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54-1060: Coordinates : 19°04′18″N 79°29′28″E / 19.071556°N 79.491173°E / 19.071556; 79.491173 Geological formation in the Pranhita–Godavari Basin, India Kundaram Formation Stratigraphic range : Lopingian ~ 259–252 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Type Geological formation Sub-units Lower and Upper Units Underlies Kamthi Formation Overlies Barakar Formation Thickness 250–400 m Lithology Primary Mudstone , Sandstone Other Shale Location Coordinates 19°04′18″N 79°29′28″E / 19.071556°N 79.491173°E / 19.071556; 79.491173 Region Telangana Country India Extent Pranhita–Godavari Basin [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Kundaram Formation (India) The Kundaram Formation
108-543: A prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used
162-438: A jaw symphysis that narrows anteriorly, tapering to a blunt point, and forming a shovel-shaped snout, which contrasting with the normally flattened area present in other dicynodont forms. Its palatine bone is smooth and significantly reduced to the lateral border of the internal nostril, having important implications for food processing (see below). Dicynodont evolution is often observed through changes in skull morphology due to
216-812: A larger and more robust morphology. It has a larger head (mean = 161.1 mm (6.3 in)), often lacks tusks (featured in only 38% of specimens), features a flatter deltopectoral crest, and differs from D. recurvidens by its robust humeral morphology. D. recurvidens has previously been referred to as Dicynodon recurvidens , Dicynodontoides parringtoni , Kingoria recurvidens, Udenodon gracilis, Dicynodon gracilis, Kingoria gracilis, Dicynodon howardi , Kingoria howardi, and Dicynodon clarencei according to more recent analyses of these specimens. The same studies have shown that previous references to Dicynodon nowacki , Dicynodontoides parringtoni , and Kingoria nowacki can be attributed to Dicynodontoides nowacki. Dicynodontoides belongs to
270-679: A little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against
324-416: A location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of
378-538: A longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly,
432-700: A national cartographical organization include the North American Datum , the European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from
486-404: A paper cutter. However, the short mouth, blunted edges of the lower jaw, and the lack of a tough palatal surface against which the jaw could grind downplay the significance of this apparent shearing component. The morphology of the jaw hinge prevents the anterior end of the lower jaw from meeting the palate, only allowing palatal contact with the more posterior portion of the dentary. While there
540-485: A relatively smaller head (mean = 120.9 mm (4.8 in)), more frequently features tusks (69% of specimens), and a more gracile humerus with narrower proximal and distal ends and a prominent humeral head. Additionally, D. recurvidens exhibits slight differences in the fibular and pelvic morphologies. D. nowacki is known exclusively from the Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania. This species is generally recognized by
594-872: A simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ), the default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by
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#1732787523832648-503: A year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at
702-586: Is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b a tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!}
756-461: Is a genus of small to medium-bodied, herbivorous , emydopoid dicynodonts from the Late Permian . The name Dicynodontoides references its “dicynodont-like” appearance (dicynodont = two-dog-tooth) due to the caniniform tusks featured by most members of this infraorder. Kingoria , a junior synonym , has been used more widely in the literature than the more obscure Dicynodontoides , which
810-418: Is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system
864-555: Is a geological formation in India, located within the Pranhita–Godavari Basin . The unit is between 250–400 metres thick and at its base consists of sandstone-mudstone alterations, followed by a sequence dominated by red mudstone with infrequent sandstone lens beds , with minor ferruginous shale within the sandstones. It was deposited in fluvial conditions. It is considered to be Late Permian in age. An abundant terrestrial fauna
918-714: Is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Dicynodontoides Dicynodontoides
972-1522: Is known from nodules found near the village of Golleti in the Adilabad district of Telangana , the only such fauna known from the Permian of India. The fauna found includes the dicynodonts Endothiodon , Dicynodontoides , Pristerodon and Sauroscaptor , as well the small captorhinid Indosauriscus and an indeterminate medium-sized gorgonopsid . Paleobiota [ edit ] Synapsids [ edit ] Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Endothiodon E. mahalanobisi Telangana Numerous almost complete specimens A dicynodont . E. bathystoma Dicynodontoides sp. Telangana ISI R 217 A dicynodont . Sauroscaptor S. tharavati Telangana A dicynodont . Pristerodon P. mackayi Telangana A dicynodont . ? Oudenodon sp. Telangana A dicynodont Gorgonopsia Indeterminate Telangana A gorgonopsid . Reptiles [ edit ] Genus Species Location Material Notes Images Indosauriscus Indeterminate Telangana A captorhinid reptile. References [ edit ] ^ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (March 2003). "Late Permian vertebrate community of
