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37-769: The steppe is located between the Ob and Irtysh rivers in the southern part of the West Siberian Plain , to the west of the Ob Plateau . Steppe landscapes predominate, especially in the north and east of the plain, which extends across the Altai Krai of Russia and the Pavlodar Oblast of Kazakhstan , with a small northern section in the Novosibirsk Oblast , as well as small southern part in

74-574: A glacier on Mount Byelukha . The Ob itself is in Russia. Its tributaries extend into northern Kazakhstan , a western corner of China and a tiny upland parcel of the western tip of Mongolia, where the wider borders match the drainage basin almost precisely. The river splits into more than one arm after the large Irtysh flows into it at about 69° E. Originating in China, the Irtysh is the furthest source of

111-534: A major role in preserving the traditional culture and language. The Khanty are one of the indigenous minorities in Siberia with an autonomy in the form of an okrug (autonomous area). The Khanty share many cultural similarities with the Mansi people . Together they are called Ob-Ugric peoples. The Khantys' traditional occupations were fishery, taiga hunting and reindeer herding. They lived as trappers, thus gathering

148-671: A particularly important western river-port was Tyumen , located on the Tura , a tributary of the Tobol . Reached by an extension of the Yekaterinburg – Perm railway in 1885, and thus obtaining a rail link to the Kama and Volga rivers in the heart of Russia, Tyumen became an important railhead for some years until the railway extended further east. In the eastern reaches of the Ob basin, Tomsk on

185-524: Is Lukh avt  [ ru ; uk ] , founded in 2001. The Khanty language is part of the Ugric branch of the Uralic languages , and thus most closely related to Mansi and Hungarian . The Khanty language and people are studied through Khanty studies  [ ru ] . 80 percent of Khanty men carry the haplogroup N . 48.8 percent of them belong to its subgroup N1c and 31.4 percent belong to

222-696: Is a major river in Russia. It is in western Siberia , and with its tributary the Irtysh forms the world's seventh-longest river system , at 5,410 kilometres (3,360 mi). The Ob forms at the confluence of the Biya and Katun which have their origins in the Altai Mountains . It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Yenisei and

259-408: Is being celebrated occasionally after a successful hunting of a bear. The Bear Celebration continues 5 or 6 days (the duration depends on the sex of the animal). Over 300 songs and performances occur during a Bear Celebration. The most important parts of the celebration are: In addition to bear songs, fairy tales and other stories, Khanty folklore includes epic poetry . It shares similar themes with

296-975: The 2021 Census , 31,467 persons identified themselves as Khanty. Of those, 30,242 were resident in Tyumen Oblast , of whom 19,568 were living in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 9,985—in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug . 495 were residents of neighbouring Tomsk Oblast , and 109 lived in Sverdlovsk Oblast . Since the Khanty language has about 10 dialects which can be united in 3 main branches, there are several slightly different words used by these people to describe themselves: All these words mean 'human'. They also call themselves As Khoyat which means ' Obian people' or 'people from Ob'. In

333-867: The East Kazakhstan Oblast . The Baraba Steppe lies to the northwest. The border between both plains is not well defined. Conventionally, it is carried out at 54 degrees north latitude. The main rivers are the Kuchuk , Kulunda and Burla . There are large lakes in the central part of the Kulunda plain, such as Lake Kuchuk , Kulunda , Bolshoye Topolnoye , Ulken Azhbolat , Ulken Tobylzhan , Maraldy and Bolshoye Yarovoye . Most of them are salty or briny, but some are soda lakes , such as lakes Borli ( Akkuly District , Pavlodar Region ), Uyaly , Bitter (several lakes, Mikhaylovsky district ), lake Krivoe or Crooked Lake ( Uglovsky district ), Khilganta,

370-781: The Lena ). Its flow is north-westward, then northward. The main city on its banks is Novosibirsk , the largest city in Siberia, and the third-largest city in Russia. It is where the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the river. The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary . The internationally known name of the river is based on the Russian name Обь ( Obʹ , IPA: [opʲ] ). Possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hā́p- , "river, water" (compare Vedic Sanskrit áp- , Persian āb , Tajik ob , and Pashto obə , "water"). Katz (1990) proposes Komi ob 'river' as

407-717: The Nenets people as the Kolta or Kuay ; and to the Siberian Tatars as the Umar or Omass . The Ob forms 25 km (16 mi) southwest of Biysk in Altai Krai at the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers. Both these streams have their origin in the Altai Mountains , which gradually give way to the Ob Plateau . The Biya has its sources in Lake Teletskoye and the 700 kilometres (430 mi) long Katun in

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444-566: The Tom functioned as an important terminus. Tyumen had its first steamboat in 1836, and steamboats have navigated the middle reaches of the Ob since 1845. In 1916, there were 49 steamers on the Ob; 10 on the Yenisei. In an attempt to extend the Ob navigable system even further, a system of canals , utilising the Ket , 900 km (560 mi) long in all, was built in the late 19th-century to connect

