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64-431: First gazetted in 1927 with an area of 7,246.96 ha, the reserve has shrunk since then, with land around it developed into housing and agricultural areas. Proposals to degazette the majority of the park occurred in 2020 and 2021, and much of the park was degazetted in 2021. However this action was reversed amid widespread opposition. The reserve was first gazetted in 1927. At the time, it had an area of 7,246.96 ha. Members of

128-433: A complex hierarchy. They are headed by a batin (village head); the most respected person in the community, regarded as a man with a strong personality with extensive knowledge and experience, honest and fair. He is the highest adviser, the last resort. The Batin is also credited with supernatural powers, and people seek him not only for advice, but also for magical remedies against minor ailments. Peasants would have to give

192-468: A practice they continue to adhere even in the city. During lunch or dinner, people throw some food to evil spirits in open doors or windows to keep them from joining their table. Due to the threat from spirits and ghosts, all food bought or brought from outside must also be burned in the evening. Every year, under the guidance of a shaman, the Temuans hold the sawai festival, an ancient ritual of healing

256-644: A proposal to degazette the park. Under this plan, 940 ha, or 97% of the reserve, would be degazetted. Selangor Menteri Besar (First Minister) Amirudin Shari , a member of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, claimed that the area posed a fire risk. In March, Amirudin announced that two companies had proposed degazetting the reserve. Public hearings in September that year generated 45,423 objections. A private member motion by PH lawmaker Najwan Halimi led to

320-455: Is a constant temptation. Many young Orang Asli especially among them Temuan are attracted to Bonggeng culture, where young people on the occasion of weddings are offered a lot of free food and would stay up all night with modern music. The resettlement program has accelerated the process of modernization of the Temuan people in terms of electricity, public transport, modern health care, but at

384-593: Is also called Talan in Semaq Beri language ). Their god has sent a "Celau" punishment in a form of a great flood which had drowned all the Temuan sinners that day. Only two of the Temuans, named Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived that day by climbing on an Eaglewood tree at Gunung Raja (Royal Mountain) located at the border of Selangor and Pahang state. There was a Temuan village over there named Kampung Orang Asli Pertak. Mamak and Inak Bungsuk survived because they had an enchanting mantra or spell to ease down

448-420: Is also the main economic unit in a Temuan society. Each family has its own rubber plantation, rice field and orchard. Children help their parents in everything. The tracing of kinship are conducted on both paternal and maternal lineage. Polygamy is not prohibited, but it is very rare. The marriage of the Temuans is mostly exogenous, the menteri helps to expand the boundaries of the search for spouse, through

512-474: Is authorized to resolve all issues in the Orang Asli communities, depriving them of any autonomy. Malaysia's rapid economic development, which began in the 1970s, required land and natural resources. The government, often with the participation of JHEOA, has increasingly encroached on Orang Asli lands, frequently ignoring their rights, which are not always legislated. Invasion by individuals, corporations and

576-880: Is closer to standard Malay than the dialect of the Minangkabau language , a colloquial language of the Malay people in Negeri Sembilan, who settled alongside the Temuan people. It is essentially a spoken language with several dialectal variation. Temuan is divided into two major dialects namely Belandas and Mantra which differs mostly in terms of phonology and also some of the vocabulary but still mutually intelligible to one another. Example of Temuan Belandas dialect: diak (he/she), hajak (only), kitak (we), tai (the end of sentence particle). Example of Temuan Mantra dialect: dien (he/she), hajen (only), kiten (we), tea (the end of sentence particle). Traditionally,

640-405: Is part of their culture. A basic traditional Temuan belief is that their God and ancestors are always present with them, guarding their safety. The belief in the existence of a higher god, are referred to as Tuhan by the Temuan people. The Temuans believe they were placed on the earth ( Tanah Tujuh ) by Muyang (God) to be guardians of the rain forest and that if they fail in their sacred duty,

704-458: Is village ceremonial dancing. When the Temuan get married their will organised "Gogo" at between 8   p.m. until 7   a.m. the next day. The live band will play the music and every people from other village join to dance. Some traditional superstitions still held by Temuans: Typical Temuan food are usually cooked in bamboo. Temuan dishes are such as:- The Temuan people also possess knowledge in traditional medicine. There also those from

