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131-617: The novel narrates the story of five souls (including that of princess Kuvalaya-mālā) as they go through several rebirths. Initially, each of the five souls is misguided by one of the five passions : anger, vanity, deceit, greed, and infatuation. Ultimately, the five souls meet the Jain leader Mahavira in their final birth, and achieve liberation . The text uses this narrative to explain the Jain philosophy and practices. Uddyotana-sūri, also known as Udyota-sūri or Dakshinyachihna, composed Kuvalaya-mālā at Jabalipura (modern Jalore ). An analysis of

262-467: A (mostly western) way of thinking related to Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine. These two concepts cause individuals to reach out for something, or even someone. They both can either be creative or destructive and this dark side can very well be dangerous to the self or to others. Hobbies require a certain level of passion in order to continue engaging in the hobby. Singers, athletes, dancers, artists, and many others describe their emotion for their hobby as

393-426: A bad workaholic will score higher on measures of burnout. They{mentioned above} also suggest why this is – some individuals work because they are satisfied, engaged, and challenged and to prove a point. On the other hand, the opposite kind work hard because they are addicted to work; they see that the occupation makes a contribution to finding an identity and purpose. Passion and desire go hand in hand, especially as

524-547: A big river was located between the two cities, and the Sutta Nipata mentions Saketa as the first halting place on the southward road from Shravasti to Pratishthana . Fourth century onwards, multiple texts, including Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha , mention Ayodhya as another name for Saketa. The later Jain canonical text Jambudvipa-Pannati describes a city called Viniya (or Vinita) as the birthplace of Lord Rishabhanatha , and associates this city with Bharata Chakravartin ;

655-508: A choice but a physical occurrence rather than a disturbance. It is an occurrence that happens outside of our control, and our bodies are just affected by these emotions. We produce these actions based on the instinctive state that these feelings lead us towards. This concept of emotion was derived from passion. Emotions were created as a category within passion. Strong Desire for something: In whatever context, if someone desires for something and that desire has some strong feeling or emotion

786-543: A critical edition of Ratnaprabha's work, based on three manuscripts. Passion (emotion) Passion (Greek πάσχω "to suffer, to be acted on" and Late Latin (chiefly Christian ) passio "passion; suffering") denotes strong and intractable or barely controllable emotion or inclination with respect to a particular person or thing. Passion can range from eager interest in, or admiration for, an idea, proposal, or cause; to enthusiastic enjoyment of an interest or activity; to strong attraction, excitement, or emotion towards

917-426: A critical edition of the text (1957 and 1970), based on the following manuscripts: The text of these manuscripts is not exactly identical. The Pune manuscript features several omissions, which appear to be deliberate: for example, it omits several references to flesh. In mid-13th century, Ratnaprabha-sūri wrote Kuvalayamālā-kathā , a Sanskrit-language digest of Kuvalayamālā . In 1916, Muni Chatura-vijaya published

1048-546: A discourse on durjana (wicked person) and sajjana (pious person). The text then moves to the actual story. King Drdha-varman rules the town of Vinita ( Ayodhya ) in Madhya-desha . One day, his commander Sushena returns from a successful military campaign, bringing the five-year old Malava prince Mahendra-kumara as a captive to Vinita. King Drdha-varman, who had no heir, adopts Mahendra-kumara as his son. One day, queen Priyangu-shyama expresses frustration at not having

1179-526: A duel with the prince. The two men eventually reconcile when they realize that they are both Jains. The Bhilla chief xintroduces himself as Darpa-parigha, a nephew of the prince's father Drdha-varman. He states that he was to be appointed as the king of Ratna-puri, but was forced to go into exile because of a conspiracy by his younger brother: he ultimately reached the Vindhyas, joined the Bhillas, and became

1310-422: A flourishing town and a Buddhist centre. However, it had lost its position as an important political centre to Kanyakubja (Kannauj). At the time of Xuanzang's visit, it was a part of Harsha 's empire, and was probably the seat of a vassal or an administrative officer. Xuanzang states that the city measured about 0.6 km (20 li ) in circumference. Another seventh-century source, Kāśikāvṛttī , mentions that

1441-418: A god, and then as prince Kama-gajendra during the period of Mahavira. Kama-gajendra arrives at the scene and meets Mahavira, who narrates his life to the audience. Mahavira tells him about the current lives of his four companions, and tells him that he would achieve liberation in this life. Mahavira then reaches Kakandi, where he continues to preach to Gautama and others. Meanwhile, prince Vajra-gupta arrives at

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1572-686: A lake. A Yaksha girl named Kanaka-prabha emerges from the lake, and narrates the story of how the Yakshas came to worship the Jina. The prince then crosses the Narmada river, and reaches the hermitage of a female ascetic named Enika. Her parrot narrates their past and present lives to the prince. The prince and the ascetic worship Rishabha , discuss various topics, including Samudrika-shastra , and meet vidyadharas disguised as Shabharas . After some days, Kuvalaya-chandra tells Enika that he had to go on

1703-632: A mission to Vijaya-puri. He narrates his genealogy, describing himself as a member of the Ikshvaku dynasty and the Shashi-vamsa . Enika sends him off, and also sends a message about his well-being to his parents through her parrot. Kuvalaya-chandra then reaches the Sahya mountain , and joins a carvan heading to Kanchipuri . A group of Bhilla robbers attack the caravan, and the Bhilla chief engages in

1834-623: A mosque. In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of 2.0 hectares (5 acres) in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid. Some South Koreans have identified

1965-402: A motivation. Linstead & Brewis refer to Merriam-Webster to say that passion is an "intense, driving, or overmastering feeling or conviction". This suggests that passion is a very intense emotion, but can be positive or negative. Negatively, it may be unpleasant at times. It could involve pain and has obsessive forms that can destroy the self and even others. In an occupation, when an individual

2096-469: A new temple at what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram . It was planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a 200-hectare (500-acre) site next to the Faizabad - Gorakhpur highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes. The Ram Mandir ( lit.   ' Rama Temple ' ) is a Hindu temple complex in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh , India. Many Hindus believe that it

