Potassium chlorate is the inorganic compound with the molecular formula KClO 3 . In its pure form, it is a white solid. After sodium chlorate , it is the second most common chlorate in industrial use. It is a strong oxidizing agent and its most important application is in safety matches . In other applications it is mostly obsolete and has been replaced by safer alternatives in recent decades. It has been used
32-701: Kundara is a satellite town in Kerala and is part of the Kollam Metropolitan Area , India . Kundara is situated at the eastern end of Kollam city. Kundara is significant for its historic involvement in the Indian independence movement . Kundara was once the industrial hub of Southern Kerala, which was the home to prominent industrial companies including Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company , The Aluminium Industries Limited, Kundara(commonly known as ALIND), The Kerala Ceramics Limited and
64-557: A catalyst , typically manganese(IV) dioxide (MnO 2 ). Thus, it may be simply placed in a test tube and heated over a burner. If the test tube is equipped with a one-holed stopper and hose, warm oxygen can be drawn off. The reaction is as follows: Heating it in the absence of a catalyst converts it into potassium perchlorate : With further heating, potassium perchlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen: The safe performance of this reaction requires very pure reagents and careful temperature control. Molten potassium chlorate
96-531: A hot solution of caustic potash: According to X-ray crystallography , potassium chlorate is a dense salt-like structure consisting of chlorate and potassium ions in close association. Potassium chlorate was one key ingredient in early firearms percussion caps (primers). It continues in that application, where not supplanted by potassium perchlorate . Chlorate-based propellants are more efficient than traditional gunpowder and are less susceptible to damage by water. However, they can be extremely unstable in
128-518: A key component in the production of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). When significant effort was made to reduce the availability of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in Afghanistan, IED makers started using potassium chlorate as a cheap and effective alternative. In 2013, 60% of IEDs in Afghanistan used potassium chlorate, making it the most common ingredient used in IEDs. Potassium chlorate was also
160-655: A metropolis and experiences high levels of cross-commuting (that is, residents commuting out of and employees commuting into the city). Satellite cities are different from and are sometimes confused with the following related patterns of development. Satellite cities differ from suburbs in that they have distinct employment bases, commuter sheds, and cultural offerings from the central metropolis, as well as an independent municipal government. Satellite cities are not bedroom communities . Satellite cities differ from edge cities , which are suburbs with large employment bases and cultural offerings, in that satellite cities must have
192-552: A proclamation known as the Kundara Proclamation. It was an open call to arms, exhorting the common people to rise up against the British and to overthrow them. There was a massive response to his rallying call. Dalawa had to commit suicide on exile later at Mannadi near Adoor . In the year 2007, the then Education Minister of Kerala, Shri. M A Baby, unveiled the 'Kundara Vilambaram' memorial at Ellampallor from where
224-546: A prominent place in the history of Kerala and the independence struggle of India. The place witnessed the historic Kundara proclamation made by then Dalava of Travancore, Velu Thampi Dalawa on 1809 January 11. Velu Thambi Dalawa, the Prime Minister/Diwan (Dalava) to King Balarama Varma of Travancore in present-day Kerala was one of the earliest opponents of British rule. Velu Thampi dalawa in January 1809 made
256-442: A small sample (~1 gram) and heat it strongly on an open glass plate. Contamination may cause this small quantity to explode, indicating that the chlorate should be discarded. Potassium chlorate is used in chemical oxygen generators (also called chlorate candles or oxygen candles), employed as oxygen-supply systems of e.g. aircraft, space stations, and submarines, and has been responsible for at least one plane crash . A fire on
288-538: A town. These stations are part of the Kollam–Sengottai branch line . Roadways The National Highway 744 (India) and National Highway 183 (India) connect the city of Kollam with places in Tamil Nadu such as Madurai and Theni , pass through Kundara. The nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport which is 67 km by road. Satellite town A satellite city or satellite town
320-447: A true historic downtown , a distinct independent municipal government , existed as a city prior to becoming interconnected with the larger metropolitan core, and are surrounded by a belt of rural land between themselves and the central city. Conceptually, both satellite cities and some types of edge cities could be (and once were) self-sufficient communities outside of their larger metropolitan areas but have become interconnected due to
