111-800: The Kudmi Mahato are a tribal community in the states of Jharkhand , West Bengal and Odisha of India . They are primarily agriculturalist. Kudmi were classified as a Notified Tribe by the British Raj under the terms of the Indian Succession Act introduced in 1865 as they have customary rules of succession. Kudmi of Chotanagpur are different from Kurmi of Gangetic plain. According to Mahanta (2003) kudmi follow totemism which stamps them as Dravidian descent and resembles to Dravidian tribe around them according to book The Tribes and Castes of Bengal (1891) written by Herbert Hope Risley . Subsequently, in 1913, they were classified as
222-590: A Forward Caste , as they do not qualify for any of the reservation benefits allotted to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes that are administered by the Government of India . This classification has increasingly led to feelings of unease and resentment among the Kayasthas, who believe that the communities that benefit from reservation are gaining political power and employment opportunities at their expense. Thus, particularly since
333-505: A myth of origin that says they descend from the 12 sons of the Hindu god Chitragupta , the product of his marriages to Devi Shobhavati and Devi Nandini. The suffix -vanshi is Sanskrit and translates as belonging to a particular family dynasty . At least some Chitraguptavanshi subcastes seem to have formed by the 11th or 12th century, evidenced by various names being used to describe them in inscriptions. Although at that time, prior to
444-696: A 'mixed-origin' caste with Brahmin and Shudra components. This was probably an attempt by the Brahmins to rationalize their rank in the traditional caste hierarchy and perhaps a later invention rather than a historical fact. After the Muslim conquest of India , they mastered Persian , which became the official language of the Mughal courts. Some converted to Islam and formed the Muslim Kayasth community in northern India . Bengali Kayasthas had been
555-647: A Benares Sanskrit College professor, well versed in Hindu Dharmaśāstras ) and Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik . Earlier, in Bihar, in 1811–1812, botanist and zoologist Francis Buchanan had recorded the Kayastha of that region as "pure shudra" and accordingly kept them at the par with other producer caste groups like goldsmiths, Ahirs , Kurmis and the Koeris . William Pinch, in his study of Ramanandi Sampradaya in
666-583: A Primitive tribe. Then they were omitted from the list of communities listed as tribes in the 1931 census. They were not in the list of Scheduled Tribes drawn up in 1950. They are included in the list of Other Backward Classes in the States of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. In 2004, the Government of Jharkhand recommended that they should be listed as a Scheduled Tribe rather than Other Backward Class . The Tribal Research Institute of Government of India recommended against this proposal, claiming they are
777-581: A boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations. In 1998, when
888-710: A considerable affinity with the Austroasiatic populations. The Kudmi Mahato community played a role in various rebellions in India's freedom struggle . From the Chuar Rebellion to the Quit India Movement , many Kudmi Mahatos were martyred. Raghunath Mahato was a notable leader of the Chuar Rebellion in India's freedom struggle against the British . The rebellion he waged against the British
999-512: A distinct caste. The Kayastha appears as a figure in Act IX of the Mṛcchakatika , a kāyastha is shown accompanying a judge ( adhikaraṇika ) and assisting him. In Act V there is mention that: Moreover, O friend, a courtesan, an elephant, a Kayastha, a mendicant, a spy and a donkey—where these dwell, there not even villains can flourish. In Mudrarakshasa , a Kayastha named Śakaṭadāsa
1110-677: A football match on the Hindu festival of Holi . His widow, Suman Mahato , the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009. Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by West Bengal to the eastern side, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the western side, Bihar to the northern part and Odisha to
1221-500: A forward caste of Odisha. As the Kayasthas are a non-cohesive group with regional differences rather than a single caste, their position in the Hindu varna system of ritual classification has not been uniform. This was reflected in Raj era court rulings. Hayden Bellenoit gives details of various Raj era law cases and concludes the varna Kayastha was resolved in those cases by taking into account regional differences and customs followed by
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#17327977462221332-483: A prominent role. Jagadish Mahato of (Dhanbad-Parabasnia) also took an active part in the Quit India movement . Many others are also involved. Jharkhand Jharkhand ( / ˈ dʒ ɑːr k ə n d / ; Hindi: [d͡ʒʱɑːɾkʰəɳɖ] ; lit. ' the land of forests ' ) is a state in eastern India . The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to
1443-667: A prosperous and influential caste in Odisha and rank next to the Brahmins . They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and diwans. They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous. Karanas owned most Zamindaris in Odisha and were extremely rich. They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of Khurda Kingdom . They represent around 5% of Odia people. The Karanas are
