons and the enslaved black population, although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into Maroon settlements. In addition, a British superintendent
4600-424: The Recaptives began to trade and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they began to dominate Freetown society. The Recaptives intermarried with the Settlers and Maroons, and the two groups became a fusion of African and Western societies. The ancestors of the Creoles founded the Colony of Sierra Leone and established the settlement of Freetown in 1792. They based the plan on what they were familiar with –
4700-577: The Sierra Leone colony believed that a new colony did not need black settlers from London. The directors decided to offer resettlement to African Americans from Nova Scotia, despite the failure of the last colony. These settlers were Black Loyalists, American slaves who had escaped to British lines and fought with them during the American Revolution, to earn freedom. The British government had transported more than 3,000 freedmen to Nova Scotia for resettlement, together with white Loyalists. Some of
4800-508: The Spanish word cimarrón is unknown. When the English invaded Jamaica in 1655, most Spanish colonists fled. Many of their slaves escaped and, together with free blacks and mulattoes , former slaves, and some native Taíno , coalesced into a number of ethnically diverse groups in the Jamaican interior. Some Spanish Maroons created palenques , or stockaded mountain farms, first at Lluidas Vale , in modern-day Saint Catherine Parish , under Juan de Bolas (also known as Lubolo). Toward
4900-617: The West African shores from Sierra Leone to the Gambia to Fernando Pó . Trelawny Town was the largest Maroon town, so the population of Maroons in Jamaica was significantly dented by their deportation. However, in the nineteenth century the total population of the four remaining Maroon towns grew from 853 in 1808 to 1,563 in 1841. The Maroon towns grew in numbers at a time when the population of black slaves and white slave-holders alike declined from disease. One historian argues that this
5000-532: The adults had left Patriot owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and thousands joined the British lines. The British resettled 3,000 of the African Americans in Nova Scotia, where many found the climate harsh and struggled with discrimination from white Nova Scotians. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish
5100-412: The advice of local planters, who suggested giving the Maroons some more land in order to avoid conflict. Instead, the governor demanded that the Maroons surrender unconditionally, provoking a conflict that could have been avoided. The Trelawny Maroons, led by their colonel, Montague James , chose to fight and were initially successful, fighting a guerrilla war in small bands under several captains, of whom
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#17327693365355200-542: The background of the British-Jamaican planters panicked by the excesses of the French Revolution , and by the corresponding start of a slave revolt in neighboring Saint-Domingue , which ended with the independence of Haiti in 1804. At the same time, an increasing hunger for land among expanding Maroon communities in Jamaica coincided with several more immediate and proximate causes of grievance among
5300-441: The black settlers. Their colony was known as the "Province of Freedom" and their settlement was called "Granville Town"' after the English abolitionist Granville Sharp . The British negotiated for the land for the settlement with the local Temne chief, King Tom. However, before the ships sailed away from Sierra Leone, 50 white women had died, and about 250 remained of the original 440 who left Plymouth. Another 86 settlers died in
5400-530: The case. To Walpole's dismay, Balcarres refused to treat with the defeated Maroons and had them deported from Jamaica, at first to Nova Scotia, then to the new British colony of Sierra Leone , and joined the African-American founders who established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown, Sierra Leone . From the 1830s on, some Maroons (or their descendants) returned to Jamaica to work as free labourers, and many of them settled in
5500-526: The coastal areas of mainland Africa, Creoles acquired economic and political leverage due to their education, culture and close relationships with the colonial administration. They developed a strong sense of ethnic identity and formed their own political organisations. During the independence era of the mid-1900s, some Creoles supported colonial rule but many fought for independence and held positions of power afterwards. In most countries however, Creole political influence gradually gave way to ethnic groups from
5600-620: The colonial authorities had no use for the Maroons, and they passed the Maroon Allotments Act in 1842, and abolished the post of superintendent in the 1850s. Their attempts to break up the Maroon communal land, while partially successful in Charles Town and Scott's Hall, met with Maroon resistance in Accompong Town and Moore Town. After the Second Maroon War , the colonial authorities converted Trelawny Town into
