Kumykia ( Kumyk : Qumuq, Къумукъ ), or rarely called Kumykistan , is a historical and geographical region located along the Caspian Sea shores, on the Kumyk plateau, in the foothills of Dagestan and along the river Terek . The term Kumykia encompasses territories which are historically and currently populated by the Turkic -speaking Kumyk people. Kumykia was the main "granary of Dagestan". The important trade routes, such as one of the branches of the Great Silk Road , passed via Kumykia.
68-487: Shamkhalate , or Shawkhalate , or since the 16th century the Shamkhalate of Tarki ( Kumyk : Tarğu Şawhallıq ) was a state that presumably formed around the 8th century and existed until the 19th century, in different forms, even though it disintegrated in the 16th century into several feudal entities. The ruler of Shamkhalate was considered the ruler of all of Dagestan and held the title of Vali of Dagestan. In
136-1172: A few administrative regions of Russia. In terms of administrative division, Kumykia today is divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan , Republic of North-Ossetia , Chechen republic and Republic of Ingushetia . Major historical and cultural importance can be attributed to the Kumyk historical capital Tarki (seat of Shamkhals, Anjiikala (modern-day Makhachkala), Endirey , Aksay (Dagestan), Kazanysh, Boinak (seat of Vice-Shamkhals), Bashly, Erpeli , Karabudaghkent , and Madzhalis . Other important towns and settlements include Heli, Paraul, Zhengutay, Braguny (modern-day Chechnya), Kizlyar (modern-day Dagestan), Kizlyar (modern-day Ossetia). Кумыки в период арабских завоеваний в VIII веке образовали доминирующее большинство населения в регионе Каспия. В тот период бассейн реки Миджик уже назывался Кумыкистан. Кумыки — потомки хазар на Северном Кавказе Shamkhalate of Tarki The Shamkhalate of Tarki, or Tarki Shamkhalate (also Shawhalate , or Shevkalate ; Kumyk : Таргъу Шавхаллыкъ , romanized: Tarğu Şawhallıq )
204-698: A hereditary state. It was supported by Turkish historian Fahreddin Kirzioglu, the early 20th century historian D. H. Mamaev, Halim Gerey Sultan, Muhammed Efendi, and others. Dagestanian historian R. Magomedov stated that: there is all necessary proofs to relate the term to the Golden Horde, but not to the Arabs. We may think that in the period of the Mongol-Tatars they put a Kumyk ruler in that status [Shamkhal]. Russian professor of oriental studies,
272-476: A notion made by the land committee that "they (princes – descendants of Sultan-Mut) were paid "yasak" (tax) by Karabulak and Chechnya, and besides, until the Kazi-Mulla's uprising, yasak was paid by the six settlements of Kachalyk, by Aukh and Salatavia, and these lands were considered their full property". The policy continues until today. Due to the continuous resettlements of other peoples to Kumyk lands by
340-681: A victory. In 1651, the Shamkhal wrote to the Astrakhan governors about a custom that “we, Kumyks, have and cherish our konaks [quests and friends] since the times of our fathers” , thus explaining their alliance with the Nogais . During the Persian campaign of Peter I , Schamkhalate started as an ally of Russia, but in 1725, shamkhal Adil-Girey II, incited by the Ottoman Empire, attacked
408-524: Is located in the Terek - Sulak interfluve, covering Kumyk Plain & some of the adjacent territories. It gained a significant role, independently of Shamkalate, with the rise of Sultan Mahmud of Endirey , member of the Shamkhal's house, who created Endirey principality ( Kumyk : Endirey biylik ), and who united numerous local peoples around the Kumyks in the fight against Russian expansion , which after
476-516: Is located. At the end of the 1640s, Shamkhal Surkhay III invited a smaller part of Nogai Horde , headed by Choban-Murza Ishterek, who did not want to obey the tsarist governors, to live in Shamkhalate. For his return to Russian borders, tsarist troops were sent to Kumykia with their Kabardian allies and Cossacks. In 1651 the Battle of Germenchik took place, where joint Kumyk-Nogai army secured
544-652: Is of the 16th century. V. Bartold also stated that the term " Shamkhal " is a later form of the original form "Shawkhal" , which is mentioned both in the Russian and Persian ( Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sheref ad-din Yezdi) sources. Dagestani historian Shikhsaidov wrote that the version claiming Arab descent was in favor of the dynasty and clerics (the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad ). A. Kandaurov wrote that