2227-465: A new temple here, which was improved by Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita. The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by Kush , son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in

2358-807: A passion for the occupation, for a firm, or for an activity. When Canadian managers or professionals score as passionate about their occupation they tend to be less obsessive about their behavior while on their job, resulting in more work being done and more work satisfaction . These same individuals have higher levels of psychological well-being . When people genuinely enjoy their profession and are motivated by their passion, they tend to be more satisfied with their work and more psychologically healthy. When managers or professionals are unsatisfied with their profession they tend to also be dissatisfied with their family relationships and to experience psychological distress. Other reasons people are more satisfied when they are motivated by their passion for their occupation include

2489-535: A passion. Although this might be the emotion they're feeling, passion is serving as a motivation for them to continue their hobby. Recently there has been a model to explain different types of passion that contribute to engaging in an activity. According to researchers who have tested this model, "A dualistic model in which passion is defined as a strong inclination or desire toward a self-defining activity that one likes (or even loves), that one finds important (high valuation), and in which one invests time and energy." It

2620-502: A person. It is particularly used in the context of romance or sexual desire, though it generally implies a deeper or more encompassing emotion than that implied by the term lust , often incorporating ideas of ecstasy and/or suffering . Denis Diderot (1713–1784) describes passions as "penchants, inclinations, desires and aversions carried to a certain degree of intensity, combined with an indistinct sensation of pleasure or pain, occasioned or accompanied by some irregular movement of

2751-527: A political centre of Magadha, whose capital was located at Pataliputra . Several Buddhist buildings may have been constructed in the town during the rule of the Maurya emperor Ashoka in the third century BC: these buildings were probably located on the present-day human-made mounds in Ayodhya. Excavations at Ayodhya have resulted in the discovery of a large brick wall, identified as a fortification wall by archaeologist B. B. Lal . This wall probably erected in

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2882-509: A prosperous town during the Kushan rule. The second century geographer Ptolemy mentions a metropolis "Sageda" or "Sagoda", which has been identified with Saketa. The earliest inscription that mentions Saketa as a place name is dated to the late Kushan period: it was found on the pedestal of a Buddha image in Shravasti, and records the gift of the image by Sihadeva of Saketa. Before or after

3013-446: A religion. On the prince's suggestion, the king invites various religious leaders to describe what they consider to be dharma (righteous conduct). The religious leaders present their views on various religious and philosophical concepts, such as soul, liberation, sacrifice, meditation, life, death, god etc. The king decides that the manuscript agreed with a Jain teacher who preached abstention from five sins and considered Arhat as

3144-471: A robber. The prince convinces Darpa-parigha to give up robbery, and follow the Jain teachings. He then leaves for Vijaya-puri, stating that his mission was to enlighten princess Kuvalaya-mālā. Kuvalaya-chandra reaches Vijaya, the capital of the Vijaya-puri country on the southern cost, meeting several people along the way. He learns that the beautiful princess Kuvalaya-mālā had hung an incomplete verse in

3275-612: A saint. At a valley in the Vindhya mountains, Kuvalaya-chandra comes across some alchemists ( dhatu-vadins ), who were attempting to make gold, but could produce only copper. The prince corrects their mistakes, prays to the Jinas and the Siddhas , and is thus able to produce gold. He teaches the correct technique of producing gold, as described in the text Jonipahuda , to the alchemists and Kuvalaya-mālā. Prince Kuvalaya-chandra receives

3406-572: A side door to offer worship. In 2003, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque. Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site. On 5 July 2005, five terrorists attacked

3537-424: A son of her own. The king then prays to his tutelary deity , Rajya-lakshmi, and receives a boon that an outstanding son would be born to him. Early next morning, the queen sees a dream in which the moon ( Chandra ) clung to a garland ( mālā ) of highly-fragrant lilies ( kuvalaya ). The king and his courtiers interpret the dream as a sign that the queen had conceived a son in accordance with the boon. After some time,

3668-402: A synthesis of the two forces—something that "turns the old understanding of the tension between reason and feeling on its head: it is not that we want to do away with emotion and put reason in its place, as Erasmus had it, but instead find the intelligent balance of the two". Antonio Damasio studied what ensued when something "severed ties between the lower centres of the emotional brain...and

3799-585: A temple that stood at the birth spot of Rama . In 1992 a Hindu mob demolished the mosque , provoking riots throughout the country. In 2019, the Supreme Court of India announced the final verdict that the land belonged to the government based on tax records; It further ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build the Ram Mandir ; which was consecrated in January 2024 . It also ordered

3930-420: A warm welcome in Ayodhya, and is appointed as the heir apparent on an auspicious day chosen by astrologers. After some days, king Drdha-varman decides to abdicate the throne and lead a religious life. He and the prince discuss which religion is the best. The king's tutelary deity gives him a Brahmi manuscript outlining the aspects of the best religion, and the king wonders how to find a teacher who preaches such

4061-408: A wedding gift, and only contains statues of Sita with her husband. Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on " Ram Navami ", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in

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4192-623: Is a city situated on the banks of the Sarayu river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It is the administrative headquarters of the Ayodhya district as well as the Ayodhya division of Uttar Pradesh , India. Ayodhya became the top tourist destination of Uttar Pradesh with 110 million visitors in the first half of 2024, surpassing Varanasi . Ayodhya was historically known as Saketa . The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that

4323-487: Is also associated with working harder, not smarter. On a more positive note, individuals who enjoy their work will have higher levels of performance for several reasons. These include creativity , trust in their colleagues, and reducing levels of stress. Burke and Fiksenbaum refer to Schaufeli, Taris, and Bakker (2007) when they made a distinction between an individual good workaholics and bad workaholics. A good workaholic will score higher on measures of work engagement and

4454-557: Is also found in the other Puranas with slight variations. In Garuda Purana , Ayodhya is said to be one of seven holiest places for Hindus in India, with Varanasi being the most sacrosanct. In 2023, a Diwali celebration in Ayodhya, broke the Guinness World Record of its previous world record of 1,576,944 for the largest display of oil lamp with 2,223,676 displayed on the eve of Diwali. Ram Mandir , also known as

