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21-487: He succeeded Kadašman-Enlil II and was possibly the first Kassite king to have a wholly Babylonian name, or one containing an Elamite derived word, from kudurru , which might be middle Assyrian. Although the Babylonian King List A records him as son of Kadašman-Enlil, it is a late source and no contemporary inscriptions exist which support this contention. It has been suggested that he may in fact have been

42-484: A cache of 64 from the palace dated to him. A private archive from Babylon of seven clay tablets in a pot includes legal texts dated to his reign. A Kudurru stone, found at Larsa, recorded a land grant and tax exemptions, or zakûtu . Kadashman-Enlil II Kadašman-Enlil II , typically rendered ka-dáš-man- EN.LÍL in contemporary inscriptions, meaning “he believes in Enlil ” (1263-1255 BC short chronology )

63-502: A diplomatic marriage of a “daughter of Babylon who had been given to Egypt”, who must surely have been Kadašman-Enlil's sister. In his correspondence with Kadašman-Enlil, Ḫattušili had observed that “in my brother’s country, the horses are more plentiful than straw,” echoing the earlier sentiment of a letter from the Amarna corpus that stated, ‘’gold is like dust in the land of my brother,” rejoined by ‘’there are more horses than straw in

84-433: A grown man and regularly goes out to hunt,” before goading him to make war on a weaker neighbor, presumably Assyria. “Do not keep sitting around, my brother, but go against an enemy land and defeat the enemy! [Against which land] should [my brother] go out? Go against a land over which you enjoy three – or fourfold numerical superiority.” The exact same advice was given to Bābu-aḫa-iddina , an important Assyrian official, for

105-470: A young Tukulti-Ninurta I on his accession to the throne of Assyria, very possibly by Ḫattušili or his son Tudhaliya IV . A diplomatic marriage may have been in the offing with Ḫattušili's wife Puduhepa matchmaking Kadašman Enlil's betrothal to one of her daughters, if the assignment of the recipients and sequence of related letters is correct, but alas it was not to come to pass as he died young. Relations with Egypt were restored and possibly cemented with

126-452: A “fine house” and a royal marriage. Another had the misfortune to have died, which failed to shame the unabashed Ḫattušili from requesting the services of a sculptor. Kadashman-Enlil II's reign was fairly short, up to nine years attested on the date formulae of more than forty economic texts . Inscribed bricks of Kadashman-Enlil II were found in a Kassite temple at Larsa . Tukulti-Ninurta I Tukulti-Ninurta I (meaning: "my trust

147-669: Is in [the warrior god] Ninurta "; reigned c. 1243–1207 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire . He is known as the first king to use the title " King of Kings ". Tukulti-Ninurta I succeeded Shalmaneser I , his father, as king and won a major victory against the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Nihriya in the first half of his reign, appropriating Hittite territory in Asia Minor and

168-509: The Arabian Peninsula , conquering the pre-Arab states of Dilmun and Meluhha . Middle Assyrian texts recovered at ancient Dūr-Katlimmu include a letter from Tukulti-Ninurta to his sukkal rabi'u , or grand vizier, Ashur-iddin advising him of the approach of his general Shulman-mushabshu escorting the captive Kashtiliash, his wife, and his retinue which incorporated a large number of women, on his way to exile after his defeat. In

189-542: The Hittites , favoring the appeasement of their belligerent Assyrian northerly neighbor. In the first place the Hittite king, Ḫattušili III, wrote to Itti-Marduk-balatu (“With-Marduk-[there is]-Life”) to reestablish relations with Kadašman-Turgu's successor, because “my brother (Kadašman-Enlil) was a child in those days, and they did not read out the tablets in your presence.” Itti-Marduk-balatu seems to have adopted

210-571: The Levant . Tukulti-Ninurta I retained Assyrian control of Urartu , and later defeated Kashtiliash IV , the Kassite king of Babylonia , and captured the rival city of Babylon to ensure full Assyrian supremacy over Mesopotamia . He set himself up as king of Babylon, and took on the ancient title " King of Sumer and Akkad " first used by Ur-Nammu . Tukulti-Ninurta had petitioned the god Shamash before beginning his counter offensive. Kashtiliash IV