5700-462: The colonial authorities of Jamaica wanted to eradicate the Maroon communities in order to promote British settlement. Their strategy, beginning in the 1730s, was to break off lines of communication between the Windward and Leeward Maroons, then first pick off the less organized Windward Maroons. In practice, the Maroon troops' command of the territory and skill in guerrilla warfare gave them a strong advantage over colonial forces. After much fighting,
5800-539: The country's population, it unites all the different ethnic groups , especially in their trade and interaction with each other. Krio is also the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans living abroad. The Sierra Leone Creoles settled across West Africa in the nineteenth century in communities such as Limbe ( Cameroon ); Conakry ( Guinea ); Banjul ( Gambia ); Lagos , Abeokuta , Calabar , Onisha ( Nigeria ); Accra , Cape Coast ( Ghana ) and Fernando Pó ( Equatorial Guinea ). The Krio language of
5900-465: The course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following the Jamaican Maroons and Barbadian rebels, Afro-Caribbean immigrants settled in Freetown, Sierra Leone and in settlements across the Freetown peninsula throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as missionaries, artisans and colonial officials such as the Porter family from Jamaica . Prominent Creole families of more recent Afro-Caribbean ancestry include
6000-409: The first four months. Although initially there was no hostility between the two groups, after King Tom's death the next Temne chief retaliated for a slave trader's burning of his village. He threatened to destroy Granville Town. The Temne ransacked Granville Town and took some Black Poor into slavery, while others became slave traders . In early 1791 Alexander Falconbridge returned, to find only 64 of
6100-407: The first group died due to disease and warfare with indigenous peoples. About 64 survived to establish the second Granville Town following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. In 1792, 1200 Nova Scotian Settlers from Nova Scotia settled and established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown ; these were African Americans and their descendants. Many of
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#17327693365356200-443: The governor promised leniency if the maroons surrendered, he later betrayed them and, supported by the Assembly , insisted on deporting just under 600 Maroons to British settlements in Nova Scotia , where enslaved African Americans who escaped from the United States were also resettled. The deported Maroons were unhappy with conditions in Nova Scotia, and in 1800 a majority left, having obtained passage to Freetown eight years after
6300-719: The grid of a North American colonial town. The families originally from Nova Scotia – the Balls, Burdens, Chambers, Davis , Dixons, Georges (descendants of David George ), Keelings, Leighs, Moores, Peters (descendants of Thomas Peters or Stephen Peters), Prestons, Snowballs , Staffords, Turners, Willoughsby, Williams, and the Goodings – took up residence in Settler Town . The town was in close proximity to Cline Town (then Granville Town). Eighty percent of Nova Scotians lived on five streets: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, East, and Charlotte street. The next group of settlers were Jamaican Maroons from Cudjoe's Town , who arrived in Freetown, via Nova Scotia, in 1800. Notable families such as
6400-412: The interior that were considered 'more African'. Creole communities in Africa have grown in several ways. Elements of their culture, including language and music, have come to dominate popular culture on the islands. In Creole-established cities on the African mainland, some non-Creoles have assimilated into Creole societies, which are perceived to enjoy privileged status. Those seeking acceptance into
6500-412: The intermingling of African Recaptives with Afro-Caribbeans and African Americans . Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist T. H. Eriksen concludes: “A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding
6600-482: The international African slave trade beginning in 1808, they patrolled off the continent to intercept illegal shipping. The British resettled Liberated Africans from slave ships at Freetown. The Liberated Africans included people from the Yoruba, Igbo, Efik, Fante, and other ethnicities of West Africa. Some members of indigenous Sierra Leone ethnicities, were also among the Liberated Africans resettled at Freetown; they also assimilated into Creole culture. Others came to