4585-473: Is attested by the Atharvaveda , which uses it to refer to the unconquerable city of gods. The ninth century Jain poem Adi Purana also states that Ayodhya "does not exist by name alone but by the merit" of being unconquerable by enemies. Satyopakhyana interprets the word differently, stating that it means "that which cannot be conquered by sins" (instead of enemies). "Saketa" is the older name for

4716-599: Is defined in terms of passion. Passion has no boundary, being passionate about something which is boundless can be sometimes dangerous, In which person forget about everything and is fully determined towards the particular thing- (Sanyukta) In his wake, Stoics like Epictetus emphasized that "the most important and especially pressing field of study is that which has to do with the stronger emotions... sorrows , lamentations , envies ...passions which make it impossible for us even to listen to reason ". The Stoic tradition still lay behind Hamlet 's plea to "Give me that man That

4847-523: Is famous as su-kośala "because of its prosperity and good skill". The cities of Ayutthaya (Thailand), and Yogyakarta (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya. Ancient Indian Sanskrit -language epics, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata mention a legendary city called Ayodhya , which was the capital of the legendary Ikshvaku kings of Kosala, including Rama. Neither these texts, nor

4978-578: Is immense...[providing] a frame of reference – as opposed to Descartes ' error...the Cartesian idea of a disembodied mind". A tension or dialectic between marriage and passion can be traced back in Western society at least as far as the Middle Ages, and the emergence of the cult of courtly love . Denis de Rougemont has argued that 'since its origins in the twelfth century, passionate love

5109-407: Is impressed by the integrity of the monks, and returns to his palace. The next day, the king meets Dharma-nandana, and takes the 12 vows of a lay Jain ( shravaka ). Later, the five monks are reborn, meet each other, and discuss how they can attain enlightenment. The text describes successive births of the five monks, narrating related stories along the way. The five monks are reborn as follows: In

5240-483: Is indeed Saketa, it appears that by the fifth century, the town no longer had a flourshing Buddhist community or any important Buddhist building that was still in use. An important development during the Gupta time was the recognition of Saketa as the legendary city of Ayodhya , the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty . The 436 AD Karamdanda (Karmdand) inscription, issued during the reign of Kumaragupta I , names Ayodhya as

5371-399: Is largely unattested, have attracted scholarly attention. Also of historical interest is the description of physical and temperamental characteristics of people from various regions, and specimens of their languages. For example, according to the author, "those from Andhra like women and warfare; they are handsome and fierce in eating; and they utter ati puti ratim ." A. N. Upadhye prepared

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5502-454: Is located at the site of Ram Janmabhoomi , the mythical birthplace of Rama , a principal deity of Hinduism . The temple was inaugurated on 22 January 2024 after a prana pratishtha (consecration) ceremony. ^ includes Christians and other religion As of the 2011 Census of India , Ayodhya had a population of 55,890. Males constituted 56.7% of the population and females 43.3%. Ayodhya had an average literacy rate of 78.1%. As per

5633-547: Is not passion's slave, and I will wear him In my heart's core", or Erasmus 's lament that "Jupiter has bestowed far more passion than reason – you could calculate the ratio as 24 to one". It was only with the Romantic movement that a valorisation of passion over reason took hold in the Western tradition: "the more Passion there is, the better the Poetry". The recent concerns of emotional intelligence have been to find

5764-403: Is proposed that there exist two types of passion. The first type of passion is harmonious passion. "A harmonious passion refers to a strong desire to engage in the activity that remains under the person's control." This is mostly obtained when the person views their activity as part of their identity . Furthermore, once an activity is part of the person's identity then the motivation to continue

5895-520: Is the most popular shrine in Ayodhya. Situated in the centre of town, it is approachable by a flight of 76 steps. Its legend is that Hanuman lived here in a cave and guarded the Janambhoomi, or Ramkot. The main temple contains the statue of Maa Anjani with Bal Hanuman seated on her lap. The faithful believe wishes are granted with a visit to the shrine. Kanak Bhawan is a temple said to have been given to Sita and Rama by Rama's stepmother Kaikeyi as

6026-546: Is thus enlightened. Kuvalaya-chandra receives a letter from king Drdha-varman asking him to return to Ayodhya. Accordingly, he sets out for Ayodhya on a date recommended by the royal astrologer, accompanied by Kuvalaya-mālā and Mahendra-kumara. On the way, he meets several people including king Jayanta in Jayanti and the saint Bhanu near the Sahya mountain. Bhanu narrates his autobiography, including his past birth and how he became

6157-429: Is unrelated to health indicators. Inner pressure, on the other hand, is negatively related with work outcomes and has been related negatively to measures of psychological health. Burke & Fiksenbaum make a reference to Graves et al. (2006) when examining work enjoyment and inner pressures. Work enjoyment and inner pressure were tested with performance ratings. The former was positively related to performance ratings while

6288-399: Is very passionate about their job, they may be so wrapped up in work that they cause pain to their loved ones by focusing more on their job than on their friendships and relationships. This is a constant battle of balance that is difficult to achieve and only an individual can decide where that line lies. Passion is connected to the concept of desire. In fact, they are inseparable, according to

6419-753: The Kalpa-Sutra describes Ikkhagabhumi as the birthplace of Rishabhadev. The index on the Jain text Paumachariya clarifies that Aojjha (Aodhya), Kosala-puri ("Kosala city"), Viniya, and Saeya (Saketa) are synonyms. The post-Canonical Jain texts also mention "Aojjha"; for example, the Avassagacurni describes it as the principal city of Kosala, while the Avassaganijjutti names it as the capital of Sagara Chakravartin . The Avassaganijjutti implies that Viniya ("Vinia"), Kosalapuri ("Kosalapura"), and Ikkhagabhumi were distinct cities, naming them as