1554-487: A protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters. In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes. After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD 's dependence on
1665-761: A result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars and became known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States . Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. Chuar Rebellion , the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the Bhumij tribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769, Raghunath Mahato also revolted against
1776-468: A separate profession, similar to bankers , merchants , and artisans . As suggested in certain epigraphs, they had a representative in the district-level administration, along with those of bankers and merchants. This is also implied in Mudrarakshasa , where a kayastha would work for any man who paid his wages on time. Possibly secular knowledge, like writing, administration, and jurisprudence,
1887-618: A sub-caste of the Kunbi and thus different to tribal people. Therefore, In 2015, the Government of India refused to approve the recommendation of Jharkhand government to list the Kudmi Mahato as Schedule Tribe. The language of Kudmi is Kudmali/Kurmali . But according to study, Kurmali language have vocabulary which is neither Dravidian nor Austroasiatic . The Kudmi people once spoke a distinct language, neither Munda nor Dravidian but also not Indo-Aryan , and at some point switched to
1998-421: A subgroup within the broader social group of Madheshi Brahmin/Chhetri (together with Terai Brahmins and Rajputs ). At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , 44,304 people (0.2% of the population of Nepal) were Kayastha. The frequency of Kayasthas by province was as follows: The frequency of Kayasthas was higher than national average (0.2%) in the following districts: This is a list of notable people from all
2109-753: Is 947 females to 1,000 males. The literacy rate of the state was 67.63% with Ranchi district being most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%. In social demographics, Jharkhand's Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes populations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western district Simdega (78.23%), Khunti (77.77%), Gumla (72.11%), Paschim Singhbhum (71.1%), Latehar (66.85%), and in Lohardaga district (60.21%). Languages of Jharkhand (2011) Jharkhand
2220-501: Is a considerable brahmana element in the present day Kayastha community of Bengal. Originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people of different varnas including the brahmanas. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal. In Maharashtra, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKP) claim descent from
2331-532: Is a crucial character and one of the trusted men of the Prime Minister of the Nanda King. According to Chitrarekha Gupta, the title Ārya added to the name of Śakaṭadāsa implies that he was a member of the nobility. Another Kayastha called Acala is the scribe of Chanakya . In early-mediaeval Kashmir too, the term kayastha denoted an occupational class whose principal duty, besides carrying on
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#17327977462222442-687: Is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service , Indian Police Service , Indian Forest Service and different wings of the state civil services. The judiciary is headed by the chief justice . Jharkhand has a High Court which has been functioning since 2000. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi. The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present,
2553-470: Is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna, as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17). According to the 2011 Indian Census , Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females. The sex ratio
2664-544: Is agriculture. Kudmi are divided into 81 clans or gushti including Keshria, Hindowar, Bagh Banwar, Nagwar, Punoriar, Bangsoar, Sankhwar, Kanbindha, Katiar, Dumriar, Karwar etc. They are nature worshipers. Bari Puja, Karam , Chait Parab, Jitiya , Bandna , Tusu Parab are some of the major festivals of Kudmis. They worship Budha Baba in Madapthan and Garam at garamthan. Jhumair and Chhau are their folk dance. According to National Institute of Biomedical Genomics(NIBMG),
2775-614: Is also mentioned that father of Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota Dynasty , Durlabhavardhan, had held the post of Aśvaghāsa-kāyastha. Kayasthas have been authors of several Sanskrit texts too. Kayasthas have been recorded as a separate caste responsible for writing secular documents and maintaining records in Brahmanical religious writings dating back to the seventh-century. In these texts, some described Kayasthas as Kshatriyas , while others often described them as
2886-605: Is based on "factual and interpretative errors", and criticised for making "unquestioned assumptions" about the Kayastha Sanskritisation and westernisation movement. In post-Raj assessments, the Bengali Kayasthas, alongside Bengali Brahmins , have been described as the "highest Hindu castes". After the Muslim conquest of India, they absorbed remnants of Bengal's old Hindu ruling dynasties—including
2997-411: Is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution. The impoverished state provides ample recruits for communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions. As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in