6700-736: The late 18th and early 19th centuries, led to the eventual formation of a Creole ethnicity . The Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American, Liberated African, and Afro-Caribbean descent in West Africa. Thoroughly westernized in their manners, the Creoles as a class developed close relationships with the British colonial administration; they became educated in British institutions and advanced to prominent leadership positions in colonial Sierra Leone and British West Africa . Partly due to this history, many Sierra Leone Creoles have first names and/or surnames that are anglicized or British in origin. The Creoles are overwhelmingly Christian and
6800-444: The main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.” Thomas Hylland Eriksen , Creolisation as
6900-411: The most inaccessible on the island. Today, the four official Maroon towns still in existence in Jamaica are Accompong Town, Moore Town, Charles Town and Scott's Hall. They hold lands allotted to them in the 1739–1740 treaties with the British. These Maroons still maintain their traditional celebrations and practices, some of which have West African origin. For example, the council of a Maroon settlement
7000-449: The most noted were Johnson, Parkinson, and Palmer. The casualties suffered by Fitch and his men were significantly higher than those felt by the Maroons of Trelawny Town. When the Trelawny Town Maroons killed Fitch, several of his officers, some Accompong Maroon trackers, and many militia soldiers in an ambush, Balcarres appointed a new general, George Walpole . This new general suffered more setbacks, until he eventually opted to besiege
7100-449: The mountainous interior of Jamaica, surviving by subsistence farming and periodic raids of plantations. These initial Maroon groups faded from colonial history records, possibly migrating to more mountainous or remote regions of the interior. Others may have coalesced to form the nucleus of what would later be called the Windward Maroons. Over time, runaway slaves increased the Maroon population, which eventually came to control large areas of
7200-407: The new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the Sierra Leone Company . In 1800, the British government also transported 550 Jamaican maroons to Sierra Leone and subsequent waves of African American and Afro-Caribbean immigrants would settle in Sierra Leone throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After Britain and the United States abolished
7300-1122: The objective of training Christian clergy and educators, who were later dispatched across West Africa to spread Christianity. Creole denominations are mainly Protestant with the Anglican and Methodist churches having the largest Creole congregants. However, smaller denominations such as the Baptist church and Countess of Huntingdon denominations in places such as Freetown , and Waterloo , Sierra Leone, also have Creole attendees, although these are smaller in number compared to Creole Anglicans and Methodists. Creole church attendees congregate at traditional "Creole" churches in Freetown such as St. George's Cathedral , Trinity Church , St John's Maroon Church , Ebenezer Methodist Church , Rawdon Street Methodist Church , and Zion Methodist Church, Wilberforce Street . Prominent Creole Anglicans include Edward Fasholé-Luke and Creoles such as Arthur Thomas Porter , Canon Harry Sawyerr and Robert Wellesley-Cole . Well-known Creole Methodists include Sylvia Blyden ,
7400-515: The original residents (39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women). The 64 people had been cared for by a Greek and a colonist named Thomas Kallingree at Fourah Bay , an abandoned African village. There the settlers reestablished Granville Town. After that time, they were called the "Old Settlers". By this time the Province of Freedom had been destroyed; Granville Sharp did not lead the next settlement movement. The proponents and directors of
7500-565: The rebellion ended. They established an Ashanti -style polity based in the western parts of the Cockpit Country , notably Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) ; the most famous ruler of the Western Maroons was Cudjoe . They incorporated outsiders only after newcomers had satisfied a strict probationary period. At this time, the leaders who emerged in the Eastern Maroons were Quao and Queen Nanny . The Windward Maroons, in
7600-586: The rebels. However, the Maroon warriors were employing guerrilla warfare tactics, which contradicted the British military tradition of marching into the oncoming fire. In the end, it was a Scott's Hall Maroon, Lieutenant Davy the Maroon , who killed Tacky during a skirmish. The loss of Tacky's leadership essentially ended the initial rebellion. In western Jamaica, Apongo led another slave rebellion, inspired by Tacky's Revolt, which lasted from April 1760 to October 1761. Cudjoe's well-trained forces were mobilized to help deal with them with some degree of success. In
7700-570: The riots against the British from the settlers. The Maroons later fought against the Temne during the Temne Attack of 1801. The dispute with the Temne was over "rent" which the Temne felt they were owed by the colony. In a twist that became the hallmark of politics in the subregion, the Temne had indeed signed a treaty granting full sovereignty to the Colony but then turned around to say that this