6550-495: The Deva dynasty kings, including Dhanadeva, whose inscription describes him as the king of Kosala ( Kosaladhipati ). As the capital of Kosala, Saketa probably eclipsed Shravasti in importance during this period. The east–west route connecting Pataliputra to Taxila , which earlier passed through Saketa and Shravasti, appears to have shifted southwards during this period, now passing through Saketa, Ahichhatra and Kanyakubja . After

6681-608: The Khasas , the Parasas , and the Barbaras . The novel follows the lives of five souls ( jivas ) as they go through several rebirths . Each soul initially degrades itself with one of the five passions: anger, vanity, deceit, greed, and infatuation. Subsequently, the five souls follow the path of righteousness in their various rebirths, guided by Jain leaders and mutual-cooperation. The five souls and their various rebirths are: In

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6812-595: The Nirmohi Akhara and one-third to the Hindu party for the shrine of "Ram Lalla" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties. The judgement, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that

6943-511: The Sarayu , and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of Vikramaditya . While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of Shivratri is celebrated here with great splendor. The legendary princess Heo Hwang-ok , who married king Suro of Geumgwan Gaya of Korea,

7074-408: The four goals of life : dharma (righteous conduct), artha (material prosperity), kama (pleasure), and moksha (liberation). He states that his work combines the characteristics of five different varieties of the katha (story-telling) genre. He states that the text is primarily about dharma , but also covers artha and kama . The author provides an outline of the story, and presents

7205-415: The "Ayuta" mentioned in their ancient Samgungnyusa legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess Heo Hwang-ok came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess. On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi , laid the ceremonial foundation stone for

7336-571: The Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of

7467-529: The Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing Hindu nationalist rally turned into a riot, leading to the demolition of the Babri mosque . A makeshift temple at Ram Janmabhoomi for Ram Lalla , infant Rama was constructed. Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through

7598-654: The Deva kings, Saketa appears to have been ruled by the Datta , Kushan , and Mitra kings, although the chronological order of their rule is uncertain. Bakker theorises that the Dattas succeeded the Deva kings in the mid-1st century AD, and their kingdom was annexed to the Kushan Empire by Kanishka . The Tibetan text Annals of Li Country (c. 11th century) mentions that an alliance of king Vijayakirti of Khotan , king Kanika,

7729-571: The Greek siege of Saketa. Later, Saketa appears to have become part of a small, independent kingdom. The Yuga Purana states that Saketa was ruled by seven powerful kings after the retreat of the Greeks. The Vayu Purana and the Brahmanda Purana also state that seven powerful kings ruled in the capital of Kosala. The historicity of these kings is attested by the discovery of the coins of

7860-534: The Hindu month of Chaitra , which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor Ashoka , and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the Ashvamedha Yajnya of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built

7991-747: The Jain Prakrit-language texts mention a city called Saketa (Sageya or Saeya in Prakrit) as an important city of the Kosala mahajanapada . Topographical indications in both Buddhist and Jain texts suggest that Saketa is the same as the present-day Ayodhya. For example, according to the Samyutta Nikaya and the Vinaya Pitaka , Saketa was located at a distance of six yojana s from Shravasti . The Vinaya Pitaka mentions that

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8122-538: The Kushans, Saketa appears to have been ruled by a dynasty of kings whose names end in "-mitra", and whose coins have been found at Ayodhya. They may have been members of a local dynasty that was distinct from the Mitra dynasty of Mathura. These kings are attested only by their coinage: Sangha-mitra, Vijaya-mitra, Satya-mitra, Deva-mitra, and Arya-mitra; coins of Kumuda-sena and Aja-varman have also been discovered. Around

8253-453: The Saketa (present-day Ayodhya) only around the fourth century, when a Gupta emperor (probably Skandagupta ) moved his capital to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya after the legendary city. Alternative, but less likely, theories state that Saketa and Ayodhya were two adjoining cities, or that Ayodhya was a locality within the Saketa city. Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that

8384-557: The Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir, is a Hindu temple complex under construction in Ayodhya. The site is significant to Hindus as it is believed to be the birthplace of their revered deity Rama . Balak Ram or the Infant form of Rama is the presiding deity of the temple consecrated on 22 January 2024 . Hanuman Garhi , a massive four-sided fort with circular bastions at each corner and a temple of Hanuman inside,

8515-411: The Vindhya forest, the saint (Lobha-deva) explains the situation to prince Kuvalaya-chandra (Mana-bhata). He prophesizes that the prince will marry princess Kuvalaya-mālā (Mayaditya), and Padma-kesara (Moha-datta) will be reborn as their son. Meanwhile, the lion (Chanda-soma) dies in the forest, and becomes a god. Prince Kuvalaya-chandra crosses the Vindhya peaks, and reaches the statue of a Jina beside

8646-414: The audience, introducing him as Chanda-soma reborn. Subsequently, Mahavira reaches Rajagrha , and gives a discourse to king Shrenika . He also explains a dream to Shrenika's eight-year-old son, prince Maha-ratha, and explains that Maha-ratha was Kuvalaya-mālā reborn. The five souls then meet, and become Mahavira's companions. They eventually adopt samlekhana and attain liberation. The author explains

8777-485: The basis of her own free will. The second kind of passion in the dualistic model is obsessive passion . Being the opposite of harmonious passion . This type has a strong desire to engage in the activity, but it's not under the person's own control and he or she is forced to engage in the hobby. This type of passion has a negative effect on a person where they could feel they need to engage in their hobby to continue, for example, interpersonal relationships, or "fit in" with

8908-484: The birth in which they are misguided by passions, the five souls become Jain monks guided by the preceptor Dharma-nandana, and promise to support each other in achieving libertaion in the subsequent births. In their final births, the five souls meet Mahavira, accept samlekhana , and attain liberation. In the introduction, the author invokes various Jain figures, including Rishabha-natha and Mahavira . He discusses several religious and philosophical concepts, including

9039-467: The blood and animal spirits, are what we call passions. They can be so strong as to inhibit all practice of personal freedom, a state in which the soul is in some sense rendered passive; whence the name passions. This inclination or so-called disposition of the soul, is born of the opinion we hold that a great good or a great evil is contained in an object which in and of itself arouses passion". Diderot further breaks down pleasure and pain, which he sees as