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768-628: The "Celau" storm. Gunung Gajak (Gunung Rajah, Pahang, Malaysia) became the birth places and ancestral home of the Temuan tribe. Mamak Bungsuk (Adam) and Inak Bungsuk (Eve) are the Temuan analogues of Adam and Eve in the myth of the birth of humanity. The Temuan celebrate Aik Muyang (Ancestor Day) at the end of the year and the beginning of new year. Aik Muyang honoring their ancestor for giving them good life and save from Celau (storm). The celebration take place in different day between 15 December to 15 January. List of places and its Aik Gayak Muyang celebration dates:- Gogo ( Bogeng )

832-604: The British Malaya colonial period, the Bedouin Muslims were already considered Malays, and indigenous groups of Temuan people began to be counted among the aborigines (obsolete official name for Orang Asli). The aborigines were defined as primitive people in need of paternalistic care. Orang Asli was noticed only during the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960), when it turned out that most of them supported

896-581: The Malay language as well as their own language called the Temuan language or Bahasak Temuan . It is distinct but closely related to the Malay language spoken by their Malay neighbours. The Temuan language belongs to the Malay group of the Malayo-Polynesian languages and is very close to standard Malay language . It is often considered as one of the Malay dialects. Interestingly, the Temuan language

960-749: The Selangor State Legislative Assembly voting down the proposal unanimously. One of the companies involved was owned by members of the Selangor royal family , including Crown Prince Tengku Amir Shah . The second company was owned by the state, with Amirudin sitting on its board of directors. However, the Selangor State Executive Council proceeded with the plans, despite the PH coalition manifesto including reforestation and conservation. On 12 April 2021,

1024-496: The Temuan people (an Orang Asli group) have reportedly used the forest since 1886. In 1993, a Temuan community was relocated near the reserve, to a village called Busut Baru, as their former land was used to build Kuala Lumpur International Airport . 404.7 ha of land was promised in compensation, although it was not delivered at the time. On 5 February 2020, the Selangor Forestry Department announced

1088-450: The batin a small portion of their rice harvest, as well as a large game animal. The position of the batin is usually inherited by his eldest son, but if he does not have the traits of a leader, someone else can be chosen to replace him. The assistant of the batin in governing is his deputy, the pemangku (deputy village head; his duty is dividing animal game obtained from hunting), the second deputy jenang and his assistant jekara ;

1152-409: The dakwah program, policy of "positive discrimination" for newly converted Muslims was also implemented by rewarding of material goods, benefits in the field of education and promotion in the civil service. The purpose of this policy was to facilitate the assimilation of the Orang Asli into the Malay community. However, the results of the dakwah were not impressive. They were especially ineffective in

1216-712: The Malay Kingdom of Srivijaya with its center in Palembang ( South Sumatra ). After the defeat of Srivijaya by the Javanese Majapahit in the 13th century, the latter took power over the peninsula. At the end of the 14th century, the Malays who came from Sumatra , established trading settlements on the coast. Among them was the Malacca Sultanate kingdom, which soon became the leading state in

1280-439: The Malays of Negeri Sembilan. By adopting Islam, the Temuans became Malays. But not all indigenous people have embraced the new religion. Groups that decided to remain pagans were forced to retreat to the mountainous jungle areas and change their way of living. They began to live by hunting and gathering jungle products, and cultivating fallow farmland . These indigenous groups became the minority that rejected assimilation. During

1344-579: The Malaysian government. They are also one of the largest (only smaller in population in comparison to the Semai people and Jakun people ) and the most widespread of the Orang Asli ethnic groups. Outwardly, the Temuan people; like the other Proto-Malays , are virtually indistinguishable from the Malays themselves. They have straight hair and light brown skin, but strong individual variations are found among

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1408-416: The Orang Asli were already suppliers of jungle products in international trade networks. The popular folk history of the Temuan people with many variations tells of two brothers who participated in the gathering of earthly tribes in "times of grace, when men understood the language of animals." On the way home, a storm broke and overturned their ship. Abang (older brother) managed to grab his blowgun before