7800-619: The runaway community established by Cuffee in the Cockpit Country in 1798. When Cuffee's maroon group faded from the colonial records, their place was taken by another group of runaways, who established themselves in the Cockpit Country in 1812. The maroon community of Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come also resisted attempts by the Accompong Maroons and the colonial militias to disperse them in the 1820s. A large maroon group of runaway slaves established themselves near Hellshire Beach in southern Jamaica, and it thrived there for years until it
7900-579: The runaway maroon communities continued to thrive under new leaders. White superintendents took command of the Maroon towns, and the Maroon officers were relegated to their subordinates. After Tacky's War, the governor appointed a separate superintendent for each of the five Maroon towns. These superintendents reported to the Superintendent-General, who in turn reported to the governor. The Superintendents-General of all Maroon towns were as follows: The Second Maroon War began in 1795 against
8000-444: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Krio . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krio&oldid=1078047438 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
8100-423: The same terms as English settlers. The colonial authorities paid the men of de Bolas to hunt the supporters of de Serras and recent runaways. However, de Bolas was eventually killed in an ambush, probably by Maroons belonging to de Serras. While the Maroons belonging to de Bolas disappeared from history, the English authorities failed to subdue the Karmahaly Maroons. The other Maroon groups remained independent in
8200-457: The settlement voluntarily, seeing opportunities in Creole culture in the society. The first settlers to find a colony in Sierra Leone were the so-called "Black Poor": African Americans and Afro-Caribbean. 411 settlers arrived in May 1787. Some were Black Loyalists who were either evacuated or travelled to England to petition for a land of their own; Black Loyalists had joined British forces during
8300-582: The settlers from Nova Scotia and the Caribbean were Christians. Many liberated Africans also converted to Christianity. The Creoles were instrumental in the establishment of Pan-African Christianity. Between 1840 and 1900, at least six out of every ten black African clergy in the Anglican Church across West Africa was a Creole. By the 1820s, Sierra Leone already had more Christians than the entirety of tropical Africa. Educational institutions such as Fourah Bay College were initially established with
8400-421: The settlers intermarried with English colonial residents and other Europeans. Through the Jamaican Maroons , some Creoles probably also have indigenous Amerindian Taíno ancestry. The mingling of newly freed black and racially-mixed Nova Scotians and Jamaican Maroons from the ' New World ' with Liberated Africans – such as the Akan , Bakongo , Ewe , Igbo and Yoruba – over several generations in
8500-444: The side of the colonial militias against Trelawny Town. Despite signs that the siege was working, Balcarres grew impatient and sent to Cuba for a hundred hunting dogs and handlers. The reputation of these was so fearsome that their arrival quickly prompted the surrender of the majority of Trelawny forces. The Maroons, however, only put down their arms on condition that they would not be deported, and Walpole gave his word that would be
8600-406: The sugar economy in Jamaica and made it less profitable. The uprisings decreased after the British colonial authorities signed treaties with the Leeward Maroons in 1739 and the Windward Maroons in 1740, which required them to support the institution of slavery. The importance of the Maroons to the colonial authorities declined after slavery was abolished in 1838 . The Windward Maroons and those from
8700-573: The term Creole applies to the descendants of enslaved Africans born on the island, while in South Africa , the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with Dutch settlers, later produced a creolized population. The Fernandino Creole peoples of Equatorial Guinea are a mix of Afro-Cubans with Emancipados and English-speaking Liberated Africans , while the Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles resulted from
8800-485: The term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or ethnically mixed parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. Its use to describe languages started from 1879, while as an adjective, from 1748. In some Spanish-speaking countries, the word Criollo is used today to describe something local or very typical of a particular Latin American country. In
8900-968: The term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans. In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the European colonial era, with some mix of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged: Portuguese , African American , Dutch , French and British . The Crioulos of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , São Tomé e Príncipe , Angola and Mozambique . The Mauritian and Seychellois Creoles are Africans with some French cultural ancestry and are Christianized . On La Réunion ,