1026-407: Is little possibility of any transverse movement in the lower jaw, a crushing function is possible, and consistent with the feeding mechanism observed in other Emydopoids . Unlike other members of the infraorder , the front of the lower jaw is not flattened, but curved and tapering anteriorly. Cox suggests this feature, as well as the strong jaw musculature, indicated by the large lateral wing on
1080-544: Is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at
1134-454: Is offset from the bone, forming an s-shape, and the attachments for the ilio-femoralis muscles are significant. The foot is elongate with pointed claws and does not appear to be particularly specialized. The shoulder girdle and forelimbs are more representative of Dicynodontia as a whole than the hindlimbs. The girdle is high and narrow, reflecting a reduction in the backward-forward pulling muscles, which would have been situated above and below
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#17327875238321188-479: Is similar-sounding to another distantly related genus of dicynodont, Dicynodon . Two species are recognized: D. recurvidens from South Africa, and D. nowacki from Tanzania. Dicynodontoides is primarily known from fossil localities in South Africa and Tanzania , though several specimens unidentified to the species level are known from Zambia , Malawi , and India . Unlike several other members of
1242-753: Is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as the French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines
1296-405: Is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires a datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations
1350-661: The Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin . However, it wasn't until Broom's 1940 publication including Dicynodontoides parringtoni , a junior synonym for Owen's D. recurvidens , that the genus was used. A second species, produced by the Usili Formation , D. nowacki, was first described by von Huene in 1942 from Kingori Mountain, Tanzania, and was originally referred to as Dicynodon nowacki. Cox pointed out several features, most notably
1404-494: The Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In the 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from
1458-512: The Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and
1512-796: The Pranhita–Godavari valley, India" . Journal of Asian Earth Sciences . 21 (6): 643–654. Bibcode : 2003JAESc..21..643R . doi : 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00050-0 . ^ Kammerer, Christian F.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Ray, Sanghamitra (November 2016). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A new taxon of cistecephalid dicynodont from the upper Permian Kundaram Formation of India" . Papers in Palaeontology . 2 (4): 569–584. Bibcode : 2016PPal....2..569K . doi : 10.1002/spp2.1055 . S2CID 88833541 . ^ Reisz, Robert R.; Chatterjee, Sankar; Modesto, Sean P. (2024-11-14). "A new moradisaurine captorhinid reptile (Amniota: Eureptilia) from
1566-530: The ambiguity surrounding the taxonomic classification of Dicynodontoides and its junior synonym Kingoria (see ). Part of this effort has included an analysis of the two species currently comprising the genus, D. nowacki and D. recurvidens . D. recurvidens is known only from the South African Karoo Basin. It is distinguished from the other member of its genus based on a generally smaller and more gracile morphology. It typically has
1620-413: The animal to function nearer the upper end of its optimal temperature range. A study conducted by Botha-Brink and Angielczyk reviewed the bone histology of Permo-Triassic dicynodonts. Their findings suggest that Dicynodontoides had a slower growth rate than other dicynodonts. The presence of LAGs, or growth rings, in most dicynodonts indicates that growth rates decreased around sexual maturity. However,
1674-435: The answer to this problem. Nevertheless, the exact nature of the feeding ecology of Dicynodontoides continues to elude researchers. While most dicynodonts fall under a generalized body shape, Dicynodontoides departs from the standard. This genus was likely adapted to fast, agile locomotion. Muscle restoration of the acetabular-femoral articulation reveals the diverging pattern of locomotion of Dicynodontoides from
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1728-570: The dentary, may point towards grubbing in the dirt for food. However, subsequent analyses of other specimens have not featured the same degree of bluntness of the anterior end of the lower jaw, and call this theory into question. Nevertheless, the significant reduction of the tough, horny covering of the palate in Dicynodontoides suggests that whatever it may have grubbed up and consumed would have been both small, soft, and required minimal preparation. Roots or small invertebrates could provide
1782-644: The dicynodont locomotor pattern. However, the glenohumeral articulation suggests a more conservative forelimb and girdle morphology than that of the pelvic girdle. Evidence points toward a sprawling position of the forelimbs, with an emphasis on long-axis rotation. This likely allowed for manoeuvrability, while the hindlimbs powered the animal. Members of Dicynodontia were most likely ectothermic . However, inertial homeothermy may have been possible, though less likely. These ectothermal dicynodonts would have had lower feeding demands than extant endothermal mammalian herbivores. The large pineal foramen apparent in
1836-403: The exact nature of this dietary pattern (i.e. the inclusion of cones, roots, etc.) and the possible degree of omnivory or insectivory is not fully understood. Based on the habitual downward orientation of its skull, Dicynodontoides was likely a substrate-targeted feeder, or grazer , rather than a browser. The narrow anterior portion of the jaw could have allowed highly mobile movement of
1890-464: The far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana ,