3108-510: Is explained by modern scholars as a result of growth of state machinery, complication of taxation system and the "rapid expansion of land-grant practice that required professional documenting fixation". The term also finds mention in an inscription of the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I , dated to 442 CE , in which prathama-kāyastha ( transl. 'chief officer' ) is used as an administrative designation. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti , also from
3219-744: Is known as the Chuar Rebellion . His slogan was " Apna Gaon, Apna Raaj; Dur Bhagao Bideshi Raaj ". Buli Mahato was the hero martyr of Kol Rebellion and Bhumij Rebellion . Then came the Neel Rebellion 1843-1848 led by Gopal Mahato. Chanku Mahato then led the Santhal Rebellion in Godda district . Also, in the Sepoy Mutiny , eleven were hanged together with Sukdev Mahato. In addition, Kanka Mahato, Rajani Mahato, Suchand Mahato, Kalicharan Mahato, Gopinath Mahato, Kalia Mahato etc. led
3330-850: Is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages. Hindi is the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state, although different regional languages exist. Some of which, including Nagpuri , Khortha , Kurmali , Magahi and Bhojpuri are categorised as 'Hindi languages' in the Indian census 2011. Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to Angika , Bengali , Bhojpuri , Bhumij , Ho , Kharia , Kurukh , Khortha , Kurmali , Magahi , Maithili , Mundari , Nagpuri , Odia , Santali and Urdu . Religion in Jharkhand (2011) The other religions and persuasions mostly consists of adherents of Sarnaism . As per
3441-479: Is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities as of 2011. Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a resource curse : it accounts for more than 4% of India's mineral production but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished. The word " Jhar " means 'forest' and " Khand " means 'land' in various Indo-Aryan languages . Thus "Jharkhand" means forest land . In
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3552-560: Is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources. Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency . Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between
3663-741: The 2011 census , Hinduism is the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed by Islam at 14.5% and Christianity at 4.3%. Other religions, primarily Sarnaism , claim to be 12.8% of the population. Hindus form majority in 19 out of 24 districts of the Jharkhand. Christianity forms majority in Simdega district (51.04%). Sarna forms majority in Lohardaga (51.01%), West Singhbhum (62.29%) and plurality in Gumla (44.62%) and Khunti (45.37%). Muslims have highest presence in Pakur district and Sahebganj district of Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of
3774-604: The All Jharkhand Students Union , and the Congress came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in the Bihar legislature. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised
3885-416: The All Jharkhand Students Union . They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of Ram Dayal Munda , B. P. Keshri , Binod Bihari Mahato , Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988. The Jharkhand co-ordination committee
3996-575: The Bengal Presidency . According to William Rowe, the Kayasthas of Bengal, Bombay and the United Provinces repeatedly challenged this classification by producing a flood of books, pamphlets, family histories and journals to pressurise the government to recognise them as kshatriya and to reform the caste practices in the directions of sanskritisation and westernisation . Rowe's opinion has been challenged, with arguments that it
4107-908: The British East India Company (EIC). In 1771, the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Majhi , a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from Srinagar . The Munda tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh , two landowners, fought against
4218-699: The Eastern States Agency , the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces. In March 1940, the INC 53rd Session occurred under the presidency of Maulana Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is now Ramgarh Cantonment . Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru , Sardar Patel , Rajendra Prasad , Sarojini Naidu , Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan , Acharya J.B. Kripalani , Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and other great leaders of
4329-682: The Medi Movement of Orissa . After that, the Kudmis also actively participated in the non-cooperation movement . Five Kudmi Mahato youths were martyred in this movement. These are Gokul Mahato, Mohan Mahato, Sheetal Mahato, Sahadeva Mahato, Ganesh Mahato. Many were also jailed. Girish Mahato, Nanku Chandra Mahato, Govinda Mahato, Dasharath Mahato, Chunaram Mahato, Mathan Mahato and others were imprisoned in Hazaribagh Jail during Mahatma Gandhi's civil disobedience movement . Padak Mahato
4440-524: The Muslim as well as Christian communities that made up the middle class at the time of Indian independence in 1947. According to Merriam-Webster , the word Kāyastha is probably formed from the Sanskrit kāya (body), and the suffix -stha (standing, being in). As evidenced by literary and epigraphical texts, Kayasthas had emerged as a 'class of administrators' between late-ancient and early-mediaeval period of Indian history. Their emergence
