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57-439: The villages of Červený Potok, Dolní Boříkovice, Dolní Hedeč, Dolní Lipka, Heřmanice, Horní Boříkovice, Horní Hedeč, Horní Lipka, Kopeček and Prostřední Lipka are administrative parts of Králíky. The similarity of the town's name with the modern Czech word králík (i.e. 'rabbit') is accidental. The oldest German name of the locality was derived from the personal German name Greulich, dialectally pronounced as Kralych. The Czech name

114-728: A protected geographical indication by the European Union . Pardubice is located at the crossroads of three main roads: The I/2, which connects Pardubice with Prague ; the I/36 from Pardubice to Rychnov nad Kněžnou District ; and the I/37, which connects Hradec Králové with Žďár nad Sázavou and the D1 motorway . Pardubice main railway station is an important railway junction. Pardubice has direct railway connection with many cities, including Prague, Brno , Olomouc , Ostrava and Liberec in

171-595: A Final German Peace Treaty, i.e. southern East Prussia ( Masuria ), Farther Pomerania , the New March region of the former Province of Brandenburg , the districts of the Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia , Lower Silesia and those parts of Upper Silesia that had remained with Germany after the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite . It further affected the German minority living within the territory of

228-603: A priori any commitment to the eventual reconstitution of a central government in Germany. James F. Byrnes wrote "we specifically refrained from promising to support at the German Peace Conference any particular line as the western frontier of Poland." The Berlin Protocol declared: "The three heads of government reaffirm their opinion that the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should await

285-513: A production plant in its former premises. This electronics manufacturer is the largest employer in Pardubice. Pardubice has a long tradition in the chemical industry. It is represented by the Paramo refinery, which was founded by David Fanto in 1889. Today it is owned by Orlen Unipetrol . In Pardubice-Semtín there are the companies Explosia (a manufacturer of explosives founded in 1920, which

342-633: A result of the British general election of 1945 , had replaced Winston Churchill as the UK's representative. The three powers also agreed to invite France and China to participate as members of the Council of Foreign Ministers established to oversee the agreement. The Provisional Government of the French Republic accepted the invitation on August 7, with the key reservation that it would not accept

399-511: A whole (for example France separated Saarland from Germany to establish its protectorate on 17 December 1947), and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government. After the end of World War II in Europe (1939–1945), and the decisions of the earlier Tehran , Casablanca and Yalta Conferences , the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany by

456-599: Is BK JIP Pardubice , playing in the National Basketball League . Pardubice is also represented in the Czech rink bandy league. Pardubice hosts two world-famous sporting events each year. The Velká pardubická steeplechase was first held in 1874 and is one of the most famous horse races in Europe. The second event is the Golden Helmet of Pardubice , a motorcycle speedway competition held at

513-401: Is associated with the invention of Semtex plastic explosive) and its subsidiary Synthesia (manufacturer of cellulose, pigments and dyes, and organic compounds, established in 1929). For centuries, Pardubice have been known for the production of gingerbread . The gingerbread guild was established in the 16th century. The first factory was founded in 1913. Since 2008, Pardubice gingerbread is

570-614: Is known for the Military Museum. Many remains of the Czechoslovak fortification system from the period 1935–1938 are open to the public, including Hůrka artillery fortress and U Cihelny infantry cabin. Králíky is twinned with: Pardubice Pardubice ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈpardubɪtsɛ] ; German : Pardubitz ) is a city in the Czech Republic . It has about 92,000 inhabitants. It

627-647: Is located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) east of Prague . The city lies at the confluence of the Elbe and Chrudimka rivers. There are several fishponds, artificial lakes and oxbow lakes of the Elbe in the municipal territory. Pardubice is located in the East Elbe Table , in the eastern part of the Polabí lowland. The highest point is the hill Stropinský vrch at 258 m (846 ft) above sea level, located on