1472-632: The Temuan community of Kampung Bukit Tampoi through the loss of their customary land, which was part of a highway construction. The main occupations of the Temuan people are agriculture and forestry. The main food crop is rice. Three varieties of wet rice are grown ( masuri , pulut and malinja ), the whole crop is used for own consumption. However, buying rice from stores are still necessary as many families do not get sufficient rice from their fields. Rubber and other commodity crops are also grown. Most Orang Asli have collectively owned rubber, palm oil or cocoa plantations. The sale of rubber provides most of

1536-594: The Temuan people do not have their own written language. Temuan is mostly written in the Latin alphabet although no standard orthography has been made. Asyik FM , Malaysia's national radio broadcasts daily in the Temuan language. The medium of education of the Temuans is conducted in Malay. It is believed that the Proto-Malays arrived on the Malay Peninsula by sea in about 2,000 BC. By the 5th century AD,

1600-502: The Temuan people treated all these objects with great respect. The most revered of these is Mount Gunung Rajah ("Ruler's Mountain"), sacred to the Temuans, located on the border of Selangor and Pahang. An ancient Temuan legend says that it was on this mountain that their ancestors hid during the Great Flood , which destroyed the rest of humanity. The Temuan's culture reflects their belief in these nature spirits. Their animism takes

1664-543: The Temuan people. Their average height is approximately 153 cm for men and 142 cm for women. Culturally, the Malays and the Proto-Malays are also closely related. They speak Temuan , an Austronesian language closely related to Malay . The Temuan people can be found in almost every state of Peninsular Malaysia , but most of them still live in the countryside and suburban villages of Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , as well as Pahang and Melaka . Usually these villages consist of purely Temuan people. Traditionally,

1728-499: The Temuans were forest dwellers. However, with the implementation economic development programmes, relocation of individuals of Orang Asli communities to new villages are often in suburban areas by the government. In urban areas, the Temuan people live alongside other ethnic groups. The dynamics in the population of the Temuan people in Malaysia :- Population distribution of the Temuan people by state (1996, JHEOA census):- Despite

1792-495: The Temuans, are caused by the activities of evil spirits, Temuan people will also seek a dukun or bomoh to cure the disease. The folk healer gives the patient a herbal medicine, and in a trance performs special rites to reverse the effects of spirits. Temuans distinguish their shamans by strength. Traditional healers also provide services to outsiders, but for money. There are also various taboos associated with ghosts and demons in Temuan beliefs. Loyok , an evil bird that flies in

1856-478: The area that noted the forests use by these communities. Tengku Amir Shah publicly rejected links to the project. The federal government also announced its opposition. Facing continued opposition from lawmakers, as well as the public, the Selangaor government cancelled its plans to develop the park, including the sale to Gabungan Indah Sdn. Bhd., on 8 September 2020. The government announced that it would regazette

1920-418: The cash income for these people. They also sell some jungle produce ( durian , petai , rattan, bamboo), which are harvested from the jungle. In addition to rice, they also buy tobacco, clothes and other luxury items. The main economic aggregate of the Temuan people is similar to the Malays. To some extent, these neighboring communities are competitors, and for this reason hostility do exists between them. In

1984-465: The city folks who would seek consultation from the Orang Asli to cure their illness and problems. Among of the illness that the Temuan shaman could cure are such as fever, diarrhea, blood clot, kidney disease and many more by using herbs or animal based medicine. Examples of herbs used:- It is also known that the Temuan people themselves have begun to cultivate some of the herbs as an indication of

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2048-473: The city, they retain their own tribal structure by following the traditional way of life. The Temuan people have an ambiguous perception of the socio-cultural and economic changes that are taking place. Although people are generally satisfied with modern living conditions, they are also dissatisfied with the loss of their traditional culture. The younger generation prefers to live a modern life, wants to have fun and pleasures. The colorful life they see around them