4551-543: The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent , they were generally outnumbered by Brahmins in the Hindu royal courts of northern India, some among these Kayasthas wrote eulogies for the kings. Of the various regional Kayastha communities it was those of north India who remained most aligned to their role of scribes, whereas in other areas there became more emphasis on commerce. The group of Bhatnagar , Srivastava , Ambashtha and Saxena of Doab were classified by various Indian , British and missionary observers to be
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4662-844: The Nagvanshi Maharaja of Chhotanagpur . Chero rule in the Palamu region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the East India Company . Later Palamu estates were sold by the British. During the 18th century, regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty, Ramgarh and Kharagdiha became parts of territories of East India Company . Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in
4773-683: The Sena , Pala , Chandra , and Varman —and, in this way, became the region's surrogate kshatriya or "warrior" class. During British rule, the Bengali Kayasthas, the Bengali Brahmins and the Baidyas considered themselves to be Bhadralok , a term coined in Bengal for the gentry or respectable people. This was based on their perceived refined culture, prestige and education. Modern scholars like John Henry Hutton and Ronald Inden consider
4884-630: The rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria , who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India . The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed. Then Birsa Munda revolt, broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon. In October 1905,
4995-492: The 1990 report of the Mandal Commission on reservation, Kayastha organisations have been active in areas such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal and Orissa. These groups are aligning themselves with various political parties to gain political and economic advantages; by 2009 they were demanding 33 percent reservation in government jobs. The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of Northern India are named thus because they have
5106-487: The 20th century, some Kudmis of Chhotanagpur underwent a social change of Kshatriyaization along with the other Kurmi of North India and elevated their status as Kshatriya . Historically, the Kudmi Mahatos have been a noble class who were landowning zamindars. They exhibit upper-caste status and performed priestly functions in the temples situated in western Rarh region . The traditional occupation of Kudmi
5217-454: The Bengali Kayasthas were shudras. The Allahabad High Court ruled in 1890 that Kayasthas were Kshatriyas. Hayden Bellenoit concludes from an analysis of those that in the suits originating in the Bihari and Doabi heartlands rulings that Kayasthas were of twice-born status were more likely. Closer to Bengal country, though, the legal rulings tended to assign a shudra status. Even where
5328-652: The British East India Company in 1812. The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a Kol revolt occurred in 1832. Also in 1832 the Bhumijs revolted again against the British, this time under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh , known as the Bhumij Rebellion . During the 19th century, large numbers of santals from Manbhum , Hazaribagh , Midnapore were settled by British in Damin-i-koh to cultivate
5439-403: The Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in eastern India. Prominent leaders like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh also demanded a separate state. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party , led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to the States Reorganization Commission for a separate Jharkhand state comprising
5550-410: The Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill . Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress , the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of
5661-423: The Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta I as prathama-kāyastha, as karaṇa-kāyastha in Vainayagupta ’s inscription, and as gauḍa-kāyastha in an Apshadha inscription dated 672 CE . The occasional references to individuals of the Karaṇa caste occupying high government offices are made in inscriptions and literary works too. Razia Banu has suggested that Brahmin and Kayastha migrants were brought to Bengal during
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#17327977462225772-455: The Gupta era, and the Vishnu Smriti describe kayasthas as record-keepers and accountants, but not as jāti ( caste or clan). Similarly, the term Kayastha is used in the works of Kshemendra , Kalhana and Bilhana to refer to members of bureaucracy varying from Gṛhakṛtyamahattama ( transl. 'the chief secretary in the charge of home affairs' ) to the Aśvaghāsa-kāyastha ( transl. 'officer in charge of
5883-451: The Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session. Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh. At that time, under the leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party. After Indian independence in 1947,
5994-544: The Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers. Climate of Jharkhand varies from Humid subtropical in the north to tropical wet and dry in the south-east. The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) and low temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F). The southwest monsoon , from mid-June to October, brings nearly all