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684-759: Is located on the railway line Ústí nad Orlicí – Moravský Karlov . The Hora Matky Boží Monastery pilgrimage complex is formed by the monastery, the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and the Memorial to the Victims of Internment in 1948–1961. The monastery includes Chapel of the Holy Stairs with cloisters, a crypt, and a pilgrimage house. The way from the town to the complex is lined with Stations of

741-418: Is owned by the city of Pardubice. In addition to buses, trolleybuses also provide intra-city transport. Trolleybus service was started in 1952. There are 12 trolleybus lines in operation. Pardubice is home to University of Pardubice . It was founded in 1950 as Chemical College and is mainly focused on fields historically associated with the city, such as the chemical industry and transportation. The city

798-517: Is the Green Gate as a remnant of the city's fortifications. It is a Renaissance gate with a façade decorated by a relief designed by Mikoláš Aleš , which depicts the Lords of Pardubice. Behind the gate is a 60 metres (200 ft) high tower that serves as an lookout tower. In its interior there is also an exposition with the history and legends of the city. Pardubice Castle was built at the end of

855-626: Is the capital city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the Elbe River. The historic centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation . Pardubice is known as the centre of industry, which represents an oil refinery or an electronic equipment plant. The city is well known for its sport events, which include the Velká pardubická steeplechase in horse racing, the Golden Helmet of Pardubice in motorcycle racing, and

912-430: Is the wettest with 79.9 millimetres (3.15 in), while February is the driest with only 30.9 millimetres (1.22 in). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −27.7 °C (−17.9 °F) on 29 December 1996 to 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) on 28 July 2013. The first written mention of Pardubice is from 1295, when Pope Boniface VIII took over the protection of the local Church of Saint Bartholomew with

969-754: The Berlin Declaration of June 5, 1945. At the Potsdam Conference the Western Allies were presented with Stalin 's fait accompli awarding Soviet-occupied Poland the river Oder as its western border, placing the entire Soviet Occupation Zone east of it (with the exception of the Kaliningrad enclave), including Pomerania , most of East Prussia , and Danzig , under Polish administration. The German population who had not fled were expelled and their properties acquisitioned by

1026-612: The Svítkov Stadium . The Golden Helmet has been run since 1929 is one of the oldest individual titles in world speedway. AMK Zlatá Přilba Pardubice is a speedway team that race at the Svítkov Stadium. The Czech Open international chess and games festival has been held in Pardubice since 1990. The city was also known for the Czech Open in golf, but it was last held in 2011. The landmark and symbol of Pardubice

1083-575: The 13th century and rebuilt in the Renaissance style at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Massive fortifications are preserved around the castle. Today the castle houses the Museum of East Bohemia in Pardubice and Gallery of East Bohemia in Pardubice. The original Church of Saint Bartholomew was built in 1295 and destroyed during the Hussite Wars . The today's Church of Saint Bartholomew

1140-696: The Agreement but was not finalized as Poland's permanent western frontier until the 1990 German-Polish Border Treaty , having been recognized by East Germany in 1950 (in the Treaty of Zgorzelec ) and acquiesced to by West Germany in 1970 (in the Treaty of Moscow (1970) and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) ). In the Potsdam Agreement (Berlin Conference) the Allies (UK, USSR, US) agreed on the following matters: The Three Governments have taken note of

1197-677: The Conference, the French resisted implementing the Potsdam Agreements within their occupation zone. In particular, the French refused to resettle any expelled Germans from the east. Moreover, the French did not accept any obligation to abide by the Potsdam Agreement in the proceedings of the Allied Control Council; in particular resisting all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as

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1254-593: The Cross . The pilgrimage complex with the church is protected as a national cultural monument . The historic centre of Králíky contains preserved burgher houses and the Church of Saint Michael the Archangel. The church was originally a late Renaissance Protestant oratory from around 1577, which was damaged by fires and rebuilt in the Baroque style in the 17th and 18th centuries. The area of Králíky and Prostřední Lipka

1311-461: The Czech Open international chess and board games festival. Pardubice is divided into eight boroughs, which are further divided into 27 administrative parts (in brackets): The name Pardubice is derived from the personal Polish name Porydęb. It was the name of the leader of the monks who came here from Poland. For the first time the name was recorded in the form of Pordobice . Pardubice

