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52-527: Kumyk may refer to: Kumyks Kumyk language Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kumyk . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumyk&oldid=983422923 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

104-607: A Tiele group who initially inhabited northwestern Mongolia before migrating to north of Altay Mountains and Irtysh zone. Initially, Golden (1992:202, 227, 263) accepted the identification of Kimeks with Imeks/Yimeks/Yemeks, because the /k/ > ∅, resulting in Kimek > İmek , was indeed attested in several Medieval Kipchak dialects; Golden also thought Yemeks unlikely to be 鹽莫 * jiäm-mâk > Yánmò in Chinese source. However, Golden later changed his mind, reasoning that, as

156-529: A Turkic tribe constituting the Kimek-Kipchak confederation , whose other six constituent tribes, according to Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061), were the Imur (or Imi ), Tatars , Bayandur , Kipchaks , Lanikaz , and Ajlad . Minorsky , citing Marquart, Barthold, Semenov and other sources, proposes that the name Kīmāk (pronounced Kimäk ) is derived from Iki-Imäk , "the two Imäk", probably referring to

208-642: A few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan , Republic of North-Ossetia , Chechen Republic . In the 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War , numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made hijra ) to the Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region. In the 1910s–1920s, during the Russian Revolution , another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among

260-704: A part of the Chuy tribes remained in its successor, the Uyghur Kaganate (740-840), and another part retained their independence. During the Uyghur period, the Chuy tribes consolidated into the nucleus of the tribes known as Kimaks in the Arab and Persian sources. Lev Gumilyov associated one Duolu Chuy tribe, Chumukun 處木昆 (< * čomuqun "immersed in water, drowned") with the Kimeks as both coincidentally occupied

312-542: A pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate could not unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian Sergey Solovyov wrote: In October 1725 general-majors Kropotov and Sheremetev embarked to devastate the possessions of the Shamkhal and burned down twenty settlements, including Tarki,

364-590: A refusal. Russian 19th century general Gregory Phillipson, known for his important actions in subjugating the Adyghe and Abaza ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in Circassia , wrote: I had vague knowledge about Caucasia and the Caucasian war, although professor Yazikov on the lectures in the military geography used to tell about one and the other; and according to his words it turned out that

416-512: A rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that: ...Kazi-mulla... used all the means to push away from us the population of the Small Chechnya and Kachkalik ridge, which however remained loyal to us only by their appearance, and namely because they didn't want to get between two fires as Kumyks did. Kumyks during

468-498: A strange trick: destroying their auls [settlements] in order to force them to resettle in the mountains by depriving of living spaces. On the 24th of July he, in front of our troops, made the first experiment on Endirey village and burned down the third of it. Prince [Knyaz] Bekovich [Russian officer] at that time was burning Kumyks' bread at the slopes of the mountains... During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between

520-529: Is an opinion that people of Kami, Kamaks, mentioned as long ago as by Ptolemaeus, are historically related to Kumyks. Their turkization started at the times of Khazars already, in the second half of the first millennium... Arrival of Cumans extended Turkic element further. That time point, marked by dissolution of the Khazar Kaghanate, is likely to be the period of the core formation for Kumyks, although some researchers (Bartold) linked their appearance to

572-711: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Kumyks They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea , areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River . They speak the Kumyk language , which until

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624-702: Is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with Kipchaks . Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate . S. Tokarev wrote that: ...Kumyks have very diverse ancestry. Its ancient stratum is, undoubtedly, pre-Turkic, Japhetic . There

676-613: The muhajirs (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility. Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants. There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994–1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population. The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S. A. Tokarev, A. I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive

728-775: The Göktürks ' remnants and formed a tribe called Shatuo , which lived in southern Dzungaria , to the west of Lake Barkol . The Shatuo separated from the Chuyue in the middle of the 7th century. (Another component of the Chuyue, the Chigil, were still listed in censuses taken in Tsarist Russia and the early decades of the Soviet Union.) After the disintegration in 743 AD of the Western Turkic Kaganate,

780-871: The Persian campaign of the 1722–1723 . The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted during the Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards: If these people had a comprehension of the Military Science [Art], no other nation could take arms against them. The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took

832-626: The Schevkal campaign . This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin , stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of Peter I . In 1649 and 1650, Nogai leader Choban-murza sought

884-617: The Sunzha River . Shah Abbas II intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands. In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised

936-835: The Ural River and Emba River , and from the Aral Wea and Caspian steppes, to the Zhetysu area. After the 840 AD breakup of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Yemeks headed a new political tribal union, creating a new Kimek state. Abu Said Gardizi (d. 1061) wrote that the Kimak federation consisted of seven tribes: Yemeks (Ar. Yamāk < MTrk * Yemǟk or * (Y)imēk ), Eymür , Tatars , Bayandur , Kipchak , Lanikaz and Ajlad . Later, an expanded Kimek Kaganate partially controlled

988-645: The para-Mongolic-speaking Tatabï, known to Chinese as Kumo Xi . Sümer associates the Kimeks with the Chiks (who were mentioned in Tang Huiyao and Bilge Qaghan inscription ); however, Golden sees little evidence for this. According to Golden (1992), the Quns and Śari (whom Czeglédy (1949:47-48,50) identifies with Yellow Uyghurs ) were possibly induced into the Kimek union or took over said union and absorbed

1040-510: The 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain. Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, and participated in the 1578–1590 Ottoman-Persian War . The 1560s marked

1092-523: The 1930s had been the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus . Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia ( Kumyk : Къумукъ, Qumuq ). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate . Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan,

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1144-536: The 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages . In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars. There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that

1196-723: The Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains. Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns , Cuman-Kipchaks , and the Golden Horde . The beginning of the Kumyk nation is often considered to be in the Khazar Kaganate era. Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and

1248-468: The Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey. According to genetic studies in 2023, the following haplogroups are found to predominate among Kumyks : The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Kimek tribe ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) The Yemek or Kimek were

1300-588: The Kimek and Kipchak lands west of the Irtysh. In the eleventh to twelfth centuries a Mongol-speaking Naiman tribe displaced the Kimeks and Kipchaks from the Mongolian Altai and Upper Irtysh as it moved west. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries Kimek tribes were nomadizing in the steppes of the modern Astrakhan Oblast of Russia. A portion of the Kimeks that left the Ob - Irtysh interfluvial region joined

1352-708: The Kimek. As a result, the Kipchaks presumably replaced the Kimeks as the union's dominant group, while the Quns gained ascendancy over the westernmost tribes and became Quman (though difficulties remain with the Qun-Cuman link and how Qun became Cuman, e.g. qun + man "the real Quns"? > * qumman > quman ?). Kimeks were still represented amongst the Cuman– Kipchaks as Yimek ~ Yemek ( Old East Slavic : Polovtsi Yemiakove ). The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S.A. Tokarev, A.I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive

1404-798: The Kipchak Khanlyk moved west, occupying lands that had earlier belonged to the Oguz. After seizing the Oguz lands, the Kipchaks grew considerably stronger, and the Kimeks became dependents of the Kipchaks. The fall of the Kimek Kaganate in the middle of the 11th century was caused by the migration of Central Asian Mongolian-speaking nomads, displaced by the Mongolian-speaking Khitan state of Liao , which formed in 916 AD in Northern China. The Khitan nomads occupied

1456-678: The Kipchak confederation that survived until the Mongol invasion, and later united with the Nogai confederation of the Kipchak descendants. The last organized tribes of the Nogai in Russian sources were dispersed with the Russian construction of zaseka bulwarks in the Don and Volga regions in the 17th-18th centuries, which separated the cattle breeding populations from their summer pastures. Another part of

1508-572: The Medieval Kipchak dialectal sound-change /k/ > ∅ had not yet happened in the mid-7th century Old Turkic , the identification of Yemeks with Kimeks is disputed. As a result, Golden (2002:660-665) later abandons the Kimeks > Yemeks identification and becomes more amenable to the identification of 鹽莫 Yánmò with Yemeks, by scholars such as Hambis, Zuev , and Kumekov, cited in Golden (1992:202). According to Tishin (2018), Yemeks were simply

1560-488: The Nogai were deported from the Budjak steppes after Russian conquest of Western Ukraine and Moldova in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. According to C. E. Bosworth (2007) and R. Turaeva (2015) the Kimek tribe was Turkic . According to R. Preucel and S. Mrozowki (2010) and S. Divitçioğlu (2010), the Kimek tribe was Tungusic . Josef Markwart proposed that Kimeks were Turkicized Tatars , who were related to

1612-649: The Ottomans, headed by a leader called the Shamkhal (originally Shawkhal, in Russian sources Shevkal ). The Kumyk polity known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki was mentioned as early as the 14th century by Timurid historians. Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others. In

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1664-489: The Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843. There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of Imam Shamil , but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877–1878, one of

1716-701: The War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil was of Kumyk descent, as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam Gazi-Muhammad Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of

1768-568: The beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from the Treaty of Gulistan ), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against Russian Empire led by the Chechen leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on