231-842: The Ahlamu are hostile I have stopped sending my messengers. The King of Assyria prevents my messenger from crossing his territory” – were his feeble responses, and this drew the curt reply: “Only when two kings are at enmity do their messengers cease regular travel between them”. However, when Kadašman-Enlil complained to Ḫattušili that his traders were being killed in Amurru and Ugarit, he refuted that any such thing could happen in Hittite territory. Kadašman Enlil's envoy, Adad-šar-ilani, had witnessed Bentešina of Amurru's sworn rebuttal that he had cursed Babylonia, helping to diffuse an international crisis. Complimenting him on his hunting prowess, Ḫattušili observed, “I have heard that my brother has become

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252-518: The Hittite queen, replied in a letter, "If you say "the king of Babylon is not a Great King", then you do not know the status of Babylon". Nippur experienced explosive growth under Kudur-Enlil and his successor, with the city expanding almost to its Ur III extent. Kudur-Enlil extensively refurbished the Enlil Temple in Nippur, with its baked-brick bench or socle lining the base of all except

273-459: The brother of Kadašman-Enlil, as his predecessor ascended the throne as a child and ruled perhaps nine years. A daughter of Babylon was married into the Hittite royal family, possibly to Tudhaliya IV , a younger son of Ḫattušili III who went on to succeed him. This would have been a daughter or sister of Kudur-Enlil and the news elicited contempt from Ramesses II , king of Egypt, who apparently no longer regarded Babylon significant. Pudu-Ḫepa ,

294-546: The degree of economic activity is disputed, possibly more due to fortuitous discovery of archives, however, more than 270 have been recovered, 70 recently published from an archive from Dūr-Enlilē, dated for a reign of only nine years. Excavations at `Aqar-Qūf, ancient Dūr-Kurigalzu revealed in level II inscriptions of the time of Kudur-Enlil and the later king Kaštiliašu IV , showing that this city continued to be occupied by Kassite kings long after its foundation by Kurigalzu I . There are one or two administrative records amongst

315-436: The land of my Kassite brother.” However, Babylon was the source of more than equine commodities. It also provided high-in-demand physicians and other skilled artisans, such as sculptors, conjurers, and incantation priests. Kadašman-Enlil had complained about the failure to return loaned doctors. Ḫattušili had concurred: "Detaining a doctor is not right!" But one named Rabâ-ša-Marduk had been enticed to stay, with provision of

336-401: The northeast outer walls. The later period of construction is witnessed by his stamped brick inscriptions which describe him as a benefactor of the temple. A brick of Kudur-Enlil bearing a twelve-line Sumerian inscription which was found inside the temple states that he built the supporting wall with bitumen and baked bricks. It was customary for the king to travel to Nippur at the 'beginning of

357-465: The part of viceroy and, on one hand, Ḫattušili tried to renew the alliance entered into by the late king and, on the other, warn him – “If you do not protect my brother’s progeny in the kingship, I shall become your enemy.” This drew an angry response from the vizier, who accused Ḫattušili of treating them like vassals. Kadašman-Enlil had allowed his diplomatic missions with the Hittite court to lapse, prompting an anxious Ḫattušili to ask why. “Since

378-672: The process he defeated the Elamites , who had themselves coveted Babylon. He also wrote an epic poem documenting his wars against Babylon and Elam. After a Babylonian revolt, he raided and plundered the temples in Babylon, regarded as an act of sacrilege to all Mesopotamians, including Assyrians. As relations with the priesthood in Ashur began deteriorating, Tukulti-Ninurta built a new capital city; Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta . However, his sons rebelled against him and besieged him in his new city. During

399-462: The year' for the Akitu spring festival and there is an example of a record of the 'return of the crown prince' in the third year of Kudur-Enlil. His name appears on various votive and civic monument inscriptions, as well as on numerous economic texts, such as a legal text about the escape and capture of a slave and a note of payment for mat-makers. The extent to which the number of texts extant reflects

420-503: Was captured, single-handed by Tukulti-Ninurta according to his account, who "trod with my feet upon his lordly neck as though it were a footstool" and deported him ignominiously in chains to Assyria. The victorious Assyrian demolished the walls of Babylon, massacred many of the inhabitants, pillaged and plundered his way across the city to the Esagila temple, where he made off with the statue of Marduk . After capturing Babylonia, he invaded

441-404: Was the 25th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon . He succeeded Kadašman-Turgu as a child and political power was exercised at first by an influential vizier, Itti-Marduk-balatu, “whom the gods have caused to live far too long and [from] whose mouth unfavourable words never cease”, according to Ḫattušili III . The vizier seems to have adopted a sharply antagonistic position towards

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