6105-452: The Kayasthas of Bengal had not yet developed into a distinct caste during the reign of the Gupta Empire, although the office of the Kayastha (scribe) had been instituted before the beginning of the period, as evidenced from the contemporary Smritis . Sharma further states: Noticing brahmanic names with a large number of modern Bengali Kayastha cognomens in several early epigraphs discovered in Bengal, some scholars have suggested that there
6216-524: The Kudmi Mahatos genetically cluster together with other Indo-European speaking populations of Bengal & Orissa region indicating less genetic distance between both the populations. The study also identifies the Kudmi population as Indo-European speaking who have a geographic proximity with the Mundari speaking populations, also mentioned by Genome India Project (GIP). Although clustered together with other Indo-European populations such as Rahri Brahmins, Kayastha , Mahishya and Oriya Brahmin, they show
6327-423: The Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police , and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum . Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the " Red Corridor " comprising 92,000 square kilometres, where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight. Part of this
6438-426: The Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the Chota Nagpur Division and Santhal Pargana Division of South Bihar. NDA formed the government with Babulal Marandi as chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand. Babulal Marandi took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on
6549-476: The administration became zamindars and jagirdars . According to Abu al-Fazl, most of the Hindu zamindars in Bengal were Kayasthas. Maharaja Pratapaditya , the king of Jessore who declared independence from Mughal rule in the early 17th century, was a Bengali Kayastha. During the British Raj, Kayasthas continued to proliferate in public administration, qualifying for the highest executive and judicial offices open to Indians. Bengali Kayasthas took on
6660-491: The age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha and Anga . In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept the hegemony of the Maurya empire during Ashoka 's reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site of Saridkel , burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to
6771-490: The ancient period, in the Mahabharata , the region was referred as Kark Khand due to location near Kark Rekha, that is, Tropic of Cancer . During the Medieval period, the region was known as Jharkhand . According to Bhavishya Purana (1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the seven Pundra desa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate in Kendrapada , Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of Eastern Ganga dynasty . Forest land from Baidhnath dham to Puri
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#17327977462226882-580: The anniversary of the birth of tribal leader Birsa Munda . The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of Bihar . According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes . Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand
6993-406: The area were classified along with Brahmins and Rajputs in Bihar as "other castes of twice-born rank" According to Arun Sinha, there was a strong current since the end of the 19th century among Shudras of Bihar to change their status in caste hierarchy and break the monopoly of bipolar elite of Brahmins and Rajputs of having "dvija" status. The education and economic advancement made by some of
7104-406: The chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for
7215-423: The child, citing that Kayasthas are Dvija, "twice-born" or "upper-caste" and that the illegitimate children of Dwijas have no rights to inheritance. In the next case in 1875 in the Allahabad High Court , a north Indian Kayastha widow was denied adoption rights as she was an upper-caste i.e. Dwija woman. However, the aforementioned 1884 adoption case and the 1916 property dispute saw the Calcutta High Court rule that
7326-689: The courts to decide the varna as well as make decisions in the specific cases. The Hindu texts referenced were Mitākṣarā , the Padmapurāṇa , “original Vyavashta of the Pundits of Kashmir”, Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik 's books, (8th to 5th century BC authored) Yājñavalkya Smṛti , Vīramitrodaya (17th century), Bhaviṣyapurāṇa , Skandapurāṇa , Vivādacintāmaṇi of Vāchaspati Misra , Sanskrit Professor Sarvadhikari's literature, Dattakamīmāṃsā , Shyamcharan Sarkar’s Vyavasthādarpaṇa , etc. Some contemporary Hindu scholars referenced (as witnesses in person or indirectly by their writings) were two Benaras Pandits(Nityananda and Bast Ram Dube), Raja Ram Shastra(
7437-403: The data of 2022 Bihar caste-based survey . It showed that amongst the Forward castes of Bihar , Kayastha was the most prosperous one with lowest poverty. Out of total families of Kayasthas residing in the state, only 13.38% were poor. The community totally numbered 1,70,985 families, out of which 23,639 families were poor. The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Kayastha as
7548-510: The dominant landholding caste prior to the Muslim conquest, and continued this role under Muslim rule. Indeed, Muslim rulers had from a very early time confirmed the Kayasthas in their ancient role as landholders and political intermediaries. Bengali Kayasthas served as treasury officials and wazirs (government ministers) under Mughal rule. Political scientist U. A. B. Razia Akter Banu writes that, partly because of Muslim sultans ' satisfaction with them as technocrats, many Bengali Kayasthas in
