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72-497: The plant is owned by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), which manufactures and, henceforth, supplies the nuclear fuel bundles and reactor cores to the nation's commercial nuclear power plant. It has an annual capacity of producing 24 megatonnes (2.4 × 10 kg) of natural uranium oxide fuel as well as zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components. The Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex

144-735: A parliamentary system of government, the Prime minister is generally the leader of a party (or coalition of parties) that has a majority in the National Assembly  —the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan . The prime minister, in common with all other ministers, has to be a member of National Assembly . The principal workplace of the prime minister is the Prime Minister's Office located in northeast Islamabad. The official residence , known as Prime Minister Enclave,

216-598: A semi-presidential system allowing the presidency to keep the interference executive and the judiciary . The general elections in 2008 resulted in the PPP coming to power and supporting the movement to oust Pervez Musharraf. A populist intellectual movement leading to the departure of Pervez Musharraf allowed Asif Zardari to become president. In 2010, the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

288-611: A Muslim country. From 1988 to 1993, the power struggle between the prime minister and presidency continued with the president dismissing the National Assembly on three different occasions. At the 1997 elections , the PML(N) secured a two-thirds majority in the Parliament and drafted the XIII and XIV Amendments to reverse the eighth amendment to the Constitution; this allowed Nawaz Sharif to centralize more executive powers. After

360-474: A chief scientific adviser to the government. The PAEC's corporate team are constitutionally bound to meet not less than four times every year for the execution of development projects involving nuclear power stations and the generation of electric power . Muhammad Naeem is the current chairman of the PAEC, appointed to the office since 2015. The PAEC retains its autonomous corporate management and comes under

432-516: A member of the National Assembly. As well as this, one must: The candidates for the prime minister are members of the National Assembly who were chosen through direct elections by popular vote following campaigning on the party platforms . Usually, the leader of the majority party in the parliament retains the office of prime minister, and forms the government either by coalition or by simple majority . The candidate must retain

504-427: A result of constant intervention by the governor-general. Despite the first set of the Constitution giving central power in 1956, the next six prime ministers were dismissed by the governor-general from 1951 till 1957. The first set of the Constitution had evolved the governor-general into the president of Pakistan whilst declaring the country an " Islamic republic ". In 1958, President Iskandar Mirza dismissed

576-699: A scheme of affairs in which the president of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the "unity of the Republic." The system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the prime minister as " chief executive of the Republic." Subject to the Constitution the Federation shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Federal Government, consisting of

648-471: Is already hoping to become an observer state at CERN. In 2006 PAEC and CERN agreed on expanded cooperation, including contributions by PAEC valued at 5 million Swiss francs. The PAEC, partnered with Pakistan's leading universities, sent a large team of scientists and engineers to CERN to participate in the Large Hadron Collider on 10 September 2008. According to the news sources,

720-521: Is chaired by the person appointed by the Government of Pakistan as the governmental notification is released. The PAEC's corporate management is organized by the Government of Pakistan who awarded contracts to the potential candidates. Its full-time members consist of the appointed Chair; a finance member; and two technical members. Its part-time members are composed of the senior scientists and

792-494: Is held responsible for design preparation and proper operational function of Pakistan's commercial nuclear power plants . The PAEC provides lobbying at the governmental level for the safe usage of nuclear power sources; though the nuclear safety regulations , Protection of the nuclear power facilities is managed by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). Providing policy guidance to

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864-519: Is located near the location of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant . Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) ( Urdu : ماموریہ جوہری توانائی پاکستان , romanized :  māmūrīa jauhrī tawānā'ī pākistān ) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power , promotion of nuclear science , energy conservation and

936-540: Is near the Prime Minister's Office. The prime minister is the chief executive who heads and exercises the authority of the Government of Pakistan . After obtaining a vote of confidence , the prime minister is invited by the president to take the oath of office and form the government. In practice, the prime minister nominates the members of the Cabinet who supervise the important functions and ministries of

1008-608: Is now noted as one of the largest science and technology institution of the country. The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer. Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year where scientists from all over

1080-480: Is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen cabinet , despite the president of Pakistan serving as the nominal head of executive. The prime minister is often the leader of the party or the coalition with a majority in the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan , the National Assembly where he serves as Leader of

1152-546: The Cabinet , and is charged with leading the National Command Authority over Pakistan's nuclear weapons arsenal . This position places its holder in leadership of the nation and in control over all matters, both internal affairs and foreign policy . The prime minister is elected by the members of the National Assembly and is therefore usually the leader of the majority party in the parliament . The Constitution of Pakistan vests executive powers in

