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38-674: Inhabited as early as the Stone Age , there are extant stone circles , grave mounds , ancient village remains and other archeological features. Kullaberg is administered by the Höganäs Forestry Board and the Gyllenstierna Krapperup Foundation. Kullen lighthouse , designed by architect Magnus Dahlander in 1898, is considered the brightest in Sweden, situated at the westernmost point of

76-467: A biodiversity action plan (BAP) for the common scoter to increase the breeding population to 100 pairs by 2008. The Northern Irish population, which had reached a peak of 150–200 pairs in the 1970s, crashed disastrously in the 1990s and by 2010 there were no confirmed reports of breeding. However, 100 pairs were recorded in the south of Ireland in a 1995 survey. UK breeding pairs have declined to 35 as of 2015 and attempts are being made to research why. At

114-421: A natural environment for numerous tidepools that form at the cliff bases. In addition, freshwater marshes cover approximately five percent of the peninsula. Principal broadleaf trees include elm , ash , birch , beech and oak . The habitats are particularly varied since each direction of cliff face into the ocean (about 270 degrees in all) generating a slightly different microclimate exposure and hence

152-598: A private group almost acquired the Kullaberg with the intention of quarrying the rich stone resource. Foresighted early environmentalists intervened for a period of trustee years until a formal trust was created to own and manage the preserve. AB Kullabergs Natur was established in 1913 and acquired a portion of the lands on the peninsula. In 1968, a portion of the site was owned by the Krapperup Estate (owners of nearby Krapperup Castle ), and, at that time,

190-536: A thousand-year-long climate cool-down replaced the taiga with tundra and the local culture reverted to former traditions, focusing on reindeer hunting. This culture is now referred to as the Ahrensburg culture . Around 9,500 BCE, the local climate warmed yet again, as the pre-Boreal era emerged, which triggered the Ahrensburg to settle the emerging tundra of northern Scandinavia. For the next two thousand years,

228-473: A unique group of Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers . From as early as c. 4400 BC there are rare imports of copper axes into Scandinavian Late Mesolithic communities. During the 5th millennium BCE , the Ertebølle people learned pottery from neighbouring tribes in the south, who had begun to cultivate the land and keep animals. Soon, they too started to cultivate the land and, ca. 4000 BCE, they became part of

266-520: A unique habitat. Not surprisingly then there are a number of rare plants present including keeled garlic and wild marjoram ; the rare plant, grass pea or varvial ( Lathyrus sphaericus ) occurs only within Sweden at Kullaberg and one other location. It is the rich avafauna that have primarily been responsible for the designations of IBA and SPA . Part of this IBA is a recognized international IBA. A variety of pelagic birds as well as terrestrial birds find their homes at Kullaberg. The preserve

304-603: Is a large sea duck , 43–54 cm (17–21 in) in length, which breeds over the far north of Europe and the Palearctic east to the Olenyok River . The black scoter ( M. americana ) of North America and eastern Siberia was formerly considered to be a subspecies . The common scoter was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under

342-460: Is a significant wintering and passage area for a number of seabirds and seaduck , including common eider ( Somateria mollissima ), common scoter ( Melanita nigra ), velvet scoter ( Melanita fusca ), common goldeneye ( Bucephala clangula ), and black guillemot ( Cepphus grylle ). The rare red kite ( Milvus milvus ) finds good habitat for one or two breeding pairs (as of 1996) in this specialized coastal habitat of Kullaberg and causes

380-546: Is built on the ground close to the sea, lakes or rivers, in woodland or tundra . 6-8 eggs are laid. This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs ; it also eats aquatic insects and small fish when on fresh water. The common scoter is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) applies. In 1977, the ornithologist Bruce Campbell estimated

418-414: Is met of the listing criteria. A paved road exists between the town of Mölle and a car park near the western tip of Kullaberg in the vicinity of the lighthouse . Along this road there are several other car park opportunities and a variety of trailheads leading to the numerous cliff paths and beach coves. Alternatively one may access hiking trails from the town of Molle itself or take a small boat from

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456-641: The Bell Beaker culture migrated into Jutland, bringing with them new skills in mining and sailing. They mined flint in northern Jutland for the mass production of flint daggers that were subsequently distributed to most of Scandinavia. As such the period from c. 2400-1800 BC is also known as the Dagger Period. Copper metallurgy was practised on a small scale from c. 2400 BC, and the shape of flint daggers imitated copper and bronze prototypes. After c. 2000 BC large 'chiefly' houses similar to those found in

494-567: The Friday Fast . The scoters are said to appear on the coasts of France in great numbers, to which they are attracted by a certain kind of small bivalve shell fish called vaimeaux ... At the flowing of the tide the scoters approach in great numbers, diving after their favourite food, and soon get entangled in the nets. ... These are sold to the Roman Catholics, who eat them on those days on which they are forbidden by their religion