1944-490: The generalized post-cranial morphology in a majority of dicynodonts. However, Dicynodontoides is an exception to this statement. Although its size (small-medium) is unexceptional, aspects of the post-cranial morphology are very specialized and have been studied thoroughly. Most notable of this specialization is the hindlimb morphology. The pelvic girdle consists of a small pubis and an ilium with anteriorly extensive but posteriorly rudimentary processes. The femoral head
1998-541: The hindlimb and girdle morphology, that differentiated this genus from other members of Dicynodon , and erected a new genus, Kingoria . Since, many researchers have attempted to place these ambiguous specimens within Dicynodontia. Not until the last decade has significant light been shed upon the matter, solidifying the place of the senior synonym , Dicynodontoides , and affirming the presence of only two species, D. recurvidens and D. nowacki . In dorsal view,
2052-483: The humerus. The humerus suggests an emphasis of long-axis rotation, a much more conservative morphology than that of the hindlimb structure. In sum, the structure of the palate, the lower jaw, and the sacrum distinguish the morphology of Dicynodontoides from its Permo-Triassic dicynodont counterparts. The dicynodont feeding mechanism, though conservative, is often a variation of a generalized pattern. All members of this infraorder were likely herbivorous, though both
2106-415: The length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand the distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get
2160-481: The motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on
2214-523: The one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on the Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm
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2268-410: The presence of these growth rings in Dicynodontoides at only 47% adult size is significantly earlier than the general pattern. Moderately vascularized fibrolamellar bone and small, narrow vascular canals suggest a relatively decreased intake of oxygen and nutrients compared with other dicynodonts. This is consistent with the slow rate of growth of Dicynodontoides . Recent studies have aimed to clarify
2322-535: The proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and
2376-583: The remarkably disparate emydopoid clade , Dicynodontoides did not survive into the Triassic , and its temporal distribution is restricted to the Late Permian. Dicynodontoides was first described by Owen in 1876 based on a poorly preserved, but fairly complete skull and mandible, and was originally referred to the genus Dicynodon . The specimen was found in Fort Beaufort, South Africa, in
2430-430: The same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because the location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection
2484-664: The same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding the length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text
2538-486: The shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for a region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using
2592-530: The skull is oval in shape with a broad snout, and reaches its widest point posterior of the pineal foramen , which is slightly raised. Its intertemporal bar is narrower than the interorbital bar. Although belonging to the infraorder Dicynodontia, the caniniform tusks may be present or absent in the genus. When present, they are fairly gracile. Post-caniniform keels on the maxilla are present even in specimens lacking tusks. However, pre and post-canine teeth are always absent in this genus. Dicynodontoides features
2646-431: The skull roof in dicynodonts, including Dicynodontoides , is also found in lizards. This light-sensitive organ played a crucial role in increasing the rate of digestion in these herbivores. The pineal foramen would have monitored solar intensity, allowing the correlation of the dicynodont's daily cycle of activity with the cycling availability of solar radiation throughout the day. As Cox points out, this would have enabled
2700-464: The surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of a point on Earth's surface
2754-574: The tongue for the collection of surface vegetation, though other explanations for this feature are equally possible (see below). In most members of Dicynodontia, both the reduced dentition and sharp cutting edge around the anterior end of the lower jaw suggest a scissor-like mode of food collection. After collection, mastication would have occurred via a back-and-forth grinding process. However, Dicynodontoides strays from this general pattern of food processing. Its caniniform blades, though periodically absent in this genus, are likely to have functioned as
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#17327875238322808-507: The typical sprawling gait of most Permian dicynodonts. The hindlimb would have been retracted by a simple rotation of the femoral head, playing a more significant role in the retraction component of the gait than in most other dicynodonts. This feature, though rare in Permian dicynodonts, becomes increasingly more common in the Triassic forms, and Dicynodontoides represents one of many incremental transitions toward upright hindlimb posture in
2862-589: The upper Permian of India" . PeerJ . 12 : e18394. doi : 10.7717/peerj.18394 . ISSN 2167-8359 . PMC 11569782 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundaram_Formation&oldid=1259443554 " Categories : Lopingian geology Geology of India Permian India Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS )
2916-445: The width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!} is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi }
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