7659-402: The early centuries CE. Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE. Samudragupta , while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region ( North and South ), directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley. In the 7th century, the Chinese traveller Xuanzang passed through the region. He described
7770-485: The early-medieval India. Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris , Kashmiri Pandits , Parsis , Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Bengali Bhadraloks , Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South-Indian Brahmins including Deshastha Brahmins from Southern parts of India and upper echelons of
7881-459: The exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi -speaking states of Chang Bhakar , Jashpur , Koriya , Surguja , and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces , while the two Oriya -speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States , leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor. In 1936, all nine states were transferred to
7992-400: The fodder for horses' ). According to Romila Thapar , the offices that demanded formal education including that of a kayastha were generally occupied by the " Brahmins , revenue collectors, treasurers and those concerned with legal matters". According to Chitrarekha Gupta, it is possible that Buddhists , in their effort to create an educated non- Brahmin class, strove to popularize
8103-501: The former Shudra castes enabled them to seek the higher prestige and varna status. Sinha further mentions that the Kayasthas of Bihar along with the Bhumihars were first among the shudras to attain the recognition as "upper caste" leaving the other aspirational castes to aspire for the same. The Raj era rulings were based largely upon the theories of Herbert Hope Risley , who had conducted extensive studies on castes and tribes of
8214-513: The general administration of the state, consisted in the collection of revenue and taxes. Kshemendra’s Narmamālā composed during the reign of Ananta (1028-1063 CE ) gives a list of contemporary Kayastha officers that included Gṛhakṛtyadhipati, Paripālaka , Mārgapati , Gañja-divira , Āsthāna-divira , Nagara-divira , Lekhakopādhya and Niyogi . Kalhana’s Rājataraṃgiṇī ('The River of Kings') and Bilhana 's Vikramāṅkadevacarita ('Life of King Vikramaditya') also mention Kayasthas. It
8325-537: The kingdom as Karnasuvarna , with Shashanka as its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south. During the medieval period, the region was governed by Nagvanshi , Pala , Khayaravala , Ramgarh Raj and Chero rulers. A Buddhist monastery has been found in Hazaribagh which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century. Bhim Karn
8436-512: The land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against tax imposition. The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu . Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana. Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai rebelled against the British East India Company in the 1857 rebellion . In the Battle of Chatra , conflict took place between
8547-466: The late medieval period. Several iron slags , microliths , and potsherds have been discovered from Singhbhum district that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age. The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including Nanda , Maurya and Gupta during ancient period. In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer. During
8658-540: The leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state. The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam . Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and Santal Pargana development boards were constituted under
8769-544: The list of dams built across these revere refer to [2] Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna . The national parks and the zoological gardens in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety. Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve
8880-465: The middle class and were traditionally "urban and professional" (following professions like doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers, etc.) According to P. K. Varma, "education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite" and almost all the members of these communities could read and write English and were educated beyond school. The Kayasthas today mostly inhabit central, eastern, northern India, and particularly Bengal. They are considered
8991-419: The most learned and dominant of the "service castes". In eastern India, Bengali Kayasthas are believed to have evolved from a class of officials into a caste between the 5th-6th centuries and 11th-12th centuries, its component elements being putative Kshatriyas and mostly Brahmins. They most likely gained the characteristics of a caste under the Sena dynasty . According to Tej Ram Sharma, an Indian historian,
9102-403: The north describes the emergence of the concept of "pure Shudra" in growing need of physical contact with some of the low caste groups who were producer and seller of essential commodities or were the provider of services without which the self sufficiency of rural society couldn't persist. However, many of these adopted Vaishnavism in the aim to become Kshatriya. In 1901 Bihar census, Kayasthas of
9213-500: The population. The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the governor , who is appointed by the president of India . The real executive power rests with the chief minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government. The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary . Under this position,