612-718: The Bengal civil service . The other brother, Robert (1817–1857), died near Delhi during the Indian Rebellion . The statistician Udny Yule was the son of George and thus the nephew of Henry. Henry was interested in Arabic and Persian literature and collected early manuscripts. These were later donated by his sons to the British Museum. He translated the Apothegms of Ali the son of Abu Talib (referring to Ali ,
680-671: The Encyclopædia Britannica , in the 8th century the Kumyks made up the vast majority in the Caspian region , and in addition, as indicated in the collection, the Mitshik river basin (today a part of Chechnya) was already called Kumykistan. The borders of the vassal possessions of the Kumyk rulers at one time extended to Balkaria. At the end of the 18th century, the feudal lords of the Chegem Gorge , in their appeal to
748-654: The Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society the following year. After his wife's death in 1875, Yule returned to England, where he was appointed to the Council of India . Yule remarried in 1877, his new wife Mary Wilhelmina (died 26 April 1881) the daughter of a Bengal civil servant, Fulwar Skipwith . Yule was a member, and from 1877 to 1889 President, of the Hakluyt Society . He
SECTION 10
#1732776335399816-561: The Mirabilia Descripta (1863), a translation of the travels of the 14th century Friar Jordanus , and The Diary of William Hedges (3 vols, 1887–89). The latter contains a biography of Governor Pitt , grandfather of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham . He contributed introductions to Nikolay Przhevalsky 's Mongolia (1876) and Captain William Gill 's The River of Golden Sand (1880). He wrote biographical notes for
884-757: The Russian Empire , then the Soviet government, and continuing today in the modern Republic of Dagestan of the Russian Federation , during the 19–21st centuries the native territories of Kumyks have been dramatically reduced; Kumyks became a minority in their own lands. In the result of the Russian-Kumyk Wars and Russian conquest of the Northern Caucasus state entities of Kumykia lost their independence and were divided into
952-549: The Scottish Naval and Military Academy and wrote a volume on fortifications (1851). A daughter, Amy, was born in 1852 and shortly after her birth, Yule returned to Bengal. He worked in Arakan and Burma and was put in charge of a new railway system. This was interrupted by a posting as a secretary to Colonel Arthur Phayre 's mission to Ava , Burma, in 1855. In 1858 he published his account of this journey, Narrative of
1020-543: The 14th century his court historians mentioned "all lands of the Kumuks" . Researchers of the Timurid period list among the names of the areas populated by Kumyks at the time such regions as "Bugaz-Kum" , "Kazi-Kumuk (Gazi-Kumukluk)" , "Mamuktu" , Kaitag. In the 15–17th centuries diplomatic correspondence and documents of the Russian state used to mention Kumykia as "Kumyk land" (Russian: Кумыцкая земля ) . According to
1088-548: The Abumuselim shah, from the Gilan Province and served under the cleric official kazi, under the rule of Shamkhal. Because of that cleric and the people of Kumukh place, who resettled here from Gilan, or, better said, by the mixture with the indigenous Kumukh people, who originate from Dagestan Tatars, the name Kazikumuk emerged. This clerics were the ancestors of Khamutay [contemporary Khan of Kazikumukh], who following
1156-694: The Arab version was elaborated by the Shamkhals themselves. Also, the title Shamkhals is not mentioned in the works of the Medieval Arabic historians and geographers. Among the supporters of the Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is Lak historian Ali Kayaev: Shamkhal wasn't a descendant of Abbas Hamza but a Turk, who came with his companions. After him the Shamkhalate became
1224-625: The Bath through the influence of Sir Roderick Murchison . He devoted his leisure to the medieval history and geography of Central Asia . His wife became unwell, and they crossed Europe to settle in Palermo, Sicily . He made use of the richly stocked public libraries there during this period. He published Cathay and the Way Thither (1866), and the Book of Marco Polo (1871), for which he received
1292-732: The Battle of Karaman stopped, according to Karamzin , Russia's expansion in the Caucasus for more than a hundred years. Apart from Endirey, other formations in the Zasulak Kumykia were the Aksay ( Kumyk : Yaxsay biylik ) and Kostek ( Kumyk : Köstek biylik ) principalities. The possessions of the Zasulak Shamklalian princes included such areas as Kachkalyk, Aukh and Salatavia . Kumyk princes settled some neighboring peoples, such as Chechens, in Zasulak Kumykia for