532-651: The Nøstvet and Lihult cultures , descendants of the Fosna and Hensbacka cultures. By the end of the 6th millennium BCE , as the sea levels rose gradually, these northerly tribal cultures continued their way of life, while the Kongemose culture was replaced by the Ertebølle culture , adapting to the climatic changes affecting their low lying southern regions more severely. Genetic analysis of human remains has shown that

570-557: The Unetice culture appear in south Scandinavia, indicating the development of a more ranked social organization. 2000 BC also marks the introduction and use of bronze tools, followed by a more systematic adoption of bronze metalworking technology from 1750 BC. The Neolithic period was followed by the Nordic Bronze Age . Common scoter Anas nigra Linnaeus, 1758 The common scoter ( Melanitta nigra )

608-523: The binomial name Anas nigra . Linnaeus specified the type locality as Lapland, England. The common scoter is now one of six species placed in the genus Melanitta that was introduced in 1822 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie . The genus name combines the Ancient Greek melas meaning "black" and netta meaning "duck". The common scoter was formerly considered to be conspecific with

646-501: The black scoter ( Melanitta americana ) but the two taxa are now treated as separate species. The common scoter is monotypic : no subspecies are recognised. The common scoter is characterised by its bulky shape and large bill. The male is all black with a bulbous bill which shows some yellow coloration around the nostrils . The female is a brown bird with pale cheeks, very similar to female black scoter. This species can be distinguished from other scoters, apart from black scoter, by

684-611: The harbour in Molle. 56°18′N 12°28′E  /  56.300°N 12.467°E  / 56.300; 12.467 Nordic Stone Age Chronological history The Nordic Stone Age refers to the Stone Age of Scandinavia . During the Weichselian glaciation (115,000 – 11,700 years ago), almost all of Scandinavia was buried beneath a thick permanent ice cover, thus, the Stone Age came rather late to this region. As

722-508: The megalithic Funnelbeaker culture . During the 4th millennium BCE , these Funnelbeaker tribes expanded into Sweden up to Uppland . The Nøstvet and Lihult tribes learned new technology from the advancing farmers, but not agriculture, and became the Pitted Ware cultures , towards the end of the 4th millennium BCE . These Pitted Ware tribes halted the advance of the farmers and pushed them south into south-western Sweden, but some say that

760-770: The " Pre-Germanic Indo-European " dialect), the Corded Ware culture (known as the Battle-Axe culture in Scandinavia ). The genetic history of Europe connects the people carrying the language with the Yamnaya culture emanating from present-day Ukraine, using the Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a as an important genetic marker. This new people advanced up to Uppland and the Oslofjord , and they probably provided

798-527: The Bromme culture was still largely dependent on reindeer and lived a nomadic life, but their camps diversified significantly and they were the first people to settle Southern Scandinavia (and the Southern Baltic area) on a permanent, yet still nomadic, basis. Local climate changes around 10,500 BCE initiated both cultural changes and the first settling of the northern parts of Scandinavia . Initially,

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836-706: The Proto-Germanic language that was the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages . These new tribes used the battle axe as a status symbol and were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic period. The Single Grave culture was another variant of the Corded Ware culture which spread across southern Scandinavia and the North European Plain between 2,800–2,200 BC. After c. 2400 groups associated with

874-557: The climate slowly warmed up by the end of the ice age, nomadic hunters from central Europe sporadically visited the region. However, it was not until around 12,000 BCE that permanent, but nomadic, habitation in the region took root. As the ice receded, reindeer grazed the emerging tundra plains of Denmark and southernmost Sweden . This was the era of the Hamburg culture , tribes who hunted in vast territories that spanned over 100,000 km , and lived as nomads in teepees , following

912-670: The climatic phase known as the Boreal reigned in the Scandinavian region. In the 7th millennium BCE , the climate in Scandinavia was warming as it transitioned from the former Boreal age to the Atlantic period . Reindeer and their hunters had already migrated and inhabited the lands of northern Scandinavia, and forests had established. A culture called the Maglemosian culture lived in the areas of Denmark and southern Sweden. To

950-623: The coast of Wales in 1996, questions about the common scoter population have been asked in the UK Parliament. Although the common scoter is a winter visitor to the UK, there are some breeding pairs in the north of Scotland . The species has been placed on the RSPB conservation Red List because of a greater than 50% decline in the UK breeding population. In 1998, the UK Government agreed to