481-580: The Usa to the lower reaches of the Ob. The second route went down the Northern Dvina , then along the coasts of the White Sea and Kara Sea , before reaching the mouth of the Ob. The Russian settlements of Beryozov and Obdorsk were founded towards the end of the 16th century on the lower reaches of the Ob, while Surgut was founded on the middle course of the Ob. Until the early 20th century,

518-419: The 11th century, Yugra was actually a term for numerous tribes, each having its own centre and its own chief. Every tribe had two exogamic phratries , termed mon't ' and por , and all members were considered to be blood relatives. This structure was later replaced with clans , where each clan leader ( knyazets ) negotiated with the Russian realm. They also participated in Russian campaigns, and received

555-526: The 1960s through 1980s, Soviet engineers and administrators contemplated a gigantic project to divert some of the waters of Ob and Irtysh to Kazakhstan and the Soviet Central Asian republics, replenishing the Aral Sea as well. The project never left the drawing board, abandoned in 1986 for economic and environmental considerations. The water in the river is significantly polluted. In

592-516: The Ob basin provided for (somewhat indirect) transport in the east–west direction as well. The Novgorodians were aware of the lands of western Siberia from at least the 11th century, which were designated by the Russian word Yugra . Novgorod established two trade routes to the Ob River, both starting from the town of Ustyug . The first route went along the Sukhona and Vychegda , then along

629-401: The Ob river, the largest being Novosibirskaya GES. The navigable waters within the Ob basin reach a total length of 15,000 km (9,300 mi). The importance of navigation in the Ob basin for transport was particularly great before the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway , since, despite the general south-to-north direction of the flow of Ob and most of its tributaries, the width of

666-481: The Ob with the Yenisei , but soon abandoned as being uncompetitive with the railway . The Trans-Siberian Railway, once completed, provided for more direct, year-round transport in the east–west direction. But the Ob river-system still remained important for connecting the huge expanses of Tyumen Oblast and Tomsk Oblast with the major cities along the Trans-Siberian route, such as Novosibirsk or Omsk . In

703-549: The Ob. From their respective sources to the confluence, the Irtysh measures 4,248 kilometers (2,640 mi) and the Ob 2,538 km (1,577 mi). Other noteworthy tributaries are: from the east, the Tom , Chulym , Ket , Tym and Vakh rivers; and, from the west and south, the Vasyugan , Irtysh (with the Ishim and Tobol rivers), and Severnaya Sosva . The Ob zigzags west and north until it reaches 55° N, where it curves to

740-562: The Tanatars soda lakes group, Gorchina 1, Gorchina 3, Petukhovo and Petukhovskoye , Klyuchevskoi district ), lake Zhivopisnoe or Picturesque Lake ( Mikhaylovsky district ) and many others. This Russian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Kazakhstan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ob River 12,475.1 m /s (440,550 cu ft/s) (Period of data: 1930–1984) The Ob ( / ˈ ɒ b / )

777-487: The area of its basin 2,990,000 square kilometres (1,150,000 sq mi). The river basin of the Ob consists mostly of steppe , taiga , swamps, tundra , and semi-desert topography. The floodplains of the Ob are characterised by many tributaries and lakes. The Ob is icebound at southern Barnaul from early in November to near the end of April, and at northern Salekhard , 150 km (93 mi) above its mouth, from

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814-474: The church. Russian officials also took Khanty children as hostages and converted them to Christianity. Conversions were generally superficial in nature and motivated by economic incentives. As a consequence, the Khanty continued to incorporate native practices and beliefs into their spirituality. During the Soviet period the Khanty were one of the few indigenous minorities of Siberia to be granted an autonomy in

851-483: The end of October to the beginning of June. The Ob River crosses several climatic zones. The upper Ob valley, in the south, supports grapes, melons and watermelons, whereas the lower reaches of the Ob are Arctic tundra. The most temperate climates on the Ob are at Biysk , Barnaul, and Novosibirsk . The Ob provides irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric energy, and fishing (the river hosts more than 50 species of fish). There are several hydroelectric power plants along

888-530: The execution of shamans . The abduction by the state of the children who were sent to Russian-speaking boarding schools provoked a national revolt in 1933 called the Kazym rebellion . After the end of the Stalin period this process was relaxed and efforts were intensified in the 1980s and 1990s to protect their common territory from industrial expansion of various ministries and agencies. The autonomy has also played

925-597: The form of an okrug (autonomous district). The establishment of autonomy has played a considerable role in consolidation of the ethnos (the Western Khants called their eastern neighbours Kantõk [the Other People]). However, in the 1930s concerted efforts were made by the Soviet state to collectivise them. The initial stages of this meant the execution of tribal chiefs, who were labelled " kulaks ", followed by