352-533: Is a census town in Kollam District in the state of Kerala with a total population of 33,959. The population of children aged 0–6 is 3243, representing 9.55% of the total population of Kundara. The female sex ratio is 1096 per 1000 males, against state average of 1084 and the child sex ratio is 993 females per 1000 males, compared to the Kerala state average of 964. Kundara's literacy rate is 93.99%, lower than
SECTION 10
#1732773335889384-464: Is a smaller municipality or settlement that is part of (or on the edge of) a larger metropolitan area and serves as a regional population and employment center. It differs from mere suburbs , subdivisions and especially bedroom communities in that it has employment bases sufficient to support its residential population, and conceptually, could be a self-sufficient community outside of its larger metropolitan area. However, it functions as part of
416-490: Is also used sometimes, in which elemental chlorine formed at the anode reacts with KOH in situ . The low solubility of KClO 3 in water causes the salt to conveniently isolate itself from the reaction mixture by simply precipitating out of solution. Potassium chlorate can be produced in small amounts by disproportionation in a sodium hypochlorite solution followed by metathesis reaction with potassium chloride: It can also be produced by passing chlorine gas into
448-417: Is an extremely powerful oxidizer and spontaneously reacts with many common materials such as sugar. Explosions have resulted from liquid chlorates spattering into the latex or PVC tubes of oxygen generators and from contact between chlorates and hydrocarbon sealing greases. Impurities in potassium chlorate itself can also cause problems. When working with a new batch of potassium chlorate, it is advisable to take
480-497: Is as the oxidizer in a smoke composition such as that used in smoke grenades . Since 2005, a cartridge with potassium chlorate mixed with lactose and rosin is used for generating the white smoke signaling the election of new pope by a papal conclave . High school and college laboratories often use potassium chlorate to generate oxygen gas. It is a far cheaper source than a pressurized or cryogenic oxygen tank. Potassium chlorate readily decomposes if heated while in contact with
512-509: Is produced by the salt metathesis reaction of sodium chlorate and potassium chloride : The reaction is driven by the low solubility of potassium chlorate in water. The equilibrium of the reaction is shifted to the right hand side by the continuous precipitation of the product ( Le Chatelier's Principle ). The precursor sodium chlorate is produced industrially in very large quantities by electrolysis of sodium chloride , common table salt. The direct electrolysis of KCl in aqueous solution
544-425: Is proportionally close enough and physically integrated enough with Dallas to be considered a twin rather than a satellite. However, Waco, Texas is a satellite town of both cities. Generally speaking, cities that are listed as being part of the same urbanized area should be considered twins, rather than one having a satellite relationship to the other. Conceptually, satellite cities are miniature metro areas on
576-523: Is sufficiently reactive that it spontaneously ignites if combustible material (sugar, paper, etc.) is present. In schools, molten potassium chlorate is used in screaming jelly babies , Gummy bear , Haribo , and Trolli candy demonstration where the candy is dropped into the molten salt. In chemical labs it is used to oxidize HCl and release small amounts of gaseous chlorine. Militant groups in Afghanistan also use potassium chlorate extensively as
608-812: Is vital in providing electricity to Kollam City and Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line of Southern Railways. The power of availability of cheap hydroelectricity in Kundara then was such that, it prompted the famous Nobel Laureate , C. V. Raman and his close associate, P. Krishnamurti to set up the first ever unit of their newly formed company, Travancore Chemical & Manufacturing Company Ltd (TCM Ltd) at Kundara in 1943. The unit produced Potassium chlorate an ingredient used in Safety match . This unit once existed near Elampalloor Masjid on present day NH 183 and today it no longer exist The setting up of substation also helped start Aluminium Industry in Kundara. On
640-414: The uptown variety of edge cities, but the terms are not synonymous. In some cases, large metropolitan areas have multiple centers of close-to-equal importance. These multi-polar cities are often referred to as twin cities . Multi-polar cities differ from satellite cities in the following ways: For example, Fort Worth, Texas is a twin of Dallas, Texas because though Fort Worth is somewhat smaller, it
672-463: The 1920s Cashew industry boomed in and around Kollam. This gave the first taste of modern industry to Kundara and adjoining areas. Kundara had abundant reserves of China-clay the key raw material for Ceramic and Porcelain . In 1937 during reign of Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma the clay processing industry was started in Kundara. In the 1960s this developed into The Kerala Ceramics Limited . The backbone of modern industrialisation of Kundara
SECTION 20