1360-636: The Bengal Infantry (died 1856). In November 1843 she accompanied him back to India but returned owing to ill health. He was appointed to a committee charged with investigating the relationship between irrigation by the proposed Ganges Canal and its impact on public health in the area. He served in both the Sikh wars (1845–1846 and 1848–1849). In 1849 he took three years of extended leave and returned to live in Edinburgh with his wife. He lectured at
1428-761: The Bengal army of the East India Company and had retired in 1806. William's uncle was the botanist John Yule FRSE . Elizabeth died before Henry was eight and William moved to Edinburgh with his sons, where Henry attended the Royal High School . In 1833, he was sent to be coached by the Reverend Henry Hamilton at his rectory in the village of Wath near Ripon in North Yorkshire . When Hamilton moved to Cambridge in
SECTION 20
#17327763353991496-1122: The Caucasus. According to Russian sources of the late 18th century, the Tarki Shamkhalate, together with their vassals Akusha Dargins, had from 36 to 42 thousand households, numbering 98-100 thousand people of both genders. Основное население Шамхальства составляли кумыки. Единственное, что можно сказать, что села Губден и Кадар были даргинскими по этнической принадлежности и это не мешало им сохранять свою культуру, сотрудничать с кумыками, выполняя просьбы иля советы тарковских правителей. Губден и Тарки были тесно связаны еще до распада Казикумухского шамхальства. Основное население Шамхальства составляли кумыки. Единственное, что можно сказать, что села Губден и Кадар были даргинскими по этнической принадлежности и это не мешало им сохранять свою культуру, сотрудничать с кумыками, выполняя просьбы иля советы тарковских правителей. Губден и Тарки были тесно связаны еще до распада Казикумухского шамхальства. Henry Yule Colonel Sir Henry Yule KCSI CB FRSGS (1 May 1820 – 30 December 1889)
1564-603: The Chechens. This is confirmed by earlier records. Jacob Reineggs in the 1790s recorded that the inhabitants of Oysungur, making up 800 families, "speak Kumyk-Tatar" (i.e. Turkic or Kipchak Kumyk), and the language of the Isti-su society, "which means "warm water", is "Kumyk-Tatar", and the tribe originates from the Kumyks." Also, Reinegs mentions the "Tatar" (Kumyks were called Caucasian or Dagestan Tatars) society Boragun ( Braguny ). In 1877–1878 Pavel Kovalevsky noted that
1632-633: The Doctor of Historical Sciences I. Zaytsev, also shared the opinion that the Shamkhalate was a Kumyk state with the capital in the town of Kumuk (written thus in medieval sources). While studying works of the Timurid historians Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sheref ad-din Yezdi, Soviet historians V. Romaskevich and S. Volin, and Uzbek historian Ashraf Ahmedov, as well as professor in Alan studies O. Bubenok, call Gazi-Kumuk (also Gazi-Kumukluk in medieval sources ) call
1700-533: The Georgian ambassadors Kaplan and Hursh reported that shamkhalate was in turmoil and asked the Russian tsar to send troops as a measure of military action against the raids of shamkhal on Georgia. Russians captured Tumen principality in the northern Dagestan. In 1599 Georgian ambassadors in Moscow, Saravan and Aram, reported to king Alexander of Kakheti that it was difficult to reach shamkhal as he chose to reside in
1768-625: The Kachkalyks (one of the Chechen societies) by the Aksai princes to the plain is also confirmed Semyon Bronevsky (1763–1830). The same was noted in 1812 by Butskovsky. Kachkalyk remained in the possession of the Kumyk princes until the second half of the 19th century. One example from the 19th century, when Kachkalyks claimed their ownership of the lands lying along the Aksay River, there is
1836-611: The Mission to the Court of Ava with illustrations. The 1857 rebellion made his life difficult, and although Yule was close to the governor generals Lord Dalhousie and Lord Canning , he lost interest in his work. Yule retired in 1862, and Canning's death in that year made it difficult for him to find any official appointment in London. In 1863 he was created a Companion of the Order of
1904-494: The Ottoman Empire , while the Ottoman Sultan was already recognized as the caliph of all Muslims . At the end of the 16th century shamkhal feuded with krym-shamkhal (which was the title of Shamkhalian successor to the throne) who was supported by part of the "Kumyk land". King Alexander of Kakheti reported at the time that "shamkhal affair was bad as they (shamkhal and krym-shamkhal) scold among themselves". In 1588