1368-636: The Czech Republic, Bratislava , Žilina and Košice in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary, and Vienna and Graz in Austria. The territory of Pardubice is served by eight train stations and stops. Pardubice is served by Pardubice Airport , which is used as both military and civilian international airport. Intra-city transport is provided by the company Dopravní podnik města Pardubic a.s., which

1425-593: The German province of East Prussia , occupied by the Red Army during its East Prussian Offensive followed by its evacuation in winter 1945, had already been incorporated into Soviet territory as the Kaliningrad Oblast . The Western Allies promised to support the annexation of the territory north of the Braunsberg – Goldap line when a Final German Peace Treaty was held. The Allies had acknowledged

1482-675: The Germans operated a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp , whose prisoners were mostly Poles and Russians . The German speaking population was expelled in 1945 in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and replaced by Czechs. The I/43 road from Brno and Svitavy to the Czech-Polish border passes through the town. On the Czech-Polish border is the road border crossing Dolní Lipka / Boboszów . Králíky

1539-796: The Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender (26 July 1945) wherein the Western Allies (UK, US, USSR) and the Nationalist China of General Chiang Kai-shek asked Japan to surrender or be destroyed. Already during the Potsdam Conference, on 30 July 1945, the Allied Control Council was constituted in Berlin to execute the Allied resolutions (the "Four Ds"): The northern half of

1596-626: The Soviet Occupation Zone, they were consequently excluded from 'Germany as a whole'. In the course of the proceedings, and after the German state killed around 5-6 million Polish citizens during the war, Polish communists had begun to suppress the German population west of the Bóbr river to underline their demand for a border on the Lusatian Neisse. The Allied resolution on the "orderly transfer" of German population became

1653-561: The [final] peace settlement." Byrnes continues: "In the light of this history, it is difficult to credit with good faith any person who asserts that Poland's western boundary was fixed by the conferences, or that there was a promise that it would be established at some particular place." Despite this, the Oder-Neisse Line was set as Poland's provisional (and therefore theoretically subject to change) western frontier in Article 8 of

1710-469: The advent of World War II . During the war, the city was damaged by air strikes of the Allies, and the Fanto Werke refinery was repeatedly bombed during the oil campaign . Pardubice is known as an industrial city. The dominant industries are chemical industry, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. Tesla electronics manufacturer operated here in 1921–1989. In 2000, Foxconn established

1767-455: The army of General Lennart Torstensson , but was not conquered. An important milestone in the history of the city was the year 1845, when the railway from Prague to Olomouc was finished. Pardubice became an important railway junction, which led to the development of the food, engineering and chemical industries, and subsequently the development of social and cultural life. In 1874, the Velká pardubická steeplechase horse race took place for

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1824-526: The centre of his estate and began to build a city that corresponded to his status. The Pernštejn family had the entire historic centre with the Renaissance square built. They also had rebuilt the medieval castle into a comfortable fortified residence. In 1560, the Pernštejns were forced to sell the estate to Emperor Ferdinand I because of debts. During the Thirty Years' War , the city was besieged by

1881-462: The country. During the biggest fires in 1708 and 1767 a major part of the town burned down, including the most important buildings. The original wooden houses were replaced by stone ones. After Kłodzko Land was surrendered to Prussia , many of its inhabitants moved to Králíky and the town began to grow. In 1899, the railway was built. From 1938 to 1945, it was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland . In 1944–1945,

1938-562: The discussions which have been proceeding in recent weeks in London between British, United States, Soviet and French representatives with a view to reaching agreement on the methods of trial of those major war criminals whose crimes under the Moscow Declaration of October 1943 have no particular geographical localization. The Three Governments reaffirm their intention to bring these criminals to swift and sure justice. They hope that

1995-416: The first half of the 16th century. Until 1786, the church belonged to a Minorite monastery, from which time there are extensive underground tombs under the church. The House at Jonáš is one of the most treasured burgher houses in Pardubice. It was built after the fire that hit the city in 1507. It is known for its façade, decorated with a stucco relief from 1797, showing a biblical scene of a whale swallowing