#1732773335889704-558: The Lakshmi Starch company. Many of these companies have closed down or turned into sick industries. Kundara is attempting to revive this industrial tradition and glory of bygone era now by developing Technopark Kollam and The Kerala Ceramics Limited . Kundara is also famous for backwater fishing since it is located on the shores of Kanjiracode Lake, a branch of Ashtamudi Lake . This lake recently received Marine Stewardship council recognition for sustainable fishing. Kundara has
736-488: The fringe of larger ones. Satellite cities are sometimes listed as part of the larger metro area and sometimes listed as totally independent. In the United States, satellite cities are often (but not always) listed as independent Metropolitan Statistical Areas within a single Combined Statistical Area that is unified with the larger metropolis. Potassium chlorate On the industrial scale, potassium chlorate
768-570: The industrial sector in Kundara received a renewed attention since the early 2010s. The setting up of Technopark Kollam at Kundara in February 2011 and renewed emphasis on revival of ALIND KEL and Kerala Ceramics since 2016 are currently happening. Kallumala Samaram a historic event in Renaissance in Kerala also took place in Perinad near Kundara. As of the 2011 Census of India, Kundara
800-653: The invitation of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer the Diwan of travancore , on 2 January 1946, Seshasayee Brothers Group of Madras started the famous ALIND, Kundara . The company was pioneers in aluminium electrical cable manufacturing in the region and has manufactured cables more than 1 crore km in length. The company slipped into crisis in the late 1980s due to labour issues and poor management. The industrial prowess of Kundara lead to establishment of Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company unit in Kundara for manufacturing train lighting alternator in 1964. After two lost decades
832-580: The main ingredient in the car bomb used in 2002 Bali bombings that killed 202 people. Potassium chlorate is used to force the blossoming stage of the longan tree, causing it to produce fruit in warmer climates. Potassium chlorate should be handled with care. It reacts vigorously, and in some cases spontaneously ignites or explodes, when mixed with many combustible materials. It burns vigorously in combination with virtually any combustible material, even those normally only slightly flammable (including ordinary dust and lint). Mixtures of potassium chlorate and
864-455: The presence of sulfur or phosphorus and are much more expensive. Chlorate propellants must be used only in equipment designed for them; failure to follow this precaution is a common source of accidents. Potassium chlorate, often in combination with silver fulminate , is used in trick noise-makers known as "crackers", "snappers", "pop-its", "caps" or "bang-snaps", a popular type of novelty firework. Another application of potassium chlorate
896-555: The proclamation was made two centuries ago. Since early days Kundara developed as a market place for trade due to 21 feet wide Quilon Sengotta Road that connected Travancore to Madras Presidency and proximity to water transport through Ashtamudi Lake . In 1904 the Kollam-Sengottai rail line opened up through Kundara. This development facilitated ease of transportation of man, machine and raw material for industrial production to Kollam through rail line from Madras. In
928-456: The space station Mir was traced to oxygen generation candles that use a similar lithium perchlorate. The decomposition of potassium chlorate was also used to provide the oxygen supply for limelights . Potassium chlorate is used also as a pesticide . In Finland it was sold under trade name Fegabit. Potassium chlorate can react with sulfuric acid to form a highly reactive solution of chloric acid and potassium sulfate: The solution so produced
960-438: The state average of 95%. The male literacy is 96.42% and the female literacy rate is 91.80%. Kundara is one among the 11 legislative assembly constituencies in the district of Kollam . P. C. Vishnunadh is the current elected member from Kundara constituency. Kundara , Kilikollur , Kundara East and Chandanattop are the railway stations in Kundara town. In Kerala it is very rare to have more than one railway station in
992-581: The suburban expansion of the larger metropolis. However, while edge cities may have their own government and share many characteristics with satellite cities, they are much more physically integrated with the core city and would not exist in anything like their present form if not for the suburban expansion of their larger neighbor. Edge cities are activity nodes within a metro area, not miniature metro areas themselves. Some satellite cities that are particularly close or well connected to their larger neighbors and/or have their own historic downtown may also qualify as
Kundara - Misplaced Pages Continue
1024-551: Was setting up of a 66kV Electrical substation at Kundara on 3 May 1940 which complemented the Pallivasal project , the first hydroelectric project in Kerala. This was part of the network of first eight substations established in Travancore between Thrissur and Trivandrum in order to transmit hydroelectricity generated to households towns and industries. The Kundara substation was later upgraded to 220kV capacity and today it
#888111