962-546: The immediate source of derivation for the Russian name. Katz's proposal of a common Finno-Ugric root, borrowed early on from a pre-Indo-Iranian source related to Sanskrit ambhas- 'water' is deemed improbable by Rédei (1992), who prefers to analyse this as a later loan from a descendant of the non-nasal root form *Hā́p- . The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the As (the source of the name " Ostyak "), Yag , Kolta and Yema ; to

999-737: The lower reaches, the maximum permissible concentrations of petroleum products are exceeded by 9-10 times. The oxygen content in the water is 4 times lower than normal The Irtysh is the major tributary of the Ob. The larger tributaries along its course are: In addition, the Nadym and the Pur River flow into the Gulf of Ob and the Taz into the Taz Estuary , a side arm of the Gulf of Ob. Cities along

1036-454: The mythical and heroic stories told by the Mansi people. The Khanty's written literature had its beginnings in the first half of the 20th century. The first notable Khanty writer was Grigori Lazarev  [ ru ] , best known for his novel Sorneng tow . Khanty yasang  [ ru ] is a Khanty-language newspaper that was founded in 1957. Another Khanty-language newspaper

1073-482: The name Yugra (ca. 11th century), when they had contact with Novgorodian hunters and merchants. The name of Yugra derives from Komi-Zyrian word jögra ('Khanty'). The older Russian name Ostyak is from Khanty as-kho 'person from the Ob ( as ) River,' with - yak after other ethnic terms like Permyak . Some Khanty princedoms were partially included in the Siberia Khanate from the 1440s–1570s. In

1110-688: The northwest, south of the Siberian Uvaly , at the western end of which it bends northwards, wheeling finally eastwards into the Gulf of Ob , a 1,000-kilometre-long (620-mile) bay of the Kara Sea , separating the Yamal Peninsula from the Gyda Peninsula . The combined Ob-Irtysh system, the fourth-longest river system of Asia (after Yenisei , and China's Yangzi and Yellow rivers), is 5,410 kilometres (3,360 mi) long, and

1147-463: The right to collect yasaq (tribute) from two Khanty volosts (districts) respectively. When this structure was no longer needed, Russia deprived them of their privileges. After the Russian conquest of Siberia , Russians attempted to Christianize the Khanty. Russian missionaries and officials instructed that idols be destroyed, mass baptisms be performed, and harsh punishment for those that disobeyed

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1184-547: The river include: From a confluence to a source: Khanty people The Khanty ( Khanty : ханти , romanized:  hanti ), also known in older literature as Ostyaks ( Russian : остяки ), are a Ugric Indigenous people , living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug , a region historically known as " Yugra " in Russia, together with the Mansi . In the autonomous okrug , the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian . In

1221-465: The second half of the 20th century, construction of rail links to Labytnangi , Tobolsk , and the oil and gas cities of Surgut , and Nizhnevartovsk provided more railheads, but did not diminish the importance of the waterways for reaching places still not served by the rail. A dam built near Novosibirsk in 1956 created the then-largest artificial lake in Siberia , called Novosibirsk Reservoir . From

1258-557: The second millennium BC, the territories between the Kama and the Irtysh Rivers were the home of a Proto-Uralic -speaking population that had contacts with Proto-Indo-European speakers from the south. The woodland population is the ancestor of the modern Ugrian inhabitants of Trans-Uralia. Other researchers say that the Khanty people originated in the south Ural steppe and moved northwards into their current location about 500 AD. Khanty probably appear in Russian records under

1295-568: The subclade N-P43 . Other haplotypes include R1b (10.5 %) and R1a (5.8 %). The most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Khantys is U (28.3 %). 16.5 percent of Khanty women belong to its subgroup U4 , 5.7 percent to subgroup U7 , 5.4 percent to subgroup U5 , and the subclades U2 and U1 are found with frequencies of less than one percent. Other maternal haplogroups include H (17.3 %), J (13.1 %), D (11.6 %) and C (10.4 %). An estimated 61 percent of

1332-514: The use of iron helmets and chain mail. Most Khanty are today Orthodox Christians, mixed with traditional beliefs (shamans, reincarnation). Their historical shaman wore no special clothes except a cap. Traditional Khanty cults are closely related to nature. The Crow spring celebration is being celebrated in April, nowadays it is April 7, the same day as the Annunciation day. The Bear Celebration

1369-404: Was of major importance. During the winter, the Khanty lived in stationary huts made out of dirt and branches at permanent villages. During the spring, the Khanty moved towards hunting and fishing grounds, where they constructed temporary rectangular-shaped shelters out of birch-bark and poles. Weapons utilized by the Khanty were advanced for the period and included longbows, arrows, spears, and

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