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37-441: Kulung may refer to: Kulung people , an ethnic group of Nepal Kulung language (Nepal) , a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal Kulung language (Chad) , a Chadic language of Chad Kulung language (West Chadic) , a Chadic language of Nigeria Kulung language (Jarawan) , a Bantoid language of Nigeria See also [ edit ] Kolong (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

74-669: A 4,000-year-old earthenware bowl containing well-preserved noodles at the Lajia archaeological site in north China; this is the oldest evidence of millet noodles in China. Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (around 3500–2000 BCE). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of

111-447: A different enzyme in photosynthesis from C3 plants, and this is why it improves water efficiency. In southern Australia millet is used as a summer quality pasture, utilizing warm temperatures and summer storms. Millet is frost-sensitive and is sown after the frost period, once soil temperature has stabilised at 14 °C or higher. It is sown at a shallow depth. Millet grows rapidly and can be grazed 5–7 weeks after sowing, when it

148-489: A food in parts of some countries, such as China , India , Burma and North Korea . People affected by gluten-related disorders , such as coeliac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers, who need a gluten-free diet , can replace gluten -containing cereals in their diets with millet. Nevertheless, while millet does not contain gluten , its grains and flour may be contaminated with gluten -containing cereals. The following table shows

185-556: A term derived from Latin millium , the Latin name for these plants. In ancient Egyptian millet was called besha or beṭ-t , in Coptic ⲃϣⲧⲉ (bēshte). Millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to the grass family. They are highly tolerant of drought and other extreme weather conditions and have a similar nutrient content to other major cereals . The millets are closely related to sorghum and maize within

222-673: A variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in Burkina Faso , doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in Zimbabwe . From there it was taken to Namibia , where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. 'Okashana 1' became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non- Sahelian country where pearl millet—locally known as mahangu —is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1'

259-426: Is 20–30 cm high. The highest feed value is from the young green leaf and shoots. The plant can quickly come to head, so it must be managed accordingly because as the plant matures, the value and palatability of feed reduces. The Japanese millets ( Echinochloa esculenta ) are considered the best for grazing and in particular Shirohie, a new variety of Japanese millet, is the best suited variety for grazing. This

296-470: Is also eaten sweet, boiled in water with apples added during the boiling process and honey added during the cooling process. Millet is the main ingredient in bánh đa kê, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried coconut meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake. In parts of Africa it is mixed with milk and consumed as Brukina . In India, various alcoholic beverages are produced from millets. Millet

333-422: Is also the base ingredient for the distilled liquor rakshi . In addition to being used for seed, millet is also used as a grazing forage crop. Instead of letting the plant reach maturity, it can be grazed by stock and is commonly used for sheep and cattle. Millet is a C4 plant, which means that it has good water-use efficiency and utilizes high temperature and is therefore a summer crop. A C4 plant uses

370-546: Is believed to have been domesticated around 5000 BCE in Indian subcontinent and Kodo millet ( Paspalum scrobiculatum ) around 3700 BCE, also in Indian subcontinent. Various millets have been mentioned in some of the Yajurveda texts, identifying foxtail millet ( priyaṅgu ), Barnyard millet ( aṇu ) and black finger millet ( śyāmāka ), indicating that millet cultivation was happening around 1200 BCE in India. Upon request by

407-856: Is called "Phomchim" in Kulung language. The Kulung community is one of the most marginalized ethnic groups in the country. As they reside in remote hilly areas, basic infrastructure and services, like drivable roads, electricity, clean drinking water, education, communication and health services are lacking. The majority of Kulungs are dependent on traditional agriculture, cultivating millet and maize ; they are also hunters and fishermen. Due to unproductive land conditions, they are not able to produce adequate food from their farms. They are compelled to migrate in search of potering and agricultural work for their livelihood. They practice traditional religion Kirati and Buddhism . Unlike most Hindus and Buddhists in Nepal,

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444-963: Is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research in Telangana , India, and by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service at Tifton, Georgia , United States. Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia. Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops. This has, in part, made millet production popular, particularly in countries surrounding