1224-530: The Government College University, Lahore where it awards fellowships to the students. The PAEC continues to promotes its program as "peaceful uses of atomic energy commenced for the benefit the scientific community as well as public." About its promotion of education, senior scientist, Ishfaq Ahmad quoted: "the PAEC was responsible to send more than 600 scientists to the abroad. As of present, PAEC maintains its prestigious image, and

1296-717: The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was provided by the Economic Coordination Committee , and Edward Durell Stone was commissioned to oversee the architectural design of PINSTECH. From 1965–71, the PAEC sent 600 scientists abroad for training in nuclear sciences. in 1969, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority , agreed to supply a small scale nuclear reprocessing plant, with the capacity to extract 360 grams of plutonium per year. In 1973,

1368-495: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, along with placement of scientists and engineers from Pakistan to assist in the scientific programme at CERN. With the efforts led by the PAEC, CERN made Pakistan an associate member, on 22 June 2014— the first Asian country and the second Muslim country after Turkey . In 1997 PAEC chairman Ishfaq Ahmad reached out to CERN to sign a contract between them after elaborate discussions an in-kind contribution worth one million Swiss francs for

1440-528: The Panama Papers Case . This also resulted in him being permanently disqualified from membership of the parliament . The prime minister is elected by the National Assembly. The National Assembly meets on the twenty-first day after a general election (at least every five years) unless the president calls for a vote of no confidence. Whichever member of the National assembly is chosen serves as

1512-544: The military junta led by the president had the powers of the prime minister. The office of the prime minister was created on immediate effect after the partition and the establishment of Pakistan in 1947; the prime minister existed alongside the governor-general who was the representative of the British monarchy . The first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan , exercised central executive powers until his assassination in 1951. The powers slowly began to be reduced as

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1584-419: The military leadership as well as ensuring civilian control of the military through chairman joint chiefs , although this does not necessarily happen in tandem . Prime ministerial powers have significantly grown with a delicate system of check and balance by each branch. The position was absent during the years of 1958–1973, 1977–1985, and 1999–2002 due to imposed martial law. In each of these periods,

1656-542: The nuclear fuel cycle infrastructure, and nuclear weapons research in the 1970s. Key research took place at PINSTECH, where scientists worked on weapon designs and eventual nuclear weapons testing . The PAEC expanded the crash program with various laboratories, facilities, and directorates researching on developing and testing materials and components for bomb designs , whilst it engineered plants and funded facilities for production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium. In 1976, possible test sites were decided by

1728-441: The seventh prime minister to impose martial law in a mere two weeks, President Mirza was ousted by army chief General Ayub Khan who had for a brief period held the post of prime minister. In 1962, the second set of the Constitution completely dissolved the office of prime minister as all powers were transferred to the president of Pakistan. Criticism over the presidency after the presidential election held in 1965 over

1800-455: The vote of confidence of the members of the parliament before being invited by the president to form the government . The prime minister can be removed before the expiry of the term through a vote of no confidence in the parliament. If the vote of no confidence is passed by the National Assembly by a simple majority, the prime minister ceases to retain the office. In the past, prime ministers (and their governments) have been dismissed by

1872-449: The war led to the collapse of the presidential system in 1971. As the comprehensive Constitution reinstated in 1973, the post was reestablished with more central powers as the constitution provided a parliamentary system with President of Pakistan as figurehead . Amid agitation instigated by the right-wing alliance invited the military intervention in 1977 which suspended the post. The general elections held in 1985 restored

1944-555: The 1960s, the PAEC has also been a scientific research partner and sponsor of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), where Pakistani scientists have contributed to developing particle accelerators and research on high-energy physics . PAEC scientists regularly visit CERN to join projects led by the European organization. Until 2001, the PAEC was the civilian federal oversight agency that manifested

2016-728: The 1960s. Some theoretical physicists from Pakistan had the opportunity to work at CERN through short visits. During the 1980s, some of the experimental physicists from Pakistan, specialising in the technique of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), also benefited from CERN by exposing the stacks in the beam at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). In 2005, CERN awarded PAEC with the ATLAS Supplier Award in 2005, in connection with manufacturing and fabrication of various equipment for CERN. On 27 June 2011, PAEC and CERN reached an agreement for extending

2088-551: The Government of Pakistan and communicates to the president all decisions of the Cabinet relating to the administration of affairs of state and proposals for legislation. The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Parliament and is required to answer questions from members of parliament to the ministers. The prime minister makes appointments on various important positions, including: Some specific ministries are usually allocated to

2160-621: The Government of Pakistan established a committee of scientists to prepare nuclear energy plans and build an industrial nuclear infrastructure throughout the country. As the Energy Council Act went into full effect, Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in March 1956. Its first chair was Nazir Ahmad – an experimental physicist . Other members of