1972-697: The Royal Engineers' Journal , and many geographical entries in the Encyclopædia Britannica . Yule's most popular work, compiled with Arthur C. Burnell , was the Hobson-Jobson (1886), a historical dictionary of Anglo-Indian words and phrases which continues to provide an insight into the language used in British India . Yule died at his home at 3 Penywern Road, Earls Court , London, on 30 December 1889 aged 69, and
2040-598: The Russian authorities at the mouth of the Terek founded the fortress of Terki, also known as the Terek Fortress. Terki became the main stronghold of the Russian army in northern Dagestan. In Persia in the court of the shah, shamkhal had an honorable place next to the shah. Sister of Chopan-shamkhal was married to shah Tahmasp I (1514–1576). "First of all, in Persia at the time of the great festivities there were made on
2108-592: The Russian command, mentioned that they once paid tribute to Budai-shamkhal of Tarki . As for the Shawkhalian (on the right bank of the river Sulak) and Southern Kumyks, as Dubrovin noted in 1871 , in addition to the Kumyk Plateau, Kumyks inhabit the territories from Sulak to Derbent , all of the Tarki Shamkhalate and part of the Mekhtulu Khanate. Ivan Blaramberg in 1832 – 1833 pointed to
Kumykia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-626: The Russian fortress of the Holy Cross, was defeated, captured and sent into exile to the north of Russia. Despite fierce resistance, described as such by Russian companions of Peter I, particularly from the Endirey and Utamysh principalities, Shamkhalat was defeated and on paper abolished. In 1734, after the Russian-Persian treaty , it was restored. As a result of feudal civil strife and campaigns of Russian troops against Shamkhalat, at
2244-688: The Russians to build their stronghold at the mouth of the Sunzha, Budai-shamkhal and his son Surkhay were killed on the battlefield as evidenced by their tombstones at the cemetery of shamkhals in Gazi-Kumukh. In 1569 prince Chopan, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected shamkhal. Territory of Chopan-shamkhal in the north extended beyond Terek river and adjoined the Khanate of Astrakhan . In the west his territory included part of Chechnya up to Kabarda . In
2312-440: The Salatav land, and the mountain communities that settled there used to pay tribute to these feudal lords. In 1732 the commandant of the fortress Kizlyar A. Akhverdov reports that Kumyks live "on the right bank of the Terek, at a distance from the river in the range of 20, 18, 15, 13 versts , brought there since ancient times by the Aksay owners, and settled in the present places under the name Alty Kachilyk." The resettlement of
2380-444: The Shamkhal's dynasty) . The region which remained in direct subordination of the shamkhal even after disintegration of the 16th century, it was abolished in 1867. The Kumyks, who inhabited this area, had the name "Shamkhalian" . During the Caucasian War , several anti-Russian uprisings broke out in Shamkhalate. Shamkhal possession included several smaller semi-independent political entities: Northern, or Zasulak (beyond-Sulak) Kumykia
2448-430: The Shamkhalate area as the lands of Kumyks. Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi called the Shamkhal "a natural Oghuz". One of the arguments of the Turkic version is that Shamkhals were elected in the way that is traditional for Turkic peoples — tossing a red apple. Ancient pre-Muslim names of the Kumuk [today Kumukh] inhabitants, as fixed in Khuduk inscription — Budulay, Ahsuwar, Chupan and others — are of Turkic origin. On
2516-474: The Terrible to help him against the raids of shevkalski tsar (shamkhal), Crimean khan and the Turks. Ivan the Terrible sent his general Cheremisov who took over Tarki but decided not to remain there. In 1566 prince Matlov of Kabarda asked the Moscow tsar to put a fortress at the confluence of the Sunzha and Terek . For the construction of the fortress "came princes Andrew Babichev and Peter Protasiev with many people, guns and musket". In 1567 trying to prevent
2584-441: The Western Tatars was Sain. He was strong and mighty. He conquered Russia, Comania, Alania, Lak, Mengiar, Gugia and Khazaria, and before his conquest, they all belonged to Comans. Vasily Bartold also stated that the Arabic version is a compilation by local historians trying to merge legends with history. The original population of the "Kazi-Kumykskiy" possession, as wrote F. Somonovich in 1796, were Dagestan Tatars (Kumyks). After