481-652: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Kulung people The ethno-linguistic region inhabited by the Kulungs is called the "Mahakulung" ("Greater Kulung") and is located in the Solukhumbu District of Koshi Province of Nepal. It specifically refers to the Hongu valley, comprising Gudel , Chheskam , Bung , Pawai and Sotang , as well as villages in

518-630: Is due to a number of factors: it gives better regrowth and is later to mature compared to other Japanese millets; it is cheap – cost of seed is $ 2–$ 3 per kg; it is quick to establish, can be grazed early, and is suitable for both sheep and cattle. Compared to forage sorghum, which is grown as an alternative grazing forage, animals gain weight faster on millet, and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter. Lambs do better on millet compared to sorghum . Millet does not contain prussic acid , which can be in sorghum. Prussic acid poisons animals by inhibiting oxygen utilisation by

555-484: Is over 65 percent (see mahangu ). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include Ethiopia , Nigeria and Uganda . Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as

592-670: Is required. Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa. In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in Burkina Faso , Chad and the Gambia . In Mali and Senegal , millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in Niger and arid Namibia it

629-556: The Early Neolithic of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north), where proso millet husk phytoliths and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in storage pits along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation. Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 8,700 years ago. Noodles made from these two varieties of millet were found under

666-673: The Indian Government in 2018, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations(FAO) declared 2023 as International Year of Millets. Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa from Pennisetum violaceum . Early archaeological evidence in Africa includes finds at Birimi in northern Ghana (1740 cal BC ) and Dhar Tichitt in Mauritania (1936–1683 cal BC) and

703-603: The Mumun pottery period (about 1500–300 BCE) in Korea. Millets and their wild ancestors, such as barnyard grass and panic grass , were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period sometime after 4000 BCE. Chinese myths attribute the domestication of millet to Shennong , a legendary Emperor of China, and Hou Ji , whose name means Lord Millet. Little millet ( Panicum sumatrense )

740-549: The PACMAD clade of grasses, and more distantly to the cereals of the BOP clade such as wheat and barley . Bambusoideae (bamboos)  ( fescue , ryegrass ) Hordeum (barley) Triticum (wheat) Secale (rye) Oryza (rice) Pennisetum (fountaingrasses, pearl millet ) Millets Sorghum (sorghum) Zea (maize) The different species of millets are not all closely related. All are members of

777-468: The Sahara in western Africa. Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per-hectare basis, millet grain production can be 2 to 4 times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet with enhanced disease resistance can significantly increase farm yield. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1',

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814-757: The Sankhuwasawa District and the valleys of the Hongu , Sangkhuwa and Sisuwa rivers. Presently Mahakulung is located in the Bung, Chheskam, Gudel and Sotang village development committees in the Solukhumbu District in the eastern part of Nepal. There are Kulung communities in 22 districts of Nepal. However, the major settlements are Solukhumbu, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur, Khotang, Sunsari, Morang, Jhapa, Illam, Tehrathum and Kathmandu. They are part of Kirat community, tracing their lineage from

851-652: The Kirati ruler Khambu. First time in the hunting era four Kitanti ancestors namely Khapdulu, Ratapkhu, Chhemsi and Tamsi had entered Mahakulung through Rawakhola of Khotang. They liked those places and so Ratapkhu inhabited in Sotang, Khapdulu, Tamsi and Chhemsi created Pelmang, Chheskam and Chhemsi villages respectively. Recently generations of those four Kiranti ancestors are known as Kulung and those large area they have been occupying in Solukhumbu are called Mahakulung. With

888-455: The Kulung bury their dead instead of cremating them. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , 28,613 people (0.1% of the population of Nepal) were Kulung. The frequency of Kulung people by province was as follows: The frequency of Kulung people was higher than national average (0.1%) in the following districts: Millet Millets ( / ˈ m ɪ l ɪ t s / ) are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses , widely grown around