2232-576: The House . Prime minister holds office by virtue of their ability to command the confidence of the National Assembly . The prime minister is designated as the "chief executive of the Islamic Republic". Pakistan's prime minister leads the executive branch of the federal government , oversees the state economy , leads the National Assembly , heads the Council of Common Interests as well as

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2304-429: The PAEC and construction on the sites was completed in 1979. In 1983, PAEC's efforts reached a milestone when it conducted its first subcritical test on a weapon design; such testing continued until the early 1990s under codename: Kirana-I . Following nuclear tests by India earlier in the month, on 28 May 1998, PAEC led the final preparations and conducted Pakistan's first nuclear tests (Codename: Chagai-I ), which

2376-530: The PAEC announced the discovery of large uranium deposits in Punjab . After India's decisive victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , Pakistan retracted its non-weapon policy and the research and development of nuclear weapons began in 1972. PAEC's senior nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan , was named as PAEC's third chair by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Work began on development of

2448-679: The PAEC established its first nuclear medicine centre for cancer treatment at the Jinnah Medical College of the University of Karachi ; the second Medical Isotope Institute was established at the Mayo Hospital of the King Edward Medical University, Lahore . Physicians and medical researchers were provided with facilities for cancer diagnosis and treatment by the PAEC's funding. In 1960,

2520-686: The PAEC established its regional atomic research centre in Lahore , and a metallurgy centre in Karachi in 1963. Another energy centre was located in Dhaka where many scientists were educated. In 1967, the PAEC founded the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences which became one of the primary technical universities of the country. Many of the PAEC's scientists and engineers served in its faculty. The PAEC supports its university-level physics program at

2592-576: The PAEC included Technical member Salimuzzaman Siddiqui , an organic chemist at the University of Karachi , and Raziuddin Siddiqui , a mathematical physicist at the same university. Together, they both took charge of the research and development directorates of the commission. In 1958, Abdus Salam of the University of the Punjab also joined the commission, along with Munir Ahmad Khan who initially lobbied for acquiring an open pool reactor from

2664-520: The PAEC. PAEC also provided useful services in Pakistan like free religious and science education for more than 2000 poor children, Empowering Pakistani women by giving them basic education especially in suburbs by Hunarga [vocational training centers].PAEC has also established centers of retired employ welfare [CREW] in Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi facilitate problem solving and meetings. PAEC

2736-500: The PPP nomination was Makhdoom Shahbuddin , but he was forced to withdraw after the ANF issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him. Raja Pervaiz Ashraf became the prime minister and remained in office until 2013. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) almost achieve a supermajority. Following this, Nawaz Sharif was elected as prime minister, returning to the post for

2808-525: The Prime Minister and the Federal Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister, who shall be the chief executive of the Federation." The prime minister is also the chairman of the Council of Common Interests as set by: 1 There shall be a Council of Common Interests, in this Chapter referred to as the Council, to be appointed by the President (2) The Council shall consist of- (a)

2880-619: The Prime Minister who shall be the Chairman of the Council; (b) the Chief Ministers of the Provinces; (c) three members from the Federal Government to be nominated by the Prime Minister from time to time. As in most of the parliamentary democracies , a head of state 's duties are mostly ceremonial. The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. With Pakistan following

2952-698: The United States. In 1958, PAEC Chairman Nazir Ahmad proposed to the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation the building of a heavy water production facility with the capacity to produce 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan , but this proposal was not acted on. In 1960, I. H. Usmani was elevated as PAEC's second chair with the transfer of Nazir Ahmad at the Federal Bureau of Statistics . The Multan Heavy Water Production Facility reactor

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3024-592: The area of radioprotection. In 2000, CERN signed another agreement which doubled the Pakistani contribution from one to two million Swiss francs. And with this new agreement Pakistan started construction of the resistive plate chambers required for the CMS muon system. While more recently, a protocol has been signed enhancing Pakistan's total contribution to the LHC programme to $ 10 million. Pakistan with all these efforts

3096-543: The centralizing of powers. After the general elections held in 1970, the office was established with Nurul Amin becoming the prime minister who was also the vice-president . Negotiations that fall apart between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Mujibur Rehman , and Yahya Khan that prompted to liberation movement in the East Pakistan . With India intervening in East Pakistan and Pakistan conceding defeat to end

3168-593: The construction of eight magnet supports for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. For the CMS, the PAEC built magnetic feet and installed 320 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), as well as contributing to CMS computing. Several other mechanical components for ATLAS and for the LHC were also built by the PAEC. It was PAEC's efforts that led the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) with CERN's direct cooperation in