9170-751: The capital of Kosala, but the later texts, such as the Jain texts Nayadhammakahao and Pannavana Suttam , and the Buddhist Jatakas , mention Saketa as the capital of Kosala. As a busy town frequented by travellers, it appears to have become important for preachers such as Gautama Buddha and Mahavira . The Samyutta Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya mention that Buddha resided at Saketa at times. The early Jain canonical texts (such as Antagada-dasao , Anuttarovavaiya-dasao , and Vivagasuya ) state that Mahavira visited Saketa; Nayadhammakahao states that Parshvanatha also visited Saketa. The Jain texts, both canonical and post-canonical, describe Ayodhya as

9301-614: The capital of the Kosala province, and records commander Prithvisena's offerings to Brahmins from Ayodhya. Later, the capital of the Gupta Empire was moved from Pataliputra to Ayodhya. Paramartha states that king Vikramaditya moved the royal court to Ayodhya; Xuanzang also corroborates this, stating that this king moved the court to the "country of Shravasti", that is, Kosala. A local oral tradition of Ayodhya, first recorded in writing by Robert Montgomery Martin in 1838, mentions that

9432-490: The capitals of Abhinamdana, Sumai, and Usabha respectively. Abhayadeva's commentary on the Thana Sutta , another post-canonical text, identifies Saketa, Ayodhya, and Vinita as one city. According to one theory, the legendary Ayodhya city is the same as the historical city of Saketa and the present-day Ayodhya. According to another theory, the legendary Ayodhya is a mythical city, and the name "Ayodhya" came to be used for

9563-486: The city was deserted after the death of Rama's descendant Brihadbala . The city remain deserted until King Vikrama of Ujjain came searching for it, and re-established it. He cut down the forests that had covered the ancient ruins, erected the Ramgar fort, and built 360 temples. Vikramditya was a title of multiple Gupta kings, and the king who moved the capital to Ayodhya is identified as Skandagupta. Bakker theorises that

9694-488: The city were located in the areas that have not yet been excavated. The Buddhist sites that had suffered destruction during the Khotanese-Kushan invasion appear to have remained deserted. The fifth-century Chinese traveller Faxian states that the ruins of Buddhist buildings existed at "Sha-chi" during his time. One theory identifies Sha-chi with Saketa, although this identification is not undisputed. If Sha-chi

9825-468: The city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources. According to Vaman Shivram Apte , the word "Saketa" is derived from the Sanskrit words Saha (with) and Aketen (houses or buildings). The Adi Purana states that Ayodhya is called Saketa "because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms". According to Hans T. Bakker , the word may be derived from

9956-415: The crowd. To change the above example, if the girl has an obsessive passion towards volleyball and she is asked to play with her friends, she will likely say "yes" even though she needs to finish her project for the next day. Since passion can be a type of motivation in hobbies then assessing intrinsic motivation is appropriate. Intrinsic motivation helps define these types of passion. Passion naturally helps

10087-527: The cult of Rama developed within Vaishnavism, with Rama being regarded as the foremost avatar of Vishnu. Between the 13th and 18th century, Ayodhya's importance as a pilgrimage centre grew. In 1226 AD, Ayodhya became the capital of the province of Awadh (or "Oudh") within the Delhi sultanate . Muslim historians state that the area was little more than wilderness prior to this. Pilgrimage was tolerated, but

10218-456: The divinity. The teacher initiates the king and his companions as monks, and gives them a religious discourse. Kuvalaya-chandra becomes the new king, and rules for several years. In accordance with the prophecy, Padma-kesara is born as prince Prthvi-sara to Kuvalaya-chandra and his queen Kuvalaya-mālā. Prthvi-sara intends to renounce the world at a young age, but is appointed the heir apparent against his wishes. Sometime later, his parents renounce

10349-669: The earlier Sanskrit texts such as the Vedas , mention a city called Saketa. Non-religious, non-legendary ancient Sanskrit texts, such as Panini's Ashtadhyayi and Patanjali's commentary on it, do mention Saketa. The later Buddhist text Mahavastu describes Saketa as the seat of the Ikshvaku king Sujata, whose descendants established the Shakya capital Kapilavastu . The earliest of the Buddhist Pali-language texts and

10480-438: The effects of intrinsic and external motivations. When Canadian managers or professionals do a job to satisfy others, they tend to have lower levels of satisfaction and psychological health. Also, these same individuals have shown they are motivated by several beliefs and fears concerning other people. Thirdly, though some individuals believe one should not work extreme hours, many prefer it because of how passionate they are about

10611-562: The eighth-century poem Gaudavaho . Archaeological evidence (including images to Vishnu , Jain tirthankaras , Ganesha , the seven Matrikas , and a Buddhist stupa) suggests that the religious activity in the area continued during this period. According to Indologist Hans T. Bakker , the only religious significance of Ayodhya in the first millennium AD was related to the Gopratara tirtha (now called Guptar Ghat), where Rama and his followers are said to have ascended to heaven by entering

10742-580: The end of January, followed by a short spring in February and early March. Average temperatures are mild, near 16 °C (61 °F), but nights can be colder. Ayodhya is an important place of pilgrimage for the Hindus. A verse in the Brahmanda Purana names Ayodhya among "the most sacred and foremost cities", the others being Mathura , Haridvara , Kashi , Kanchi and Avantika . This verse

10873-457: The fourth century, the region came under the control of the Guptas , who revived Brahmanism . The Vayu Purana and the Brahmanda Purana attest that the early Gupta kings ruled Saketa. No Gupta-era archaeological layers have been discovered in present-day Ayodhya, although a large number of Gupta coins have been discovered here. It is possible that during the Gupta period, the habitations in

11004-567: The government to give an alternate five acre tract of land to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build the mosque . The word "Ayodhya" is a regularly formed derivation of the Sanskrit verb yudh , "to fight, or wage war". Yodhya is the future passive participle, meaning "to be fought"; the initial a is the negative prefix; the whole, therefore, means "not to be fought" or, more idiomatically in English, "invincible". This meaning