988-665: The farmers were not killed or chased away, but that they voluntarily joined the Pitted Ware culture and became part of them. At least one settlement appears to be mixed, the Alvastra pile-dwelling . Copper metallurgy was practiced by the Funnelbeaker culture from c. 3500 BC. The language these early Scandinavians spoke is unknown, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars believe spoke Proto-Indo-European (or more exactly,

1026-548: The hunter-gatherers living in the south and north of Scandinavia formed two genetically distinct groups who arrived into Scandinavia in at least two separate waves of migration. In the south and south-east, Western Hunter-Gatherers arrived from modern-day Germany and moved northwards. In the north and west, Eastern Hunter-Gatherers , related to people from the Upper Volga region in modern-day Russia, settled and moved southwards. These people intermixed in Scandinavia and formed

1064-412: The lack of white anywhere on the drake and the more extensive pale areas on the female. The black scoter and common scoter have diagnosably distinct vocalisations. It winters farther south in temperate zones, on the coasts of Europe as far south as Morocco . It forms large flocks on suitable coastal waters. These are tightly packed, and the birds tend to take off and dive together. The lined nest

1102-412: The large island of Öland . At Kullaberg clear evidence of habitation is found from tool findings, gravefields and stone circles. Later Iron Age peoples are also known to have inhabited the Kullaberg. The first written information about Kullaberg derives from about the year 1740 AD when Swedish naturalist Carl von Linne visited the area and recorded biological notes. In the early 18th century

1140-550: The north, in Norway and along the coast of western Sweden, the Fosna-Hensbacka culture was living mostly in changing seasonal camps along the shores and close to the now thriving forests. Utilizing fire, boats and stone tools, these Stone Age tribal cultures managed to survive in northern Europe. The northern hunter-gatherers followed the herds and the salmon runs , moving south during the winters, moving north again during

1178-558: The reindeer seasonal migrations across the barren tundra . On this land, there was little plant cover, except for occasional arctic white birch and rowan . Slowly a taiga forest appeared. Around 11,400 BCE, the Bromme culture emerged in Southern Scandinavia. This was a more rapidly warming era providing opportunity for other substantial hunting game animals than the ubiquitous reindeer. As former hunter-gather cultures,

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1216-473: The reserve, guiding ships through this busy part of the Kattegat . Within this 75 square kilometre (18,500 acre) reserve are extensive hiking paths that criss-cross the ridge and provide access to dozens of beach coves nestled at the bottom of the cliff formations. Stone Age inhabitants were in southern Sweden at least as early as 7000 BC, from archaeological evidence on the mainland as well as

1254-448: The site to meet IBA criteria B3 and C6. The common guillemot , ( Uria aalge ), is found here, with the 1996 census recording 50 to 500 pairs, but not as a breeding location; although the habitat is considered marginal for this bird, criteria B1ii and C3 are nevertheless met. Further in the 1996 census 20 to 30 pairs of red-backed shrikes were noted at Kullaberg; while this shrike breeds here, with habitat value rated as medium, item C6

1292-537: The southern regions were clad in lush temperate broadleaf and mixed forests . Large animals like aurochs , wisent , moose and red deer roamed freely in the forests and were game for tribes of what is now called the Kongemose culture . Like their predecessors, the Kongemose tribes also hunted marine animals such as seals and fished in the rich shallow waters. North of the Kongemose people, lived other hunter-gatherers in most of southern Norway and Sweden, now dubbed

1330-479: The summers. These early peoples followed cultural traditions similar to those practiced throughout other regions in the far north – areas including modern Finland , Russia, and across the Bering Strait into the northernmost strip of North America (comprising portions of today's Alaska and Canada). During the 6th millennium BCE , the climate of Scandinavia was generally warmer and more humid than today and

1368-434: The tenant in tail, Gustaf Gyllenstierna, consigned the balance of Kullaberg to the Gyllenstierna Krapperup Foundation. The principal habitats include broadleaf deciduous forest and coniferous forest , specialized cliff habitat and marine habitat including intertidal zone . In the clear sea waters can be found crustaceans , sea urchins , mussels , snails and a variety of ocean fishes. The rocky shoreline creates

1406-639: The third steering group meeting of the UK Common Scoter Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), the population in the Shell Flat area was put at 16,500 wintering scoter and 5,000 moulting birds, of which 4,000 used the footprint area of the proposed wind farm. In parts of France, in the nineteenth century and earlier, the common scoter was accepted by the Roman Catholic Church as a substitute for fish during

1444-546: The wintering population in north-western Europe to be about 130,000, mostly in the Baltic area, and the UK population at about 20,000. There is a marked passage in spring through the Straits of Dover. In 2003, a previously unknown wintering population of 50,000+ was found on Shell Flat in the north west of England by Cirrus Energy whilst surveying the area for a new wind farm . Due to this development and an oil spill off

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