2652-441: The acceptance of certain obligations, including converting to Islam . For the most part of it, in the 19th century the territories of Zasulak Kumykia became part of Kumyk district of the Terek region , which, after the end of the Caucasian War transformed into Khasavyurt District . Southern Kumykia designates territories of the Kumyk-populated lands south of the historical Shamkhal possession. The Terek- Sunzha interfluve
2720-418: The beginning of the 18th century, only a small possession along the Caspian Sea (with a total area of up to 3 thousand km²) was all that remained from the state. During the Caucasian War , at least three uprisings broke out in Shamkhalate — in 1823, 1831 and 1843. It was a multiethnic state. The main population was Kumyk. At various times, it included some areas populated by Dargins, and other peoples of
2788-422: The borders of the Northern Kumykia: The territory of the Kumyks is stretched between the rivers Terek, Aksay, Koysu [other name for Sulak] and the Caspian Sea, which constitutes its eastern border. To the north, it is separated from the Kizlyar region by swamps in the lower reaches of the Terek; in the west, it is located on both banks of the lower reaches of the Aksay to the fortress of Amir-Adzhi-Yurt, located on
Kumykia - Misplaced Pages Continue
2856-551: The end of the 16th century Shamkhalate de facto was a part of the Ottoman Empire . Shamkhalat had vassal regions and political entities stretching to Balkaria, and was acknowledged throughout the Northern Caucasus . Since the 16th century the state had a major importance in Russian Tsardom's and then Empire's politics at its Southern borders, as it was the main obstacle in conquering the Caucasus and competing with Persians and Ottomans for regional dominance. The possession of Shamkhal ( Kumyk : Şawhal ulu , possession of
2924-433: The example of others claimed in their parts independence and in the present times adopted the Khan title. In 1556 diplomatic relations with the Moscow state were set. The peaceful embassy of shamkhal brought Ivan the Terrible a number of rich gifts, one of which was extraordinary: an elephant, not seen up to that time in Moscow. Shamkhal's envoy to Russia had no success as in 1557 prince Temruk Idar of Kabardia asked Ivan
2992-425: The first mentions of Kumykia can be encountered in Arab sources . Arabic author Al-Masudi in the 10th century mentions the "Possession of Gumik" . According to the famous British orientalist Henry Yule , Gumik corresponds to the area of settlement of the Kumyks south of the river Terek. According to Plano Carpini , "Komuk" and "Tark" peoples were conquered by the Mongols . During Tamerlane 's conquests in
3060-418: The following year Yule was transferred to the care of the Reverend James Challis , at Papworth Everard near Cambridge. The other resident pupils were John Neale and Harvey Goodwin . (Neale co-founded the Society of Saint Margaret , an order of women in the Church of England dedicated to nursing the sick, while Goodwin became Bishop of Carlisle .) Yule's stay at Papworth Everard ended in 1826 when Challis
3128-493: The graves of the Shamkhals in Kumukh there are Turkic inscriptions, as noted by professor of Caucasian studies L. Lavrov. The grave itself was called by the locals "Semerdalian" after the Khazar city of Semender; the gravestones there are patterned in a Kipchak style. In the "Maza chronicle" Shamkhals are described as "a branch of the Khan-Hakhan generations". Nizam ad-Din Shami Yezdi in his 14th century Timurid chronicle The Book of Triumph and Sheref ad-din Yezdi mentioned
3196-415: The land as Gazi-Kumukluk, where the suffix "luk" is a Turkic linguistic sign. The ruler of Andi people Ali-Beg, who founded a new ruling dynasty, also had a title of "Shamkhal". According to the local story, starting from Ali-Beg until Khadjik, the rulers of their land spoke in the "language of the plains", i.e. Kumyk . Jamalutdin-haji Mamaev in the beginning of the 20th century wrote: The fact that
3264-406: The mountains at the time: "Neither you nor your men should be sent to fight shevkal (shamkhal), shevkal lives in the mountains, the road to him is narrow". Georgian ambassador Cyril in 1603 reported in Moscow that "shevkal and his children live more in Gazi-Kumuk in the mountains, because that place is strong" . By the end of the 16th through the beginning of the 17th centuries Shamkhalat, which