11135-527: The guiding principles of passion, into four major categories: Modern pop-psychologies and employers tend to favor and even encourage the expression of a "passion"; previous generations sometimes expressed more nuanced viewpoints. The standard definition for emotion is a " Natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others". Emotion, William James describes emotions as "corporeal reverberations such as surprise, curiosity, rapture, fear, anger, lust, greed and

11266-592: The heroine is less than impressed. "'If you ask me, it was a very childish gesture. You're not twenty-one now, you know'. 'No, I know. It was my last fling'". In Alberto Moravia 's 1934 , the revolutionary double-agent, faced with the girl he is betraying, "was seized by violent desire...he never took his eyes off my bosom...I believe those two dark spots at the end of my breasts were enough to make him forget tsarism, revolution, political faith, ideology, and betrayal". Ayodhya Ayodhya ( Hindustani: [əˈjoːdʱjaː] ; IAST : Ayodhyā )

11397-477: The king of Gu-zan, and the king of Li, marched to India and captured the So-ked city. During this invasion, Vijayakirti took several Buddhist relics from Saketa, and placed them in the stupa of Phru-no. If Kanika is identified as Kanishka, and So-ked as Saketa, it appears that the invasion of Kushans and their allies led to the destruction of the Buddhist sites at Saketa. Nevertheless, Saketa appears to have remained

11528-513: The last quarter of the third-century BC. After the decline of the Maurya empire, Saketa appears to have come under the rule of Pushyamitra Shunga . The first century BC inscription of Dhanadeva suggests that he appointed a governor there. The Yuga Purana mentions Saketa as the residence of a governor, and describes it as being attacked by a combined force of Greeks , Mathuras , and Panchalas . Patanjali's commentary on Panini also refers to

11659-422: The latter interfered with the performance-enhancing aspects of work enjoyment. Burke & Fiksenbaum refer to Virick and Baruch (2007) when explaining how these two workaholism components affect life satisfaction . Not surprisingly, inner pressure lowered the balance between work-life and life satisfaction but enhanced people's performance at their occupation, whereas work enjoyment led to a positive balance between

11790-446: The like." These are all feelings that affect our mental perception. Our body is placed into this latter state, which is caused by one's mental affection. This state gives signals to our body which cause bodily expressions. The philosopher Robert Solomon developed his own theory and definition of emotion . His view is that emotion is not a bodily state, but instead a type of judgment. "It is necessary that we choose our emotions, in much

11921-493: The location of various shrines, such as those of snake, yaksha Pasamiya, Muni Suvratasvamin, and Surappia. It is not clear what happened to Saketa after Kosala was conquered by the Magadha emperor Ajatashatru around fifth century BC. There is lack of historical sources about the city's situation for the next few centuries: it is possible that the city remained a commercial centre of secondary importance, but did not grow into

12052-416: The main character feels remorse for his actions, and becomes a monk under the guidance of Dharma-nandana. At night, King Purandara-datta observes Dharma-nandana and his pupils secretly. Dharma-nandana narrates a parable highlighting the importance of renunciation , and urges the five newly initiated monks (the main characters of the above-mentioned stories) to practice repentance with renunciation. The king

12183-489: The move to Ayodhya may have been prompted by a flooding of the river Ganges at Pataliputra, the need to check the Huna advance from the west, and Skandagupta's desire to compare himself with Rama (whose Ikshvaku dynasty is associated with the legendary Ayodhya). According to Paramaratha's Life of Vasubandhu , Vikramaditya was a patron of scholars, and awarded 300,000 pieces of gold to Vasubandhu . The text states that Vasubandhu

12314-512: The needs or desires that motivate a person to some particular action or behavior. Certain abilities and hobbies can be developed early and the innate motivation is also something that comes early in life. Although someone might know how to engage in a hobby, this does not necessarily mean they are motivated to do it. Christine Robinson makes the point in her article that, " ...knowledge of your innate motivation can help guide action toward what will be fulfilling." Feeling satisfied and fulfilled builds

12445-700: The occupation. On the other hand, this may also put a strain on family relationships and friendships. The balance of the two is something that is hard to achieve and it is always hard to satisfy both parties. There are different components that qualify as reasons for considering an individual as a workaholic . Burke & Fiksenbaum refer to Spence and Robbins (1992) by stating two of the three workaholism components that are used to measure workaholism. These include feeling driven to work because of inner pressure and work enjoyment. Both of these affect an individual differently and each has different outcomes. To begin, work enjoyment brings about more positive work outcomes and

12576-448: The palace yard: the rest of the verse was kept secure in the royal treasury. She was prophesized to marry the person who would complete the verse displayed to the public in the palace yard. The prince overhears conversations of people from different parts of India at various places in the capital, including a residential school and a market. He then reaches the palace yard, where he comes across different rulers who had been unable to complete

12707-399: The passion for the hobby to continue a person's happiness. In Margaret Drabble 's The Realms of Gold , the hero flies hundreds of miles to reunite with the heroine, only to miss her by 24 hours – leaving the onlookers "wondering what grand passion could have brought him so far...a quixotic look about him, a look of harassed desperation". When the couple do finally reunite, however,

12838-501: The physical ones...'intellectual passion, mathematical passion, passion for discovery and exploration: the mightiest of all passions'". His contemporary, Sigmund Freud , argued for a continuity (not a contrast) between the two, physical and intellectual, and commended the way Leonardo da Vinci "had energetically sublimated his sexual passions into the passion for independent scientific research". There are different reasons individuals are motivated in an occupation . These may include

12969-450: The primary language of the text as Prakrit , and states that it follows the "Maharashtra-deshi" patterns. The text features quotations in other languages, including Sanskrit , Apabhramsha , and Paishachi . The author recognizes three literary languages: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Apabhramsha, and the text features bards reciting in these languages in the court of king Drdha-varman. Besides the literary Prakrit ( Maharashtri and Shauraseni ),