9324-417: The present varna status of Bengali Kayasthas as 'twice-born', while Julius J. Lipner considers their varna as disputed. According to Christian Novetzke, in medieval India, Kayastha in certain parts were considered either as Brahmins or equal to Brahmins. Several religious councils and institutions have subsequently stated the varna status of CKPs as Kshatriya. In 2023, Government of Bihar published
9435-718: The rebels and the East India company. Tikait Umrao Singh , Sheikh Bhikhari , Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The brothers Nilambar and Pitambar were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the Kharwar tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many Chero Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ,
9546-443: The regional Indo-Aryan lingua franca of that time, leaving a distinct substrate in their new language. In April 2023, a Kudmi organization of West Bengal and Jharkhand engaged in rail blockages and demanded Scheduled Tribe status, a demand which was opposed by some scheduled tribes. Social organisations of this tribal community have agitated for scheduled tribe status and recognition of their traditional Sarna religion. During
9657-670: The regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. The Kharagdiha Rajas were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were Koderma , Gadi Palganj and Ledo Gadi . The princely states in the Chota Nagpur Plateau came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire , but they became tributary states of British East India Company as
9768-464: The reign of the Gupta Empire to help manage the state affairs. According to a legend, a Bengali King named Adisur had invited Brahmins accompanied by Kayasthas from Kannauj who became an elite sub-group described as Kulin . However, such claims are disputable and even rejected by some scholars. From the ninth-century and perhaps even earlier, Kayasthas had started to consolidate into
9879-469: The role occupied by merchant castes in other parts of India and profited from business contacts with the British. In 1911, for example, Bengali Kayasthas and Bengali Brahmins owned 40% of all the Indian-owned mills, mines and factories in Bengal. The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas, Bengali Kayasthas and CKPs were among the Indian communities in 1947, at the time of Indian independence , that constituted
9990-596: The royal treasury, or revenue department. Over the centuries, the occupational histories of Kayastha communities largely revolved around scribal services. However, these scribes did not simply take dictation but acted in the range of capacities better indicated by the term "secretary". They used their training in law, literature, court language, accounting, litigation and many other areas to fulfill responsibilities in all these venues. Kayasthas, along with Brahmins , had access to formal education as well as their own system of teaching administration, including accountancy, in
10101-454: The rulers of many states chose to accede to the Dominion of India . Changbhakar , Jashpur , Koriya , Surguja and Udaipur after that became part of the state of Madhya Pradesh , but Gangpur and Bonai became part of the state of Orissa and Kharsawan and Saraikela became part of the state of Bihar . In 1928, a separate state was demanded by Unnati Samaj , the political wing of
10212-595: The ruling powers as administrators, ministers and record-keepers. The earliest known reference to the term Kayastha dates back to the Kushan Empire , when it evolved into a common name for a writer or scribe . In the Sanskrit literature and inscriptions , it was used to denote the holders of a particular category of offices in the government service. In this context, the term possibly derived from kaya- ('principal, capital, treasury') and - stha ('to stay') and perhaps originally stood for an officer of
10323-641: The separate state movement was falling apart, Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo was leading the movement. In 1998, the Union government decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party , Jharkhand Mukti Morcha,
10434-704: The shudra designation was adjudged, the Raj courts appear to have sometimes recognised that the Bengali Kayasthas were degraded from an earlier kshatriya status due to intermarrying with both shudras and slaves ('dasa') which resulted in the common Bengali Kayastha surname of 'Das'. The last completed census of the British Raj (1931) classified them as an "upper caste", i.e. Dwija , and the final British Raj law case involving their varna in 1926 determined them to be Kshatriya. Other than literature by Europeans such as Max Müller and others, several Hindu religious scriptures and Hindu scholars' opinions were also used by
10545-460: The southern part. Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79,716 square kilometres (30,779 sq mi). Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau . Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: Damodar , North Koel , Barakar , South Koel , Sankh and Subarnarekha rivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of
10656-477: The specific community under consideration. Bellenoit disagrees with Rowe, showing that Risley's theories were in fact used ultimately to classify them as Kshatriyas by the British courts. The first case began in 1860 in Jaunpur , Uttar Pradesh with a property dispute where the plaintiff was considered an "illegitimate child" by the defendants, a north-Indian Kayastha family. The British court denied inheritance to