1820-494: The capital of the Shamkhal, which comprised 1,000 households; the total number of destroyed households amounts to 6,110. Shamkhal, having only 3,000 troops, couldn't resist the overwhelming number of Russians, who had in their ranks 8,000 Cossacks and Kalmyks only, not counting the regular troops, and two infantry regiments and two cavalries; Adil-Girey [Shamkhal] left Tarki and together with the Turkish ambassador had sent letters to other mountaineer possessors, asking for help, but got

1872-450: The connection with the Proto-Mongolic world seriously. Mahmud al-Kashgari does not mention any Kimek, but Yamāk ; Kashgari further remarked that Kara-Khanids like him considered Yemeks to be "a tribe of the Kipchaks", though contemporary Kipchaks considered themselves a different party. The ethnonym Yemäk might have been transcribed in the mid 7th century by Chinese authors as 鹽莫 Yánmò < Middle Chinese * jiäm-mâk , referring

1924-455: The early Middle Ages. It would be preferable to also identify whether Kamaks, who used to be settled in the North Dagestan in the beginning of our era, are related to Kumyks. Another prominent Russian Orientalist , V. Minorsky, proposed his adjustment to the views mentioned, stating that: Today's Kumyk Turks, who populate North Eastern part of Dagestan, along the shore, possibly come from the basic Khazar stratum, strengthened and assimilated by

1976-449: The first two clans ( Īmī and Īmāk ) of the federation. On the other hand, Pritsak attempted to connect the Kimek with the Proto-Mongolic Kumo of the Kumo Xi confederation (庫莫奚; Middle Chinese : kʰuo -mɑk̚-ɦei; * qu(o)mâġ-ġay , from * quo "yellowish" plus denominal suffix * -mAk ); Golden judges Pritsak's reconstruction "highly problematic", as Pritsak did not explain how Quomâġ might have produced Kimek ; still, Golden considers

2028-424: The last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives: Kazi-mulla, trying to hold Kumyks close, came up with

2080-409: The later re-settlers from the Kipchak steppes. The final stages of the Kumyk ethnogenesis stretched from the 12th-17th centuries. Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde ; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated

2132-470: The latter period, when remains of Cumans defeated by Mongols fled to the lands of Dagestan. A modern interpretation was proposed that " from the Turkified Lezgins , Kumyks also emerged" . However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin: It's unlikely that Kumyks might be Turkified Dagestanians, as some claim. Rather, their ancestors are considered to be Kipchaks, Khazars and, probably, other Turks of

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2184-416: The major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly. Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at

2236-427: The most important of the seven constituent tribes whose representatives met at the Irtysh valley, where the diverse Kimek tribal union emerged, as related by Gardizi . In the Western Turkic Khaganate two Chuy tribes , Chumukun and Chuban, occupied a privileged position of being voting members of the confederation's Onoq elite, while the Chuyue and Chumi tribes did not. A part of the Chuyue tribe intermixed with

2288-411: The most valiant and inimical to us tribe was that of the Kumyks. Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century Sheikh Mansur's insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of Kizlyar . In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at

2340-406: The name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym Kimak , or from another name for Kipchaks — Cuman . According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia , the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from

2392-418: The protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and Terek Cossacks seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede. In 1604–1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as

2444-403: The protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops at the Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with Safavid forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at

2496-404: The same territory, i.e. Semirechye , and that Chumukun were known only to Chinese and Kimek only to Persians and Arabs. The head of the Kimek confederation was titled Shad Tutuq , "Prince Governor" ( tutuk being from Middle Chinese tuo-tuok 都督 "military governor"); as well as Yinal Yabghu , according to Gardizi. By the middle of the eighth century, the Kimeks occupied territory between

2548-513: The spot. In the same year the people of Endirey joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians. In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also Kumyk plains ): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia),

2600-461: The start of the numerous campaigns of the Imperial Russian Army against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the Georgians and Kabardians . Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen Khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but was conquered by Russia in 1588. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for Tarki ) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to

2652-399: The territories of the Oguz , Kangly , and Bagjanak tribes, and in the west bordered the Khazar and Bulgar territories. The Kimaks led a semi-settled life, as the Hudūd mentioned a town named * Yimäkiya (> Yamakkiyya > ms. Namakiyya ); while the Kipchaks, in some customs, resembled the contemporary Oghuzes, who were nomadic herders. In the beginning of the eleventh century

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2704-543: The third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation . Kumyks are the second largest Turkic -speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Causasus , the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan. According to the Russian national census of 2010 there were more than 500,000 Kumyks in Russia. In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between

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