3240-600: The control of atomic radiation , development of nuclear weapons , and their testing . These functions were eventually taken over by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA), and the National Command Authority under the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Following the partition of the British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated state. The turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced

3312-475: The draw down of civil-military relations in 1999, Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf staged a coup d'état against the PML(N)'s government and held nationwide elections in 2002 . With no party gaining a majority, a coalition was formed with the PML(Q)  – a breakaway of the PML(N) and a pro-Musharraf party – leading with MQM . After some political wrangling, Zafarullah Jamali became

3384-604: The election may be called earlier. On 3rd March 2024, Shehbaz Sharif was re-elected for the second time as the country's 24th Prime Minister. He won by majority in the National Assembly of Pakistan against Omar Ayub Khan in a disputed elections. Azad Kashmir government Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Constitution of Pakistan Territorial election commission Elections Provincial elections Territorial elections Political parties Provinces Autonomous region Customs Regional topics The Constitution envisages

3456-405: The first Prime Minister of Pakistan to be legitimately removed from office, through a motion of no confidence. On 11th April 2022, Shehbaz Sharif was elected as the country's 23rd Prime Minister. He won by majority 174 votes in the National Assembly of Pakistan. Sharif will serve a term, at most of almost one year to fulfill Imran Khan's term until the 2023 Pakistani General Election , though

3528-465: The government, PAEC's studies envision setting up power plants with a capacity of approximately 8800 Megawatts by 2030. Under this policy, the KANUPP power plants and CHASHNUPP power plants are expanding and under construction as of 2013. Pakistan has a long history of participating in experiments and research undertakings with CERN , and has a long tradition of physicists who are working around

3600-604: The office due to contempt of court after retroactively disqualifying the membership of the parliament permanently. On 28 July 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified the prime minister Nawaz Sharif from retaining the office due to his failure in fulfilling the eligibility requirements as enshrined in Articles 62 of the Constitution. This was in the aftermath of the Supreme Court hearing regarding

3672-438: The peaceful use of nuclear technology . Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has overseen the extensive development of nuclear infrastructure to support the economical uplift of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on food irradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The PAEC organizes conferences and directs research at the country's leading universities. Since

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3744-500: The post, with Muhammad Junejo becoming the prime minister. Later that year, the National Assembly passed the controversial eighth amendment to the Constitution, giving the president the power to dismiss the prime minister and the National Assembly without prior consultation. The general elections in 1988 resulted in the Pakistan Peoples Party 's Benazir Bhutto becoming the first woman prime minister elected in

3816-584: The president exercising the VIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (1985), but this was repealed by the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010). The prime minister has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during the term of his office. In 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has ceased at least one prime minister from retaining

3888-462: The prime minister until the next election or until he fails to maintain the confidence of the National Assembly. 91. The Cabinet: (1) There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, with the Prime Minister at its head, to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions. (2) The National Assembly shall meet on the twenty-first day following the day on which a general election to the Assembly

3960-488: The prime minister, and passed the XVII amendment which partially restored the power of the president to dissolve the National Assembly, but made the dissolution subject to the Supreme Court of Pakistan 's approval. Over the authority issues, Prime Minister Jamali resigned in 2004 and Shaukat Aziz was eventually appointed as prime minister, securing 151 out of 191 votes in the National Assembly. The XVII amendment featured

4032-412: The prime minister, who is responsible for appointing the Cabinet as well as running the executive branch, taking and authorizing executive decisions, appointments, and recommendations that require prime ministerial confirmation. Constitutionally, the prime minister serves as the chief adviser to the president of Pakistan on critical matters; and plays an influential role in appointment in each branch of

4104-473: The prime minister: The prime minister is vested with command authority over the Pakistani nuclear arsenal and represents the country in various delegations, high-level meetings, and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses the nation on various issues of national importance. The Constitution of Pakistan requires that the prime minister be

4176-495: The scientific development of Pakistan. The establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) in 1951 began Pakistan's research on physical sciences. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced the Atoms for Peace program, of which Pakistan became its earliest partner. Research at PAEC initially followed a strict non-weapon policy issued by then- Foreign Minister Sir Zafarullah Khan . In 1955,

4248-746: The structure of the National Command Authority . The amendments carried out in 2010, the National Command Authority is now placed again under the Prime Minister of Pakistan . The Chairman directly reports to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for its policy making and confirmation issues. Since 1990, the PAEC has spun off multiple organization, some being partial subsidiaries or where PAEC had minority interests in past. Prime Minister of Pakistan The prime minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزِیرِ اعظم پاکستان , romanized : Wazīr ē Aʿẓam lit.   ' Grand Vizier ' , Urdu pronunciation: [ʋəˈziːr-ˌeː ˈɑː.zəm] )