2052-483: The first time. In 1910, Jan Kašpar made here the first successful flight in Czech lands and a year later he made history by flying the first long-haul flight from Pardubice to Prague. Until 1918, the city was part of Austria Hungary . The seat of the Pardubice district, it was one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia . In the interwar period, Pardubice continued to develop until its heyday ended with

2109-767: The former Second Polish Republic in Greater Poland , eastern Upper Silesia, Chełmno Land and the Polish Corridor with Danzig. The Germans in Czechoslovakia (34% of the population of the territory of what is now the Czech Republic), known as Sudeten Germans but also Carpathian Germans , were expelled from the Sudetenland region where they formed a majority, from linguistic enclaves in central Bohemia and Moravia , as well as from

2166-881: The legitimacy of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity , which was about to form a Soviet satellite state . Urged by Stalin, the UK and the US gave in to put the German territories east of the Oder–Neisse line from the Baltic coast west of Świnoujście up to the Czechoslovak border "under Polish administration"; allegedly confusing the Lusatian Neisse and the Glatzer Neisse rivers. The proposal of an Oder- Bober - Queis line

2223-408: The legitimation of the expulsion of Germans from the nebulous parts of Central Europe , if they had not already fled from the advancing Red Army. The expulsion of ethnic Germans by the Poles concerned, in addition to Germans within areas behind the 1937 Polish border in the West (such as in most of the old Prussian province of West Prussia), the territories placed "under Polish administration" pending

2280-456: The municipal territory lies in the Králický Sněžník Mountains . The highest point is the mountain Jelení vrch at 936 m (3,071 ft) above sea level. The first written mention of the area is from 1367. It is a record preserved in the country's tables of law, by which King Charles IV presented the castle of Žampach and the mountains belonging to it to Čeněk of Potštejn. However, this record concerns only some unspecified mines. The town

2337-569: The negotiations in London will result in speedy agreement being reached for this purpose, and they regard it as a matter of great importance that the trial of these major criminals should begin at the earliest possible date. The first list of defendants will be published before 1st September. [t]he three Governments have also charged the Council of Foreign Ministers with the task of preparing peace treaties for Bulgaria , Finland , Hungary and Romania . The conclusion of Peace Treaties with recognized democratic governments in these States will also enable

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2394-455: The order of Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs . In the first half of the 14th century, the settlement was acquired by a noble family, later known as Lords of Pardubice. In 1340, when Pardubice was inherited by Arnošt of Pardubice , it was first referred to as a city. In 1491, Pardubice was bought by Vilém II of Pernštejn , who continued to expand the city and made significant impact on its prosperity. He chose Pardubice as

2451-461: The organ masters of Králíky, one of the greatest being in Prague 's Loreta. Weaving played an important role in the originating of a textile tradition, and Králíky canvas was successfully sold all over the country. In the 18th century the town suffered from fires, plague and wars. Though no major battles took place in the region, the town suffered from the crossings of armies. Fights, plunderings and bribery took place here, as well as in other parts of

2508-460: The prophet Jonah . The premises of the house are used by the Gallery of East Bohemia in Pardubice. The Zámeček Memorial is a place of reverence that commemorates execution of 194 people in 1942. The place is a national cultural monument and at its centrepiece is a granite monument dating from 1949. Pardubice is twinned with: Pardubice also cooperates with: Potsdam Agreement The Potsdam Agreement ( German : Potsdamer Abkommen )

2565-500: The prosecution of war criminals and the mass expulsion of ethnic Germans from various parts of Europe. France was not invited to the conference but formally remained one of the powers occupying Germany. Executed as a communiqué, the agreement was not a peace treaty according to international law , although it created accomplished facts. It was superseded by the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany signed on 12 September 1990. As De Gaulle had not been invited to

2622-409: The question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner. Moreover, towards concluding the Pacific Theatre of War , the Potsdam Conference issued the Potsdam Declaration ,