2112-407: The close connection between several villages, which is common for Temuan communities. Although Temuans live in close contact with Malays, Chinese and Indians, mixed marriages are almost non-existent. Despite significant changes in their lives, the Temuan people continue to look at the world through the eyes of jungle dwellers. It is difficult for them adapt to city life. Even after the resettlement in

2176-487: The common health problems faced by them. Examples of such species that have been cultivated by the Temuan people instead of gathering them from the wild are:- The common method of administering the herbs by the Temuan people are by consuming the decoction of the roots orally, such as the Polyalthia bullata, Andrographis paniculata , Parkia speciosa , Zingiber officinale and many more. Other methods of administering

2240-469: The communist insurgents, consisting of mostly ethnic Chinese. The Chinese had close contacts with the aborigines, in particular, among the Temuan people as there were many people of mixed Sino-Temuan blood. In order to remove the Orang Asli from the influence of the Communists, the government resorted to relocating indigenous communities to the territories it controlled. The result of this invasive action

2304-619: The communities of indigenous people. Among the aborigines were formed the Senoi Praaq , a paramilitary unit to fight the Communists. Temuan people were also included into the unit. After the declaration of Independence of Malaysia and the Malayan Emergency , the Department of Aboriginal Affairs was renamed to Department of Orang Asli ( Jabatan Orang Asli in Malay, JOA) and at present, the Department of Orang Asli Development ( Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli in Malay, JAKOA). This department

2368-408: The crops they grow and for the peaceful life they have had. In the 1970s, Malaysia began a policy of converting the Orang Asli to Islam . First sluggish, but it intensified in the 1980s, and in the 1990s the programs of Islamization ( dakwah ) began where specially trained Muslim missionaries operate in indigenous communities, and in prayer halls ( surau ) that were opened in each village. As part of

2432-477: The earth, in which they honor their ancestors and try to calm the guardian spirits. At the end of every year, the Temuans celebrate the biggest holiday in the Temuan community, the Aik Gayak Muyang (Ancestor Day). It takes place in late December to early January, after harvest and fruit picking. Each village has its own date of the holiday. People gather for a feast to thank their God and ancestors for

2496-532: The endemic Langat red fighting fish . There are at least five squirrel species: slender squirrels , three-striped ground squirrels , shrew-faced squirrels , plantain squirrels , and the endemic Selangor pygmy flying squirrel . Two rodents have been identified, Müller's giant Sunda rats and Malayan field rats . Bat species include the lesser short-nosed fruit bat and the trefoil horseshoe bat . A study in 2020 found 19 species of birds. Forest crested lizards and oriental garden lizards have been found in

2560-513: The environment of the Temuan settlements. The percentage of Muslims among the Orang Asli in 1997 was 11.1% in Selangor, 9.2% in Negeri Sembilan, and 14.0% in Melaka. While the percentage among Temuan Muslims was 1,928 people, including 976 people in the state of Selangor, 592 people in the state of Negeri Sembilan, 241 person in the state of Pahang, 118 people in the state of Melaka and one person in

2624-439: The evening, causes illness and death. So people should remain indoors at this time and not go outside. Another bird, Kelong Kuat functions as a messenger from the realm of the dead. When people hear the sound of this bird, they know that someone has died. Temuans cannot kill a person, otherwise the ghost of the murdered will pursue the killer. Every night the Temuans light a fire in the courtyard to ward off evil spirits and ghosts;

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2688-505: The forest in question had been degraded by fire, and that three other forest areas totalling 581.8 ha would be gazetted to compensate. Civil opposition emerged under the Pertahankan Hutan Simpan Kuala Langat Utara group, which had formed in 2020 following the initial proposals. This group published images of the supposedly degraded forest areas, and obtained statements from Orang asli leaders in

2752-434: The form of taboos , herbal remedies, ritual ceremonies and magic. They have dukun (folk healers) and a village bomoh ( shaman ) who, when in a trance state, communicates with the nature spirits. It is the shaman who leads the tribe in the annual sawai or sewang - an ancient earth healing ritual to honour their ancestors and appease the guardian spirits. In an event of diseases and natural disasters; which according to