13100-402: The prince will be enlightened soon. Meanwhile, the prince Mani-ratha comes across a female deer during a hunting mission, and feels remorse at his cruelty. He meets Mahavira, who explains that in their previous births, the prince and the deer were lovers. Sometime later, Mahavira reaches Shravasti and preaches to Gautama and others in his Samavasarana. Meanwhile, Prthvisara has been reborn as

13231-453: The prince, and asks him to walk southwards. The prince reaches the Vindhya forest, meets a saint, and receives a sermon from him. King Purandara-datta, the ruler of Kaushambi , meets a Jain preceptor named Dharma-nandana. The preceptor starts a discourse, narrating stories about five passions that lead to one's miserable wanderings in the material world ( samsara ): In all five stories,

13362-418: The prince, and the entire town was in despair, until Enika's parrot brought the news of his well-being. King Drdha-varman then sent a party led by Mahendra-kumara to Vijaya-puri. While preparations are being made to fix an astrologically auspicious date for the wedding, prince Kuvalaya-chandra desperately longs for princess Kuvalaya-mālā. The princess sends presents to the prince, and Bhogavati - an attendant of

13493-514: The princess - narrates her biography to the prince. Bhogavati explains that an ascetic ( shramana ) had informed them about the princess's previous births as Mayaditya and Padma-vara. Bhogavati then arranges a meeting between the prince and the princess. Sometime later, the wedding ceremony takes place, and the couple spends the next few days in amorous activities. One day, Kuvalaya-chandra narrates his biography to his wife, and reminds her of their past births. Kuvalaya-mālā agrees to follow Jainism, and

13624-469: The purpose of various episodes and characters in the text, stating that they promote the development of the right faith. He states that a person who sincerely reads or hears the Kuvalaya-mālā develops or strengthens samyaktva (righteousness). He states that Hri-devi is instrumental for this composition, and provides some details about himself, his predecessors, and the place and time of the composition of

13755-428: The queen gives birth to prince Kuvalaya-chandra alias Shri-datta. The prince has a happy childhood, and is well-educated. One day, the prince rides on a horse through the town, captivating ladies with his personality. Suddenly, his horse starts flying in the sky, towards the south. The prince strikes the horse with a knife, and the horse falls dead on the ground, bringing the prince down with it. An anonymous voice greets

13886-581: The religion data of 2011 Census , the majority population is of Hindu religion with 93.23%, and Muslims comes the second with 6.19%. Ayodhya has a humid subtropical climate, typical of central India. Summers are long, dry and hot, lasting from late March to mid-June, with average daily temperatures near 32 °C (90 °F). They are followed by the monsoon season which lasts till October, with annual precipitation of approximately 1,067 mm (42.0 in) and average temperatures around 28 °C (82 °F). Winter starts in early November and lasts till

14017-450: The religious leaders Gautama Buddha and Mahavira visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five tirthankaras namely, Rishabhanatha , Ajitanatha , Abhinandananatha , Sumatinatha and Anantanatha , and associate it with the legendary Bharata Chakravarti . From the Gupta period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of

14148-479: The roots sa and ketu ("with banner"); the variant name saketu is attested in the Vishnu Purana . The older name in English was "Oudh" or "Oude", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as Oudh State . Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient Kosala kingdom in the Ramayana . Hence it was also referred to as "Kosala". The Adi Purana states that Ayodhya

14279-456: The rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed. In the 1850s, a group of Hindus attacked the Babri mosque, on the grounds that it was built over the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama . To prevent further disputes, the British administrators divided the mosque premises between Hindus and Muslims. Ayodhya

14410-550: The same city. The legendary city of Ayodhya , popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is identified in the epic Ramayana and its many versions as the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama of Kosala and is hence regarded as the first of the seven most important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. The Ayodhya dispute was centered on the Babri mosque , built 1528–29 under the Mughal emperor Babur and said to have replaced

14541-456: The same way that we choose our actions" With regard to the relationship between emotion and our rational will, Solomon believes that people are responsible for their emotions. Emotions are rational and purposive, just as actions are. "We choose an emotion much as we choose a course of action." Recent studies, also traditional studies have placed emotions to be a physiological disturbance. William James takes such consciousness of emotion to be not

14672-435: The scene, and Mahavira narrates his life to the audience, introducing him as Lobha-deva reborn. Mahavira continues his discourse, describing the two types of gods: saraga (those with attachments) and viraga (those without attachments). He states that only those who worship the viraga gods attain moksha (salvation). At this point, a Brahmana boy named Svayam-bhu-deva arrives at the scene, and Mahavira narrates his life to

14803-567: The seventh century Chinese traveller Xuanzang , who describes a stupa and a monastery at Ayodhya ("O-yu-t-o"). Ayodhya probably suffered when the Hunas led by Mihirakula invaded the Gupta empire in the sixth century. After the fall of the Guptas, it may have been ruled by the Maukhari dynasty, whose coins have been found in the nearby areas. It was not devastated, as Xuanzang describes it as

14934-565: The site of present-day Ayodhya had developed into an urban settlement by the fifth or sixth-century BC. The site is identified as the location of the ancient Saketa city , which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the Shravasti - Pratishthana north–south road, and the Rajagriha - Varanasi -Shravasti- Taxila east–west road. Ancient Buddhist texts, such as Samyutta Nikaya , state that Saketa

15065-629: The site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall. On 30 September 2010, the Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board , one-third to

15196-445: The specific hobby is even stronger. The harmony obtained with this passion is conceived when the person is able both to freely engage in or to stop the hobby. It's not so much that the person is forced to continue this hobby, but on his or her own free will is able to engage in it. For example, if a girl loves to play volleyball , but she has a project due the next day and her friends invite her to play, she should be able to say "no" on

15327-511: The tax on pilgrims ensured that the temples did not receive much income. Under Mughal rule, the Babri mosque was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of Awadh (mispronounced as "Oudh" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name "Ayodhya". After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However,