9000-471: The vast majority of them reside in Freetown and its surrounding Western Area region of Sierra Leone. From their mix of peoples, the Creoles developed what is now the native Krio language , a creole deriving from English, indigenous West African languages, and other European languages. It is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96 percent of
9100-518: The village of Flagstaff, near the old site of Trelawny Town (although some of these returnees resettled in Sierra Leone) (see Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone ). The descendants of the Returned Maroons live in Flagstaff today (see Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) ). Those who remained in Sierra Leone formed the new Creole ethnic group of Sierra Leone which established diaspora communities along
9200-463: The western end of Cockpit Country were the "Varmahaly or Karmahaly Negroes" under the leadership of Juan de Serras . There was possibly a third group that was active in the region of Porus , in modern Manchester Parish ; and a fourth in the Blue Mountains . During the first decade of English rule, these groups were active on behalf of the Spanish. But, as it became increasingly obvious that
9300-399: The wilder parts of eastern Jamaica, were always composed of separate highly mobile and culturally heterogeneous groups. It is possible that the runaway slaves from de Serras' group of Karmahaly Maroons formed the initial nucleus of the Windward Maroons. From early on, the Jamaican governors considered their settlements an impediment to English development of the interior. They ordered raids on
9400-594: The years that followed Tacky's rebellion, many Maroon officers such as Samuel Grant , allegedly the son of Davy, made a career out of hunting runaway slaves for the colonial authorities. These runaway slaves formed informal maroon communities, modelled along the lines of the official Maroon communities before they came to terms. In the 18th century, Maroons also hunted and killed notorious escaped slaves and their deputies, such as Ancoma, Three Fingered Jack , and Dagger. However, while they were successful in capturing and killing some runaways and their leaders, most members of
9500-479: The years that followed. After the treaties, the white superintendents appointed by the governors eventually took control of the Maroon towns. In the 1740s, some Leeward Maroons who opposed the 1739 treaty rose in revolt, but Cudjoe crushed those rebellions. In 1754, Quao attempted to overthrow Edward Crawford, the new Maroon leader of the Windward Maroon town, and in the resulting conflict, Crawford's Town
9600-441: Was destroyed. Governor Charles Knowles re-established control over the uprising with the help of other Maroons. He then ordered that the Maroons of Crawford's Town be resettled in the new, nearby Windward Maroon towns of Charles Town and Scott's Hall . The Maroon population grew from 664 in 1739 to 1,288 in 1796, at a time when both the slave population and the white settler communities were ravaged by disease. In April 1760,
9700-483: Was finally dispersed by a party of Windward Maroons in 1819. The Maroons played a significant role in helping the colonial authorities to suppress the Samuel Sharpe revolt in 1831–32, under the leadership of white superintendents such as Alexander Fyfe (Fyffe). Sharpe's Baptist War persuaded the British government to end the system of slavery, which they did in the years following the rebellion. After that,
9800-411: Was not their understanding. This misunderstanding became violent, when in 1801, the Temne attacked Freetown. The assault failed, resulting instead in the expulsion of the Temne from the area. The next migrations of transatlantic immigrants between 1800 and 1819 were smaller in comparison to the early Nova Scotian Settlers and Jamaican Maroon immigrants. Afro-Caribbean and Liberated African soldiers from
9900-498: Was the Hector , and several Maroons were so desperate to leave Sierra Leone that they did not wait for the ship to dock, but rowed out to meet it in their canoes. In all, 64 Maroons left Sierra Leone for Jamaica on the Hector alone. Most Sierra Leone Maroons lived in Freetown, and between 1837 and 1844, Freetown's Maroon population shrank from 650 to 454, suggesting that about 200 made their way back to Jamaica. As many as one-third of
10000-453: Was to be assigned to live in each Maroon town. In 1740, similar treaties were signed by Quao and Nanny, major leaders of the Windward Maroons. The Windward Maroons were originally located at Crawford's Town and the new Nanny Town (now called Moore Town ). In all, about 600 Maroons came to terms with the British authorities through these two treaties. Not all the Maroons accepted the treaties. Rebellions occurred in Maroon communities in
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