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27-741: Kuty is often associated with Kitów, Poland , as both settlements have historic familial connections, both communities suffered the destruction of their Jews during the Holocaust, both are the originators of the Kitowski surname, and the two towns share a placename in Polish. Kuty, which means 'angles' or 'corners' in Ukrainian , was first mentioned in records of 1469 as a village in the estate of Jan Odrowąż , then Polish archbishop of Lwów (now Lviv) and personal adviser to several Polish kings. Over time

54-654: A massive programme of uprooting Polish Jews from their homes and businesses through forcible expulsions . Entire Jewish communities were deported into these closed off zones by train from their places of origin systematically, using Order Police battalions , first in the Reichsgaue , and then throughout the Generalgouvernement territory. The Nazis had a special hatred of Polish and other eastern Jews. Nazi ideology depicted Jews, Slavs and Roma as inferior race Untermenschen ("subhumans") who threatened

81-636: Is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sułów , within Zamość County , Lublin Voivodeship , in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Sułów , 25 km (16 mi) west of Zamość , and 56 km (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin . During the Nazi occupation of Poland , on December 11, 1942, a minimum of 164 inhabitants of Kitów, including numerous women and children, were massacred by

108-693: The Katyn massacre . In the spring of 1942, during the German occupation, the entire Jewish population of Kuty was killed by the Germans and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police , with some 950 to 1,038 Jews massacred on 10 April 1942 alone. Many died in the town while the rest were rounded up and deported to the ghetto in Kolomyia . Only a handful survived. In March-April 1944, Ukrainian nationalists killed about 200 Poles and Armenians , including women and children. Following

135-571: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The town was the fiefdom of the Potocki family until the partitions of Poland . Kuty had a mixed population of Poles , Ruthenians , Jews and Armenians . In 1772 it came under Austrian administration and on May 1, 1782, Kuty lost its town privileges. As a result, its economic growth halted and Kuty remained a provincial backwater inhabited mostly by Jewish and Armenian merchants. Around 1850

162-661: The Warsaw Ghetto in October. Most Jewish ghettos were established in 1940 and 1941. Subsequently, many ghettos were sealed from the outside, walled off with brickwork, or enclosed with barbed wire. In the case of sealed ghettos, any Jew caught leaving could be shot. The Warsaw Ghetto, located in the heart of the city, was the largest ghetto in Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 3.4 square kilometres ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 square miles). The Łódź Ghetto

189-514: The ghetto uprisings . The first anti-Jewish measures were enacted in Germany with the onset of Nazism ; these measures did not include ghettoizing German Jews: such plans were rejected in the post- Kristallnacht period. However, soon after the 1939 German invasion of Poland , the Nazis began to designate areas of larger Polish cities and towns as exclusively Jewish, and within weeks, embarked on

216-528: The German punitive expedition. This Zamość County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II , the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews , and sometimes Romani people , into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation. In German documents, and signage at ghetto entrances,

243-464: The Germans to be giving any help to a Jew was subject to the death penalty. In 1942, the Nazis began Operation Reinhard , the systematic deportation of Jews to extermination camps . Nazi authorities throughout Europe deported Jews to ghettos in Eastern Europe or most often directly to extermination camps built by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland . Almost 300,000 people were deported from

270-493: The Nazis usually referred to them as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden , both of which translate as the Jewish Quarter . There were several distinct types including open ghettos , closed ghettos , work , transit , and destruction ghettos , as defined by the Holocaust historians. In a number of cases, they were the place of Jewish underground resistance against the German occupation, known collectively as

297-586: The annexation of Kuty from Poland by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, surviving Poles and Armenians mostly left for Poland. The tradition of baking kołacz of Armenians of Kuty is still cultivated in Poland, and it is designated a traditional food by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland . Since 1991 Kuty has been part of independent Ukraine . Until 26 January 2024, Kuty

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324-473: The bacteria that causes epidemic typhus, were publicized, and the respected status of German doctors helped spread the belief that the Jews were responsible for spreading typhus. The German public health officials in occupied Poland were concerned only with the health of German personnel, so they repeatedly urged occupation authorities to isolate Jews further from the rest of the population. German forces regarded

351-634: The city overall population, were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 7.2 people per room. In the ghetto of Odrzywół , 700 people lived in an area previously occupied by five families, between 12 and 30 to each room. The Jews were not allowed out of the ghetto, so they had to rely on smuggling and the starvation rations supplied by the Nazis: in Warsaw this was 1,060 kJ (253 kcal) per Jew, compared to 2,800 kJ (669 kcal) per Pole and 10,930 kJ (2,613 kcal) per German. With

378-499: The crowded living conditions, starvation diets, and insufficient sanitation (coupled with lack of medical supplies), epidemics of infectious disease became a major feature of ghetto life. In the Łódź Ghetto some 43,800 people died of 'natural' causes, and 76,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto before July 1942. To prevent unauthorised contact between the Jewish and non-Jewish populations, German Order Police battalions were assigned to patrol