15458-679: The text features other dialects including Magadhi , Rakshasi (Chulika-Paishachi), Paishachi, Apabhramsha, and a mixture of these. The author also provides specimens of vernaculars ( desha-bhasha or deshi-bhasha ) spoken by traders from different regions. The author intends to name 18 of these regional groups, although the surviving text names only 16: Gollas, those from Madhya-desha , those from Magadha , those from Antara-veda , Kiras, Dhakkas, Saindhavas , Marukas , Gurjara , Latas , Malavas , those from Karnataka , Tajikas, those from Kosala , those from Maharashtra , and those from Andhra . The author also refers to languages spoken by foreigners:

15589-552: The text. The text is an important source of information about the contemporary society, culture, polity, geography, economy and religion. The various episodes in the text are interspersed with discussions on Jain philosophy, beliefs and practices. The text also reviews beliefs and practices of non-Jain faiths, presenting them as unacceptable: these faiths include Buddhism , Charvaka , Brahmanism , Samkhya , Advaita and others. The passages in Paishachi ("Pesaya") language, which

15720-436: The thinking abilities of the neocortex ". He found that while "emotions and feelings can cause havoc in the processes of reasoning...the absence of emotion and feeling is no less damaging"; and was led to "the counter-intuitive position that feelings are typically indispensable for rational decisions". The passions, he concluded, "have a say on how the rest of the brain and cognition go about their business. Their influence

15851-444: The throne, and becomes an ascetic. During the lifetime of the Jain leader Mahavira , Kuvalaya-chandra is reborn as prince Mani-ratha to king Kanchana-ratha, in the town of Kakandi. One day, in his Samavasarana (divine preaching hall), Mahavira explains the Jain philosophy and religious concepts to several people, including king Kanchana-ratha. The prince is addicted to the cruel hobby of hunting, but Mahavira tells Kanchana-ratha that

15982-495: The town was surrounded by a moat similar to that around Pataliputra . After the fall of Harsha's empire, Ayodhya appears to have been variously controlled by local kings and the rulers of Kannauj, including Yashovarman and the Gurjara-Pratiharas . The town is not mentioned in any surviving texts or inscriptions composed during 650–1050 AD, although it may be identified with the "city of Harishchandra " mentioned in

16113-787: The two. Again, when managers and professionals are passionate about their occupation and put in many hours, they then become concerned that their occupation will satisfy personal relationships and the balance must then be found according to the importance levels of the individual. The researchers indicate different patterns of correlations between these two components. These patterns include antecedents and consequences. The two components offer unique motivations or orientations to work which result in its effects on work and well-being. Inner pressures will hinder performance while work enjoyment will smooth performance. Inner pressures of workaholism have characteristics such as persistence, rigidity, perfectionism, and heightened levels of job stress . This component

16244-436: The verse. Just then, an elephant gets out of control: prince Kuvalaya-chandra overpowers the elephant, mounts it, and recites the full verse. Kuvalaya-mālā is impressed, and chooses him as her life partner. Meanwhile, Mahendra-kumara comes to the scene, and the two men happily greet each other. Mahendra-kumara explains what happened at the palace after the horse flew away with the prince: his parents made several attempts to find

16375-527: The waters of Sarayu. In the 11th century, the Gahadavala dynasty came to power in the region, and promoted Vaishnavism . They built several Vishnu temples in Ayodhya, five of which survived till the end of Aurangzeb 's reign. Hans Bakker concludes that there might have been a temple at the supposed birth spot of Rama built by the Gahadavalas (see Vishnu Hari inscription ). In subsequent years,

16506-596: The work suggests that he completed it on 21 March 779 CE. The work was composed during the reign of the Gurjara-Pratihara king Vatsaraja alias Ranahastin. Kuvalaya-mālā is a didactic tale with a moral fervour: Uddyotana-sūri's teacher Hari-bhadra (fl. 750 CE) also wrote a didactic tale titled Samaraichcha-kaha . Siddharshi (fl. 906 CE), another monk in this lineage, wrote a didactic tale titled Upamiti-bhava-prapancha . Both Uddyotana-sūri and Siddharshi were inspired by Haribhadra's work. The author identifies

16637-431: The world and take to religious life, and he becomes the new king. Later, Kuvalaya-chandra meets Darpa-parigha, who has now become a saint. Darpa-parigraha narrates his life since their last meeting, and guides Kuvalaya-candra, Kuvalaya-mālā, and Mahendra-kumara to renunciation. Sometime later, the five souls guided by Dharma-nandana are reborn and meet in heaven. Meanwhile, king Prthvi-sara appoints his son Manorathaditya on

16768-451: Was a native of Saketa ("Sha-ki-ta"), and describes Vikramaditya as the king of Ayodhya ("A-yu-ja"). This wealth was used to build three monasteries in the country of A-yu-ja (Ayodhya). Paramartha further states that the later king Baladitya (identified with Narasimhagupta ) and his mother also awarded large sums of gold to Vasubandhu, and these funds were used to build another Buddhist temple at Ayodhya. These structures may have been seen by

16899-679: Was annexed in 1856 by the British rulers. The rulers of Awadh were Shia , and the Sunni groups had already protested against the permissive attitude of the former government. The British intervened and crushed the Sunni resistance. In 1857, the British annexed Oudh (Awadh) and subsequently reorganised it into the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh . A movement was launched in 1984 by the Vishva Hindu Parishad party to reclaim

17030-586: Was constituted in opposition to marriage'. Stacey Oliker writes that while " Puritanism prepared the ground for a marital love ideology by prescribing love in marriage", only from the eighteenth century has "romantic love ideology resolved the Puritan antagonism between passion and reason" in a marital context. (Note though that Saint Paul spoke of loving one's wife in Ephesians 5.) George Bernard Shaw "insists that there are passions far more exciting than

17161-461: Was located in the Kosala kingdom ruled by Prasenajit (or Pasenadi; c. sixth–5th century BC), whose capital was located at Shravasti. The later Buddhist commentary Dhammapada- atthakatha states that the Saketa town was established by merchant Dhananjaya (the father of Visakha ), on the suggestion of king Prasenajit. The Digha Nikaya describes it as one of the six large cities of India. The early Buddhist canonical texts mention Shravasti as

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