4320-576: The team of Pakistani scientists were keenly involved in the development of the Large Hadron Collider— the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator . The data of the experiment was available for the Pakistani scientists who would examine the data and results would be accumulated afterwards by them. On June 26, 2021, 4 scientists of the PAEC were awarded the Team Achievement Award and another scientist

4392-436: The technical cooperation with CERN's upcoming programmes. CERN's Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer personally paid a visit to Pakistan where he spoke of the importance of science in Pakistan , and the importance of Germany's strategic alliance with Pakistan. The agreement was signed in order to extend an earlier agreement, which came into operation in 2003 between CERN and Pakistan for the supply of manufactured equipment for

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4464-656: The technology of nuclear fuel cycle was completely transferred to Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex. The Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex has an annual capacity of producing the 24 megatonnes (2.4 × 10 kg) of natural uranium oxide fuel, which has allowed the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) to run the grid operations of the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) without the Canadian assistance at its full capacity. The Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex manufactures 1500 Beryllium, Zirconium, and other metal oxide nuclear fuel bundles for Karachi Nuclear Power Plant as well as manufacturing

4536-406: The third time after a fourteen-year absence, in a democratic transition. In July 2017, Nawaz Sharif was disqualified as prime minister, not on the corruption charges linked to Panama papers leak that he was questioned for in extension due to his sons, but for failing to declare as in his nomination papers, salary from a company owned by his son. His lawyer insisted that though the ousted prime minister

4608-427: The world are delegated to the country. The Summer College disseminates the knowledge of advancements in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, mathematics, computer science, logic, and philosophy. As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security interests, the PAEC's important projects were also initiated in this area. Many notable scientists with international prestige have worked and affiliated with

4680-458: The world. Since the 1960s, Pakistan has been contributing and regularly participating in CERN's projects, theoretical and nuclear experiments. A prime example would be Abdus Salam ; Salam was the first man to be accredited with all the collaboration with CERN which when he convinced them to give Pakistan stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed for further study of pions , kaons and antiprotons in

4752-453: The zirconium alloy cladding and reactor core components. According to the Pakistani government statistics, the indigenous nuclear fuel had saved Pakistan US$ 40 million years, with one PAEC mineralogist noting that: "Pakistan produced the first ton of [purified] uranium oxide and metal before it produced the first ton of copper or any other mineral using the local ore and indigenously developed technologies. The Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex

4824-544: Was designated chairman of the company, he had never drawn any salary from the company, however, the judges consulting Black's Law Dictionary chose to disqualify Nawaz Sharif for not paying taxes on an asset he never held but could have. On 18 August 2018, Imran Khan was sworn in as the country's 22nd prime minister. On 10 April 2022, a constitutional crisis culminated in Khan losing a motion of no confidence with 174 votes cast against him, ending his premiership and making him

4896-577: Was awarded the Young Scientist Award for work in plant mutation breeding and related technologies. These awards were bestowed in recognition of Pakistan's advancements in the application of nuclear technology for achieving the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals . The awards were jointly awarded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization . The PAEC

4968-437: Was built in 1962, financed by local fertilizer companies. In 1964, PAEC established its first research institute, the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), at Nilore , and began negotiation for Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Karachi . In 1965, the PAEC reached an agreement with Canadian General Electric to build a CANDU reactor in Karachi. Financial investment for

5040-533: Was established by the scientists and engineers working at the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (Pinstech) in 1978 . Its establishment came after the Pakistani scientists discovered the heavy amounts of zirconium in the sandy beaches of Balochistan ; the facility was established in Kundian in Mianwali District, Punjab, to separate other elements to procure the pure form of zirconium. The nuclear reprocessing and experimental metallurgy of zirconium took place under Pinstech lab in its year early before

5112-460: Was followed by Chagai-II in Kharan Desert on 30 May 1998. In 2001, the PAEC's research was focused back onto civilian and peaceful research with the establishment of the National Command Authority and the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority . Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has provided a conspicuous example of the benefits of atomic age technologies for the advancement of agriculture, engineering, biology, and medicine. In 1960,

5184-537: Was passed to reverse the XVII amendment; it returned the country to being a parliamentary democratic republic . The XVIII Amendment removed all powers of the presidency to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally and sweep away the powers amassed by the former presidents Pervez Musharraf and Zia-ul-Haq to maintain a delicate check and balance . Following a contempt of court case, the Supreme Court permanently disqualified Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani . Originally,

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