405-545: The establishment of ghettos as temporary measures, in order to allow higher level Nazis in Berlin to decide how to execute their goal of eradicating Jews from Europe. Nazi officials had an Endziel , an unarticulated final goal that would take time to reach, and also an Endlösung , a "final solution" which was a euphemism for the murder of Jews. Toward the Endziel and Endloesung there were intermediate goals to be carried out in

432-478: The formation of Jewish ghettos caused hunger and poverty, crowding and unsanitary conditions, which in turn actually created typhus epidemics in occupied Poland. German physicians and public health officials in the Nazi regime did not acknowledge this; instead, German medical professionals published essays blaming Jewish people's supposed "low cultural level" and "uncleanliness" for the typhoid epidemics. Posters depicting Jews as lice, which transmit from person to person

459-494: The ghetto had to have identification papers proving they were not Jewish (none of their grandparents was a member of the Jewish community), such as a baptism certificate. Such documents were sometimes called "Christian" or "Aryan papers". Poland's Catholic clergy massively forged baptism certificates, which were given to Jews by the dominant Polish resistance movement, the Home Army ( Armia Krajowa , or AK). Any Pole found by

486-639: The most important border crossings between Poland and Romania. In 1930 the Polish Army built a new wooden bridge across the Cheremosh river. It was in Kuty that the Polish president, Ignacy Mościcki , spent his last days in Poland before crossing the border into exile during the 1939 Polish Defensive War against the Germans and the Soviets attacking on two fronts at the start of World War II . The town

513-523: The perimeter. Within each ghetto, a Jewish Ghetto Police force was created to ensure that no prisoners tried to escape. In general terms, there were three types of ghettos maintained by the Nazi administration. The parts of a city outside the walls of the Jewish Quarter were called "Aryan". For example, in Warsaw , the city was divided into Jewish, Polish, and German Quarters. Those living outside

540-472: The purity of Germany's Aryan Herrenrasse ("master race"), and viewed these people and also political opponents of the Nazi party as parasitic vermin or diseases that endangered the overall health of the Volksgemeinschaft , the German racial community. German doctors and public health officials helped advance these racist fearmongering ideas. The German invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939) and

567-627: The settlement grew and in 1715 at the request of Jan Potocki , the voivod of Kiev , King Augustus II the Strong granted it a town charter . Two churches were founded for local Uniates and Armenian Catholics . With expansion and the proximity of Bukovina , the town became the seat of a starost in the region of Halych and an administrative centre within the Ruthenian Voivodship in the Lesser Poland Province of

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594-621: The short term, and one of these was to concentrate Jews from the countryside into larger cities, thus making certain areas Judenrein ("clean of Jews"). The first ghetto of World War II was established on 8 October 1939 at Piotrków Trybunalski (38 days after the invasion), with the Tuliszków ghetto established in December 1939. The first large metropolitan ghetto known as the Łódź Ghetto ( Litzmannstadt ) followed them in April 1940, and

621-490: The town was linked to the rest of Galicia by the Kołomyja - Czerniowce railway. However, as both Galicia and Bukovina were under Austrian rule, it could not capitalize on its status as a border town. From the 19th-century onwards, Kuty acquired fame as a holiday resort owing to its picturesque location, on a river surrounded by hills and blessed with a balmy climate. It was known as a fruit-growing area and associated festivals. It

648-590: Was defended by the Polish Army until September 20, 1939. Among the last soldiers to be killed by the Red Army in heavy fighting for the bridge was the notable Polish writer, Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz . Except for the term of German occupation between 1941 and 1944, Kuty was annexed by the USSR in 1939 and was administered by Soviet Ukraine . Some Poles from Kuty were murdered by the Soviet NKVD in Kuty and in

675-448: Was designated urban-type settlement . On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Kuty became a rural settlement. In 1849 the town had roughly 3,700 inhabitants, in 1880, 6,300 and in the late 1920s – 8,000. Of these 3,300 were Jews, 1,900 Hutsuls , 1,300 Poles and over 500 Armenians . In 2001, the population was 4,272, and in 2016 ca. 4,085 (2016 est.) . Kit%C3%B3w Kitów [ˈkituf]

702-742: Was home to the largest Armenian community in Poland, many of whom had settled there from Moldavia . The local Armenian school operated until the 1860s as the only one that was not dissolved by the Austrian authorities shortly after the Partitions of Poland. After the collapse of the Central Powers in 1918 the town was briefly under the control of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . After seizure by Romania Kuty returned to newly independent Polish administration. It became

729-632: Was the second largest, holding about 160,000 people. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum archives, there were at least 1,000 such ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone. Ghettos across Eastern Europe varied in their size, scope and living conditions. The conditions in the ghettos were generally brutal. In Warsaw , the Jews, comprising 30% of

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