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28-540: The Kronstadt Fortress is an architectural and historical monument of the 18th–19th centuries in Saint Petersburg , Russia. Only the Northern Wall of the fortress, located in the center of Kronstadt along Vosstaniya Street, which was built in the 19th century along the already existing, but not long before, rebuilt fortress, has survived in good condition. In November 1703, the first foreign ship of

56-635: A landmark character. Jan Pieter van Suchtelen He was active as military engineer. He established a preliminary project of the Modlin fortress , near Warsaw, when Russia captured this area after the third partition of Poland. Since 1783 he actively worked in Russia. For his project of Staro-Kalinkin Bridge in St Petersburg he was promoted to the rank of colonel. Created count, enrolled to

84-418: A landmark is furthermore defined as an external point of reference that helps orientation in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. Landmarks are often used in verbal route instructions ("Turn left at the big church and then right over the bridge.") Landmarks are usually classified as either natural landmarks or human-made landmarks, both are originally used to support navigation on finding directions. A variant

112-742: Is a seamark or daymark , a structure usually built intentionally to aid sailors navigating featureless coasts. Natural landmarks can be characteristic features, such as mountains or plateaus . Examples of natural landmarks are Mount Everest in the Himalayas , Table Mountain in South Africa, Mount Ararat in Turkey, Uluru in Australia, Mount Fuji in Japan and the Grand Canyon in

140-572: Is easily recognizable, such as a monument , building, or other structure. In American English it is the main term used to designate places that might be of interest to tourists, due to notable physical features or historical significance. Landmarks in the British English sense are often used for casual navigation , such as giving directions. This is done in American English as well. In urban studies as well as in geography ,

168-1092: The Château Frontenac in Quebec (city) , Place Stanislas in Nancy , the CN Tower in Toronto , the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw , the Atomium in Brussels , Gateway Arch in St Louis , and the Moai in Easter Island . Church spires and mosque minarets are often very tall and visible from many miles around and thus often serve as built landmarks. Also town hall towers and belfries often have

196-1516: The Colosseum in Rome , Big Ben in London , the Tsūtenkaku in Osaka , the Forbidden City in Beijing , the Great Pyramid in Giza , Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro , Statue of Unity in Narmada , Bratislava Castle in Bratislava , Helsinki Cathedral in Helsinki , the Space Needle in Seattle , the Sydney Opera House in Sydney , the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin ,

224-584: The Table Mountain near Cape Town , South Africa was used as a landmark to help sailors to navigate around the southern tip of Africa during the Age of Exploration . Artificial structures are also sometimes built to assist sailors in navigation. The Lighthouse of Alexandria and the Colossus of Rhodes are ancient structures built to lead ships to the port. In modern usage, a landmark includes anything that

252-462: The 2nd Western (Kronstadt) defensive barracks (built in 1826–1829 and rebuilt in the same years as the first). In front of the escarpment wall, the Kronverksky canal was dug, covered by a batardo from the north and south. The northern city defenses were formed by four Northern Defensive Barracks, built at different times from 1831 to 1871, some of which were equipped with semi–towers. To the east

280-504: The Dutch skipper Vybes came to Saint Petersburg , delivering salt and wine. The skipper received the prize announced by Peter I – 500 gold. And on 22 June 1715, Peter I solemnly met 45 Dutch and English merchant ships at once. The need for the construction of spacious and convenient harbors for anchorage and unloading of ships became obvious. To speed up the matter, Peter I appointed the governors personally responsible for carrying out work in

308-623: The Engineering Department, creator of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces, urgently created a project for city stone fortifications. Under the leadership of engineer–lieutenant colonel Lvov, urgent restoration work began, which was carried out around the clock. Most of the work was completed by the summer of 1826. In 1827, the city plan was re-approved, not much different from the old one. After

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336-662: The Fortifications of the Russian Empire" was directly subordinate to the Military Collegium . He developed a new state of Russian fortresses, where special attention was paid to Kronstadt. In 1734, as an experiment, work began on replacing the wooden harbor fences with stone ones. However, due to a shortage of masons and the outbreak of war with Turkey, these works were curtailed three years later. The October storm of 1757 again caused significant damage to

364-504: The United States. Trees might also serve as local landmarks, such as jubilee oaks or conifers . Some landmark trees may be named, such as Queen's Oak , Hanging Oak and Centennial Tree . Bases of fallen trees, known in this context as rootstocks , are used as navigational aids on high-resolution maps and in the sport of orienteering . Because most woods have many fallen trees, generally only very large rootstocks are mapped. In

392-700: The area of the former torpedo boat base – Litke Base, next to which a container terminal is currently being created. Until now, a number of barracks and the Northern Wall of the fortress have survived along Vosstaniya Street and partly along Zosimov Street to the Kronstadt Gate. The complex of mortar batteries of the Kronstadt Fortress is a cultural heritage site and is located in the western part of Kotlin Island . The complex includes: The list of monuments of history and architecture protected by