2679-405: The southeastern municipal border. Pardubice's climate is classified as oceanic climate ( Köppen : Dfb ; Trewartha : Dcbo ). Among them, the annual average temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F), the hottest month in July is 19.8 °C (67.6 °F), and the coldest month is −0.3 °C (31.5 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 573.4 millimetres (22.57 in), of which July

2736-409: The state. President Truman and the British delegations protested at these actions. The Three Power Conference took place from 17 July to 2 August 1945, in which they adopted the Protocol of the Proceedings, August 1, 1945 , signed at Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam . The signatories were General Secretary Joseph Stalin , President Harry S. Truman , and Prime Minister Clement Attlee , who, as

2793-431: The three Governments to support applications from them for membership of the United Nations. The three Governments agree to examine each separately in the near future in the light of the conditions then prevailing, the establishment of diplomatic relations with Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary to the extent possible prior to the conclusion of peace treaties with those countries. The Three Governments, having considered

2850-400: The town a privilege to hold three annual fairs. In the surroundings iron ore was probably mined and perhaps silver, and at that time the town was supposed to get two crossed mining hammers with a sword into its heraldry. There was an attempt to revive mining in the 17th century but it is believed to have been unsuccessful. The industry has never been restarted. Near the curative springs above

2907-538: The town, Bishop Tobias Johannes Becker , a local native, had a monumental pilgrimage complex built in 1696–1710. A lot of visitors came to this pilgrimage place and poor inhabitants of the Králíky region made a living from these pilgrimages. Production and sale of souvenirs boomed. Wood carving began to develop, and Christmas cribs and wooden characters that have found their way all over the world are reminders of this. Organ building and weaving also developed. Many cathedrals and churches all over Bohemia feature organs from

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2964-444: Was built together with a monastery in 1507–1514. It was used as a burial place of the Pernštejn family . In the interior there is a valuable main altar with the painting "The Passion of St. Bartholomew" from 1692 by Michael Willmann and a painting decoration by Mikoláš Aleš. The Church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary was founded by Arnošt of Pardubice before 1359. Its present late Gothic and Renaissance appearance dates from

3021-428: Was derived from this form. Králíky is located about 28 kilometres (17 mi) northeast of Ústí nad Orlicí and 70 km (43 mi) east of Pardubice , on the border with Poland . The Tichá Orlice River flows through the western part of the municipal territory. Králický Pond is located south of the town. Králíky lies on the border between the Hanušovice Highlands and Kłodzko Valley . The northernmost tip of

3078-481: Was first represented in the top national football competition by SK Pardubice in the 1930s and 1940s. Later VCHZ Pardubice played in the top national league in the 1968–69 season. Nowadays the city is represented by FK Pardubice , which plays in the Czech First League . Women's team plays in the Czech Women's First League . The ice hockey club HC Dynamo Pardubice plays in the Czech Extraliga . The team plays its home games at Enteria arena . The basketball team

3135-455: Was founded as late as in the 16th century and the first written mention is from 1568. In 1577, the town and ten neighbouring villages were bought by Zdeněk of Waldstein . He chose the town of Králíky as the residence of his new manor and began to develop it. Except the manor house, vicarage and Protestant oratory (today's Church of Saint Michael the Archangel), he had the square built into today's shape and on his request Emperor Rudolf II granted

3192-424: Was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The cession included the former Free City of Danzig and the seaport of Stettin on the mouth of the Oder River ( Szczecin Lagoon ), vital for the Upper Silesian Industrial Region . Post-war, 'Germany as a whole' would consist solely of aggregate territories of the respective zones of occupation. As all former German territories east of the Oder-Neisse line were excluded from

3249-464: Was the agreement among three of the Allies of World War II : the United Kingdom , the United States , and the Soviet Union after the war ended in Europe that was signed on 1 August 1945 and it was published the next day. A product of the Potsdam Conference , it concerned the military occupation and reconstruction of Germany , its border , and the entire European Theatre of War territory. It also addressed Germany's demilitarisation , reparations ,

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