3332-408: The natural boundary of the Kumyk Plane and the possessions of the Kumyks was the Kachkalyk Range in the west (currently Chechnya). According to the doctor of history Arsen Akbiev, part of the ancestors of the Zasulak Kumyks originally lived in Salatavia, as evidenced by the fact that until 1843 the Kumyk feudal lords ( biys, or princes and sala-uzdens) were considered to be the owners of almost all of
3400-489: The resettlement of some Lezginian peoples from Gilan province of Persia , under the rule of Shamkhal, the population mixed, and the power of Shamkhal decreased, and the new population formed their own Khanate independent of the Shamkhal dynasty: The people of this province come from Dagestan Tatars, mixed with the Persian settlers; they follow the same [religious] law, and speak [one of the] Lezginian languages. and As some Persian sources say, this people settled here under
3468-437: The right and left side of Shah's throne, the two seats on each side for the four noble defenders of the state against the four strongest powers, namely: for the khan of Kandahar, as a defender against India; for shamkhal, as a defender against Russia; for the king of Georgian, as a defender of the state against the Turks; for the khan who lives on the Arab border". According to A. Kayaev, the influence of Chopan-shamkhal in Caucasus
SECTION 50
#17327763353993536-447: The right bank of the Terek; in the south it borders Dagestan and areas of Salatavians, Aukhians and Kachkalykians. The southern branch of the Sulak River, called "Kuru-Koysu" (Dry Koysu), separates the Kumyks from the territory of the Shamkhals of Tarki. Also, Blaramberg recorded that at a certain time period the population of Kachkalyk (today's Chechnya, including Oysungur (he writes Ussungur) and Istisu, were Kumyks, who later mixed with
3604-508: The ruler in Dagestan was chosen from the Chinghiz dynasty and called shawkhal-khan [ sic ], derived from the Turkic, Tatar spiritual tradition, as a reliance on their genealogical ancestry (nasab), not paying attention to the science or courtesies (edeb). The house of Chinghiz is highly esteemed amongst them (shawkhals), as Quraysh amongst Muslims. They didn't allow someone to stand higher than them or lift heads. According to French historian Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay , Shamkhalate
3672-421: The south, territories of Chopan-shamkhal extended "up to Shemakha itself" according to I. Gerber. In 1570 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with Turks and Crimeans undertook an expedition to capture Astrakhan. The city was not taken and the army retreated to Azov but then invaded Kabarda. Despite the demolition of the Sunzha fortress the Russian advance to the Caucasus by the end of the 1580s recommenced. In 1588,
3740-436: The southern borders of Dagestan, between Kumyk possessions of the Russian Empire and other administrative units. At some point the Shamkhalate had vassals from the Caspian Sea to Kabarda and Balkaria . The Shamkhals also possessed the title of the Vali of Dagestan and had their residence in the ancient Khazar -Kumyk mountainous shelter. Annexation of the Tarki Shamkhalate and other territories of Dagestan by Russia
3808-405: The successor to Mohammed , the prophet of Islam ; the obscure English word " apothegm " refers to short pithy sayings, see hadith .) Yule arrived in Calcutta at the end of 1840. His first posting was in the Khasi Hills , a remote area to the northeast of Bengal in the modern state of Meghalaya . His mission was to establish a practical method of transporting coal to the plains. In this he
3876-415: Was a Kumyk state in the eastern part of the North Caucasus , with its capital in the ancient town of Tarki . It formed on the territory populated by Kumyks and included territories corresponding to modern Dagestan and adjacent regions. After subjugation by the Russian Empire , the Shamkhalate's lands were split between the Empire's feudal domain with the same name extending from the river Sulak to
3944-540: Was a Scottish Orientalist and geographer. He published many travel books, including translations of the work of Marco Polo and Mirabilia by the 14th-century Dominican Friar Jordanus . He was also the compiler of a dictionary of Anglo-Indian terms, the Hobson-Jobson , with Arthur Coke Burnell . Henry Yule was born at Inveresk near Edinburgh in Scotland on 1 May 1820. He was the youngest son of Major William Yule (1764–1839) and his wife Elizabeth Paterson (died circa 1827). William Yule had served as an officer in