2816-403: The government announced it was continuing to consult on the matter. On 5 May 2020, the area was degazetted, and this decision was confirmed on 19 May 2020, although the information was not made public. 536.7 ha of the remaining 957.6 ha of the park (54%) was degazetted, with plans to convert it into mixed development. The private company Gabungan Indah Sdn. Bhd. was allocated 494.7 ha, of which most

2880-481: The government into areas inhabited by the Orang Asli became more frequent since the mid-1980s and gained widespread in the 1990s. These processes have mostly affected the Temuan people, whose traditional lands are located in the heart of Peninsular Malaysia, near the capital. Communities in the development zone were relocated to other areas. Some villages, such as in Bukit Lanjan , were relocated several times. In

2944-416: The government's efforts to modernize the indigenous way of living, the Orang Asli are still a marginalized people of the country's population. Literacy rates among the indigenous stood at 43% in 1991, compared with 86% nationally at that time. The average life expectancy of an Orang Asli person is 53 years, and the poverty rate was 76.9%, with 35.2% is considered very poor ("hardcore poor"). The Temuans speak

3008-559: The herbs includes eating, rubbing, chewing, bathing, shampooing and poultice. Some herbs have multiple methods of administering its medicinal properties to treat for different illness. For example, root decoction of Alpinia conchigera is used as a shampoo to clean fleas on the head, its leaves are used as poultice to treat boils and post-childbirth swelling on the stomach, while its rhizome can be pounded as rubbing for bone ache, and also powdered to be mixed with water as poultice for stomach ache. Shorea uliginosa Shorea uliginosa

3072-496: The interior. In Negeri Sembilan, these migrants consisted mainly of the Minangkabau people from West Sumatra . Colonizing new lands, they form agreements with the local batins. Through the means of mixed marriages, the Minangkabau gained the right to inherit power. On the Negeri Sembilan territory, Minangkabau principalities emerge as the ruling dynasties of which derived their roots from the local batins. The ancient history of

3136-634: The jungle. They also fish in the surrounding rivers. Some Temuans, mostly of the younger generations, are employed in the neighbouring cities. In the Desa Temuan settlement; located on the outskirts of Petaling Jaya , residents rent out their homes to foreign workers. There are educated people among the Orang Asli who work in the public sector, but most of them still maintain a traditional way of thinking and lifestyle. Temuans people live in autonomous rural communities consisting of nuclear families numbering from 50 to 500 people. Temuan communities have

3200-577: The latter two organize and control collective work. Pengulu balai (head of the hall) organizes joint holidays and celebrations. There are also several panglima s in the Temuan communities, consisting of former military leaders who led groups of soldiers to protect a certain area of the village. The basic social unit of the Temuan society are generally a nuclear family or conjugal family units. Usually most families in one village are connected by family and affinal (connected through marriage) ties. The houses of close relatives are nearby. The nuclear family

3264-606: The majority of land, with 42.1 ha set aside to give to the community in Busut Baru. The possibility remained that some land would also be set aside to build the MRL East Coast Rail Link , however on 2 December 2020 the government chose a route which did not pass through the reserve. The new forest reserves that had been established to replace the degazetted forest remained in place as well. The park totals 957.6 ha, 13% of its original size. The areas surrounding

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3328-476: The new places, the government provided the natives with housing, land, basic infrastructure, collective ownership of plantation were given, as well as compensation for the loss of traditional land were paid. Conflict situations often occurred. Sometimes Temuan communities took legal action for the violation their rights. In 2002, the Supreme Court ordered the Selangor state government to pay compensation to

3392-472: The park include housing developments, agricultural areas, and Temuan villages. The traditional burial grounds of the Temuan villages are located within the reserve. The forests of the reserve are old growth forests, some as old as 8,000 years. Much of it is peat swamp forest . Flora in the park includes Shorea leprosula and Shorea uliginosa . Large fauna includes Malayan sun bears , black panthers , clouded leopards , and Malayan tapirs . Fish include