925-830: The beginning of modern era, they started to go out from their territory to search better life. In this regards some migrated Sikkim and Darjeeling of India and some in different parts of Nepal. In World War I and World War II , some Kulung youth were admitted into the British Army and then they migrated in more developed cities such as Dharan, Jhapa and Ilam of Nepal. The Kulung practise exogamous clan marriage. As per their traditional laws, they are not allowed to marriage within 5 generations of their mother and 7 generations of their father, meaning suppose generation of two brothers now can get marriage after 7 generation of their father and 5 generation of their mother. In this situation they have to create next sub clan form their main clan

962-445: The cells and is transported in the blood around the body — ultimately the animal will die from asphyxia . There is no need for additional feed supplements such as sulfur or salt blocks with millet. The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing

999-526: The cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice , especially in northern China and Korea. The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought, and this has been suggested to have aided its spread. Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BCE. Millet

1036-468: The family Poaceae (the grasses), but they belong to different tribes and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are: Eragrostideae tribe in the subfamily Chloridoideae : Paniceae tribe in the subfamily Panicoideae : Andropogoneae tribe, also in the subfamily Panicoideae : Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists , relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that

1073-745: The local staple, hand-rolled (that is, made without a rolling pin) flat bread ( rotla in Gujarati, bhakri in Marathi, or roti in other languages). Another cereal grain popularly used in rural areas and by poor people to consume as a staple in the form of roti . Other millets such as ragi (finger millet) in Karnataka , naachanie in Maharashtra , or kezhvaragu in Tamil, "ragulu" in Telugu, with

1110-658: The lower Tilemsi valley in Mali (2500 to 2000 cal BC). Studies of isozymes suggest domestication took place north east of the Senegal River in the far west of the Sahel and tentatively around 6000 BC. Pearl millet had arrived in the Indian subcontinent by 2000 BC to 1700 BC. Finger millet is originally native to the highlands of East Africa and was domesticated before the third millennium BCE. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BCE. Research on millets

1147-628: The popular ragi rotti and Ragi mudde is a popular meal in Karnataka. Ragi, as it is popularly known, is dark in color like rye, but rougher in texture. Millet porridge is a traditional food in Russian , German , and Chinese cuisines. In Russia, it is eaten sweet (with milk and sugar added at the end of the cooking process) or savoury with meat or vegetable stews. In China, it is eaten without milk or sugar, frequently with beans, sweet potato , and/or various types of squash . In Germany, it

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1184-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kulung . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulung&oldid=1015162549 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1221-740: The sole exception is China , number three in global production, at 2.7 million tonnes. Millets are major food sources in arid and semiarid regions of the world, and feature in the traditional cuisine of many others. In western India, sorghum (called jowar , jola , dzonnalu , jwaarie , or jondhahlaa in Gujarati , Kannada , Telugu , Hindi and Marathi languages, respectively; mutthaari , kora , or panjappullu in Malayalam ; or cholam in Tamil ) has been commonly used with millet flour (called jowari in western India) for hundreds of years to make

1258-401: The widely cultivated sorghum ; apart from that, pearl millet is the most commonly cultivated of the millets. Finger millet , proso millet , and foxtail millet are other important crop species. Millets may have been consumed by humans for about 7,000 years and potentially had "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies". Etymologically, millet is

1295-487: The world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe Paniceae . Millets are important crops in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa, especially in India , Mali , Nigeria , and Niger , with 97% of production in developing countries . The crop is favoured for its productivity and short growing season under hot dry conditions. The millets are sometimes understood to include

1332-649: Was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BCE, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia and northern Greece. Hesiod describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer." And millet is listed along with wheat in the third century BCE by Theophrastus in his "Enquiry into Plants". Proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) and foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) were important crops beginning in

1369-483: Was then introduced to Chad . The breed has significantly enhanced yields in Mauritania and Benin . In 2022, global production of millet was 30.9 million tonnes . India is the top millet producer worldwide, with 11.8 million tonnes grown annually – some 38% of the world total and nearly triple its nearest rival. Eight of the remaining nine nations in the top 10 producers are in Africa, ranging from Niger (at 3.7 million tonnes) to Chad (0.7 million tonnes);

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