420-557: The areas allocated to them, for which he summoned them to Kronstadt. In March 1719, the construction of the Merchant Harbor was completed. The construction of the fortress began twenty years after the construction of the Kronstadt forts began, and ended at the end of the 19th century. The general plan of construction on the island, which included a plan for the development of the city, was approved by Peter I in 1721. The city

448-420: The completion of work on strengthening the city's defenses, it began to resemble an irregular quadrangle. On the land side of Kotlin Island, it was protected by a wall with towers and escarpment. From the west, the city was covered by an escarpment wall, which was partially replaced by the walls of the 1st Western (Citadel) defensive barracks with a half–tower (built in 1826–1828, rebuilt in 1903–1906), as well as

476-547: The empress signed a rescript instructing Greig to begin the transfer of the Admiralty from Saint Petersburg to Kronstadt. The plan drawn up by Greig largely determined the development of the city with office and residential buildings, warehouses and hospitals. At last, stone construction began in the fortress. The harbor was also dredged, and prisoners were used as labor. During the catastrophic flood in November 1824, almost

504-404: The entire surface of the island, with the exception of a few hills outside the city, was under water. By the evening of 7 November, the Kronstadt Fortress practically ceased to exist. The fortifications were destroyed, the weapons were washed away by the waves. The disaster struck suddenly, as a result, many soldiers who were not removed from their posts were killed. Count Sukhtelen , inspector of

532-445: The fortifications. Again, the question arose about the beginning of stone construction, but the calculation of the costs showed that restoration work using wood has a 20 times lower cost, which delayed work in stone for a quarter of a century. On 5 April 1784, Admiral Greig signed a plan for the arrangement of the Admiralty in Kronstadt. At the direction of Catherine II , an authoritative commission reviewed it, and on 29 January 1785,

560-985: The modern sense, landmarks are usually referred to as monuments or prominent distinctive buildings, used as the symbol of a certain area, city, or nation . Some examples are Tokyo Tower in Tokyo , the White House in Washington, D.C. , the Statue of Liberty and Empire State Building in New York City , the Eiffel Tower in Paris , Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow , the Lotte World Tower in Seoul ,

588-617: The nobility of Finland where his main estate was located. Charlotte Disbrowe visited Sweden in 1834, where her father, (Sir Edward Cromwell Disbrowe , a senior diplomat with the British Foreign Office ) was stationed. She met Van Suchtelen and mentioned in her biography that: Amongst the visitors I had forgotten to name General Suchtelen, the Russian Minister, who had been in Sweden from time immemorial, and

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616-472: The simple bastion scheme of Vauban ). The soil for the embankment on which the construction was carried out was mined by hand on the mainland. Extensive fortification works were carried out on top of the embankment: a wall was built, cannons were placed, barracks and towers were created. The fortress was armed with 358 cannons, 11 howitzers and 19 mortars, of which 257 guns defended the fairway. The garrison numbered 71 officers and 2664 lower ranks. To facilitate

644-504: The state includes the following structures: Buses No. 2, 3, 175. Suburban buses No. 101, 215 also go through the Kronstadt Gate to the Kronstadt highway. Landmark A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation , a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances. In modern day use, the term can also be applied to smaller structures or features, that have become local or national symbols . In old English

672-492: The transport of goods within the city, canals and docks were built, after which the city turned into a first–class shipyard . For residential buildings, plots were allocated – for ordinary citizens an area of 6 acres (32x12 meters), for noble ones – the same length, but a width chosen at will. Soon after the death of Peter I, almost all work in the fortress came under the control of Field Marshal Burkhard Minich (until his resignation in 1740). Since 1727, this "Oberdirector Over

700-459: The word landmearc (from land + mearc (mark)) was used to describe a boundary marker , an "object set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate, etc.". Starting from around 1560, this understanding of "landmark" was replaced by a more general one. A landmark became a "conspicuous object in a landscape". A landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. For example,

728-542: Was supposed to have come out of the ark. He was made very much of at that Court, indeed was allowed privileges not granted to other diplomatists, and my father had some difficulty in consequence of obtaining the proper position due to him as the accredited Minister of the Court of St. James. General Suchtelen had two brothers attached to his Legation as secretaries, of the name of Bodisko. They were known as Beau Disko and Laid Disko, for obvious reasons. This article about

756-601: Was the fifth, the Eastern Defense Barracks. From the side of the sea, the city was protected by breakwaters with platforms intended for placing cannons, as well as by the Knyaz Menshikov battery protecting the entrance to Srednaya and Kupecheskaya harbors. Lunettes were located to the west of the kronverk: the Den lunette (named after General Den) east of the modern city cemetery and the lunette in

784-473: Was to be surrounded by a fortress fence with a bastion outline from the west, north and east. On the south side, the city was to be protected by harbor walls. On 18 October 1723, Peter personally laid the foundation stone of the fortress, which was named Kronstadt . The fronts of the fortress fence were located according to the Kegorn system (under Peter II , it was proposed to build these fronts according to

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