3456-616: The past, there were fights and acts of violence between them. Despite this situation, the Temuans do trade with the Malays. In addition to the main farm, the Temuan people keep gardens in their backyards where they grow a variety of vegetables and tropical fruits. Temuan villages are usually located near the jungle. Collecting jungle produce provides income for the Temuans and is also an additional source of food. In addition to wild fruits, medicinal plants are harvested, as well as wood for construction. Wild boars, deer, monkeys, monitor lizards, porcupines and other animals and birds are also hunted in

3520-599: The region is preserved in oral traditions, which were passed down from generation to generation. The people of Negeri Sembilan knew that they first under the subjugation of the Majapahit rulers, followed by the Sultan of Malacca, and its successive, the Johor Sultanate . There was an active integration of Minangkabau migrants and local residents such as Jakun, Temuan into a single ethnic group (Biduanda), now known as

3584-474: The region. After the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese Empire , the Malay rulers moved to Johor . A key moment in the history of the peninsula was the adoption of Islam by the Sultan of Malacca in the early 15th century. During the time of the emergence of the Malays, the Temuan community lived in the modern state of Negeri Sembilan and its neighbouring areas. The basis of their economic activity

3648-455: The reserve, as well as reticulated pythons . Five species of frogs have been identified. Temuan people The Temuan people ( Temuan : Uwang/Eang Temuan , Malaysian : Orang Temuan ) are a Proto-Malay ethnic group indigenous to western parts of Peninsular Malaysia . They can be found in the states of Selangor , Pahang , Johor , Negeri Sembilan and Malacca . The Temuans are classified as part of Orang Asli group according to

3712-544: The same time in the new environment, the Temuan people are becoming a marginalized stratum of society. Due to lack of qualifications, they face difficulties in obtaining a good and stable job. They do not save money as they are reckless spender. Alcoholism has also become a serious problem, and the lack of money provokes people to steal. Other serious social problems also includes gambling and illegal racing. The majority of Temuans (64.2%) follow traditional beliefs, 30% Muslims, 5.8% Christians. Traditional religion ( adat pepati )

3776-401: The ship sank in the stormy waves, and swam ashore. Adik (the younger brother) managed to save only the sacred scroll, but that was enough to take precedence over Abang. Abang remained hunter-gatherers and Adik, with newly acquired knowledge, could institutionalized religion and write new laws for people to live by. In the 11th century, the territory of the Malay Peninsula came under the rule of

3840-480: The state of Johor. Although today the Temuans mostly adhere to their animistic beliefs, the rest have now largely converted to either Christianity or Islam . This happens especially when Temuans married with people outside of their ethnic groups, whether it's with the Malays , Chinese or other ethnic groups in the country . Thousands of years ago, many Temuan people died because they had committed "Celau" (the sins that angered god and their ancestors; as it

3904-476: The whole world will turn upside down and humanity will perish. The Temuans also believe that the whole world is inhabited by ghosts and spirits of hantu and jinn . Each of these supernatural beings has its own territories and is endowed with certain qualities. Each river, hill, stream, rock, tree and shrub is animated by a guardian spirit. Rivers are guarded by dragons ( naga ) and snakes ( ular ) which often cause mayhem if their homes are desecrated. Therefore,

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3968-439: Was slated to become housing. Gabungan Indah Sdn. Bhd. had been incorporated on 2 November 2020. According to the government, the original proposal was for 931.17 ha to be degazetted. Selangor requires public hearings for the degazetting of any forest reserves. The degazetting was made public information on 30 August. 2020 Opposition lawmakers, as well as PH backbenchers, protested. Executive Council member Hee Loy Sian stated that

4032-431: Was the cultivation of irrigated rice. Local peasants used sophisticated field irrigation techniques. The land belonged to the local communities that was led by a batin , the village head. At same time, the Temuan people already had their own political structures or proto-state formations. The Malays refer to the natives as Jakuns, Biduanda, Mantras, Orang Bukit or Sakais. Eventually, the Malay population spread gradually to

4096-443: Was the death of about a third of the displaced due to unsanitary living conditions and psychological stress. Realizing their mistakes, the government changed its methods. The Orang Asli were then placed under total control, and their villages were turned into forts under the protection of soldiers, which were also provided with shops and medical facilities. It was the special Department of Aboriginal Affairs' responsibility to look after

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