10767-407: The state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state. Largest Cities in Jharkhand (2011 Census of India estimate) The gross domestic product of Jharkhand is estimated at ₹ 3.83 lakh crore (US$ 46 billion) in 2020–21. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2018-19
10878-544: The state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about 1,000 mm (40 in) in the west-central part of the state to more than 1,500 mm (60 in) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures in Ranchi in December usually vary from 10–24 °C (50–75 °F). Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April. For
10989-426: The state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land. In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal. On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato , a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching
11100-532: The tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar. Later the Sadan people , the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state. In 1972, Binod Bihari Mahato , Shibu Soren and A. K. Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha . Nirmal Mahto founded
11211-691: The use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complexes are known as the Copper Hoard Culture . In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the Neolithic to the medieval period and pot-sherds of Redware , black and red ware , black ware, black slipped ware and NBP ware are from Chalcolithic to
11322-485: The utility of education and fostered those vocations that required a knowledge of writing. This is corroborated in Udāna , where the lekha-sippa ('craft of writing'), was regarded as the highest of all the crafts. It is also backed by the fact that the earliest epigraphical records mentioning lekhaka ('writer') or kayastha have been made in association with Buddhism . It is possible that kayasthas may have started out as
11433-483: The warrior Chandrasen. Historically they produced prominent warriors and also held positions such as Deshpandes and Gadkaris (fort holder, an office similar to that of a castellan . The CKPs have the upanayana (thread ceremony) and have been granted the rights to study the vedas and perform vedic rituals along with the Brahmins. Karana is a community found predominantly in Odisha and Andhrapradesh . They are
11544-438: The west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area , and the 14th largest by population . Hindi is the official language of the state. The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham , Parasnath , Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites. Jharkhand
11655-773: Was ₹ 82,430 (US$ 990). Kayastha Kayastha (or Kayasth ) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally located—the Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India , the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra , the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal and Karanas of Odisha . All of them were traditionally considered "writing castes ", who had historically served
11766-547: Was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated the Raksel dynasty of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry. Mughal influence reached Palamu during the reign of Emperor Akbar when it was conquered by Rajput Raja Mansingh in 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule. During the reign of the Nagvanshi King Madhu Singh , Akbar's general invaded Khukhra . Also there
11877-470: Was also imprisoned in Bhagalpur Jail. Sagar Mahato, Bhajahari Mahato , Bhim Mahato, Satyakinkar Mahato, Mohini Mahato were imprisoned for doing satyagraha in 1941. Then in 1942, Satyakinkar Mahato was imprisoned from Manbazar during the Quit India movement . Chunaram Mahato and Govinda Mahato were martyred during the siege of Manbazar police station in 1942. Among the women Bhavini Mahato played
11988-659: Was an invasion during the reign of Durjan Shah . King Ram Shah ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built the Kapilnath Temple in 1643. He was succeeded by his son Raghunath Shah . Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691. The King Medini Ray ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu. His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh . He attacked Navratangarh and defeated
12099-760: Was known as Jharkhand. In Akbarnama , from Panchet in the east to Ratanpur to west, Rohtasgarh to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand. The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings. Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE). During 2nd millennium BCE
12210-524: Was monopolised by a non-Brahmin professional elite that later came be referred as kayasthas . The Kayasthas, at least as an office, played an important role in administering the Northern India from the Gupta period. The earliest evidence comes from a Mathura inscription of Vasudeva I , composed by a Kayastha Śramaṇa . From this point we find, the term kayastha occurring in the inscription of
12321-552: Was then led by Congress General Secretary Ram Ratan Ram , who urged Rajiv Gandhi to pay attention to the issue at hand. In July 1988, the Bharatiya Janata party led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Lal Krishna Advani , and Murli Manohar Joshi decided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar in Jamshedpur . Inder Singh Namdhari , Samresh Singh , and Rudra Pratap Sarangi were
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