4012-507: Was a major political entity in Caucasus, disintegrated into separate Kumyk fiefdoms. In 1594 a Khvorostinin's campaign into Dagestan took place, but his troops retreated. In 1604 a Buturlin's campaign into Dagestan took place. In 1605 Russian army that occupied lowlands of Kumykia (about 8,000 men) was surrounded and routed in the Battle of Karaman by the army of a Northern Kumyk prince Soltan-Mut of Endirey , some 20 kilometres north of Kumyk settlement of Anji, where today's Makhachkala
4080-410: Was also the domain of the Kumyk "biys" . Areas populated by Terek Kumyks (that is Kumyks living along the river Terek) are historically associated with Tyumen possession (also called Shamkhalian Tyumen), Bragun principality , Golden Horde 's Madzhar city and with Kuban steppes . Now these territories are included into other parts of Russian Federation – Chechnya, North Ossetia, Ingushetia. One of
4148-413: Was also vice-president of the Royal Geographical Society (1887–9), and would have become a president but for a protest that he led along with Henry Hyndman against Henry Morton Stanley . The Society wanted to welcome Stanley but Yule stood against the violent methods used in Africa. One of his heroes, on the other hand, was Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley . For the Hakluyt Society, Yule edited
SECTION 60
#17327763353994216-491: Was appointed Plumian Professor of Astronomy and moved to the Observatory in Cambridge. After a brief period at University College London , Yule entered the East India Military College at Addiscombe near Croydon (1837–8), followed by the Royal Engineers Establishment at Chatham, Kent . He obtained his commission in December 1838, and joined the Bengal Engineers in 1840. Both of Henry's brothers worked in India. The eldest, George Udny Yule (1813–1886), worked in
4284-421: Was concluded by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. In 1867 the feudal domain of the Shamkhalate was abolished, and on its territory the Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk ) district of Dagestan Oblast was established. During a short period in 1580-1590s the Shamkhalate was officially a part of the Ottoman Empire . Since the 16th century the state was a major figure of Russian politics to the southern borders, as it
4352-428: Was dominated by the Turkic Kumyks, and the Lak people hold the honorable title of Gazis (because of the earlier adoption of Islam). Apart from that, the Shamkhalate had a feudal class of Karachi-beks, a title exclusively related to Mongol-Turkic states. Piano Karpini mentioned from his travels that Khazaria and Lak, even before falling in the hands of the "Western Tatars", belonged to the Cumans : The first King of
4420-426: Was given many gifts. For his services in the war with the Persians shamkhal was given sanjak Shaburan and his brother Tuchelav sanjaks Akhty and Ikhyr. Ibrahim Peçevi reported that the governor of Shirvan Osman Pasha (also of Kumyk descent) married a daughter Tuchelav, a niece of Shamkhal. Chopan Shamkhal pledged to defend Shirvan. These relations led to the actual mutual agreement on the inclusion of Shamkhalate in
4488-448: Was great so that he "intervened in the affairs of succession of Persion throne in Iran". In 1577 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with his brother Tuchelav-Bek, Gazi-Salih of Tabasaran and in alliance with the Ottoman army undertook a military campaign against Qizilbashes who were defeated. After the victory over Qizilbashes in Shirvan , Chopan-shamkhal carried out a visit to Turkey and was met in Eastern Anatolia with honors. Chopan-shamkhal
4556-443: Was the main target and obstacle in conquering the Caucasian region. According to records from Arab sources, the Shamkhalate emerged in the year 734, when Arab conqueror Abu-Muslim appointed one of his generals named "Shakhbal" to rule over the "Kumuh region". This version is based upon "Derbend-name" source, which is by itself not known to have a certain author and has many anonymous undated versions. The most recent authored version
4624-525: Was unsuccessful but he became fascinated by the region and wrote an account of its people, including the first written description of their living root bridges . In 1842 he was transferred to a team of engineers led by Captain (later General) William Baker charged with the construction of irrigation canals. Their headquarters were at Karnal , 130 km (81 mi) to the north of Delhi . He returned to England in 1843 and married his cousin Anna Maria (died 1875), daughter of Major-General Martin White of
#398601