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55-687: Kunstlump refers to a debate in Germany in 1920 which arose after Oscar Kokoschka complained that violent confrontation which arose during the Kapp Putsch had damaged a painting in the Semper Gallery located in the Zwinger . He argued that the value a painting by Peter Paul Rubens was of greater importance than the lives of people killed in the confrontation and suggested that field of combat should be relocated to heathland. This elicited

110-473: A culinary culture with Switzerland and Austria. Pork, beef, and poultry are the main varieties of meat consumed in Germany; pork is the most popular. Throughout all regions, meat is often eaten in sausage form. More than 1,500 different types of sausage are produced in Germany. Organic food has gained a market share of almost 6%, and this is predicted to increase further. ECRML The preparation for

165-472: A number of modern western universities. In the 21st century Germany has been an important country for the development of contemporary analytic philosophy in continental Europe, along with France, Austria, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries. In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world, including Bach , Mozart and Beethoven , who marked

220-531: A printed newspaper every day, while around 14.6 million make use of newspapers’ digital offerings. Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles , important precursors of Romanesque . The region has also produced significant works in styles such as the Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque . The nation was particularly important in the early modern movement through

275-509: A range of digital-only channels. Reality TV is the most popular programming in Germany and a key part in modern German culture. Germany is home to some of the world's largest media conglomerates, including Bertelsmann , the Axel Springer AG and ProSiebenSat.1 Media . The German-speaking book publishers produce about 700,000,000 copies of books every year, with about 80,000 titles, nearly 60,000 of them new publications. Germany

330-687: A religious affiliation). The north and east are predominantly Protestant, the south and west predominantly Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the former East German states. Germany was, at one point, almost in its entirety within the Roman Catholic Holy Roman Empire , but was also the source of Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther . During the Kulturkampf (from about 1872 to 1886)

385-537: A revenue of 28 billion Euro. Almost 44 percent of the products are exported. The textile branch thus is the second largest producer of consumer goods after food production in the country. Berlin is the center of young and creative fashion in Germany, prominently displayed at Berlin Fashion Week (twice a year). It also hosts Europe's largest fashion trade fair called Bread & Butter . Munich, Hamburg and Düsseldorf are also important design and production hubs of

440-509: A series of reforms, the most recent in 1996 . German dialects are distinguished from varieties of standard German . German dialects are traditional local varieties and can be traced back to the different German tribes. Many of them are not easily understandable to a speaker of standard German, since they often differ in lexicon , phonology , and syntax . Around the world, German has approximately 100 million native speakers and also about 80 million non-native speakers. German

495-632: A sharp response from George Grosz and John Heartfield . Kokoschka's original appeal had appeared in over forty newspapers following the events of 15 March 1920 in Postplatz , Dresden. In clashes between striking workers and soldiers involved in the Kapp Putsch, 59 people died with 150 wounded. However one bullet entered the gallery and damaged Bathsheba at the Fountain , which Rubens had painted in 1635. Kokoschka had been appointed professor at

550-576: A smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch ). German is written using the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with Umlaut , namely ä, ö, and ü, as well as the Eszett or scharfes S ( sharp s ) which is written "ß" (not used in Switzerland and Liechtenstein , where it is written ss instead). German orthography has gone through

605-415: Is a large aspect of the culture. This large community draws in people from all around the world. There are around 500 galleries in Germany that caters to this modern form of art. Art Cologne is a popular fair that displays contemporary art. Christianity was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD and became fully Christianized by the time of Charlemagne in the eighth and ninth century. After

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660-697: Is a prominent example of the city symphony genre. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics to film. During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Herzog , Wim Wenders , and Rainer Werner Fassbinder put West German cinema back on the international stage with their often provocative films. More recently, films such as Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004), Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004), and Der Baader Meinhof Komplex (2008) have enjoyed international success. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to

715-477: Is also very well known for its many renowned opera houses , such as Semperoper , Komische Oper Berlin and Munich State Theatre . Richard Wagner established the Bayreuth Festspielhaus . One of the most famous composers of the international film business is Hans Zimmer . The year 2020 was designated “Beethoven Year” to mark 250 years since the composer was born. German cinema dates back to

770-784: Is defined as the first official language of the state. The United Kingdom has ratified the Charter in respect to (among other languages) Welsh in Wales , Scots and Gaelic in Scotland, and Irish in Northern Ireland . France , although a signatory, has been constitutionally blocked from ratifying the Charter in respect to the languages of France . The charter provides many actions state parties can take to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages. There are two levels of protection—all signatories must apply

825-634: Is in third place on international statistics after the English-speaking book market and the People's Republic of China. The Frankfurt Book Fair is considered to be the most important book fair in the world for international deals and trading and has a tradition that spans over 500 years. Many of Europe's best-selling newspapers and magazines are produced in Germany. The papers with the highest circulation are Die Zeit , Süddeutsche Zeitung , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt ,

880-619: Is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission , along with English and French. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish , Sorbian , North Frisian and Saterland Frisian , with Low German being a regional language. They are officially protected by the ECRML . The most used immigrant languages are Turkish , Kurdish , Polish ,

935-591: Is one of the world's foremost film festivals. An international jury places emphasis on representing films from all over the world and awards the winners with the Golden and Silver Bears. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every second year in the city of Berlin, where the European Film Academy (EFA) is located. The Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam are the oldest large-scale film studios in

990-492: Is referred to as the birth of modern Science Fiction movies. Founded in 1912, the Babelsberg Film Studio is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. In 1930, Josef von Sternberg directed The Blue Angel , which was the first major German sound film and it brought world fame to actress Marlene Dietrich . Impressionist documentary Berlin: Symphony of a Great City , directed by Walter Ruttmann ,

1045-504: Is the German techno and minimal scene (e.g. Ricardo Villalobos , Paul Kalkbrenner and Sven Väth ). Germany hosts many large rock music festivals every year. The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany, and among the largest in the world. German artists also make up a large percentage of industrial and Neue Deutsche Härte acts. Germany hosts some of the largest goth or dark culture scenes and festivals in

1100-580: Is the largest music market in Europe, and third largest in the world. It has exerted a strong influence on rock and heavy metal music . Artists such as Herbert Grönemeyer , Scorpions , Blind Guardian , Rammstein , Nena , Unheilig , Xavier Naidoo , Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musicians have contributed heavily to developments in electronic music , in synth-pop , electronic body music , trance and hardcore . Krautrock band Kraftwerk are considered to be

1155-575: Is the main language of about 90 million people (18%) in the EU. 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language, 27% in at least two languages other than their first. In the German diaspora , aspects of German culture are passed on to younger generations through naming customs and through the use of spoken and written German. The Goethe Institute seeks to spread

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1210-584: The Thidrekssaga . The fairy tales collections collected and published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century became famous throughout the world. Theologian Luther , who translated the Bible into German, is widely credited for having set the basis for the modern "High German" language. Among the most admired German philosophers and authors are Lessing , Goethe , Schiller , Kleist , Hoffmann , Brecht , Heine and Schmidt . Nine Germans have won

1265-723: The Balkan languages , and Russian . Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Dutch, and the Frisian languages . To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages . Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with

1320-657: The Deutscher Werkbund and the Bauhaus movement identified with Walter Gropius . The Nazis closed these movements and favoured a type of neo-classicism . Since World War II post-modern structures have been built. Since the reunification of Germany the trend has continued. German art has a long and distinguished tradition in the visual arts , from the earliest known work of figurative art to its current output of contemporary art . Important German Renaissance painters include Albrecht Altdorfer , Lucas Cranach

1375-686: The Dresden Academy of Fine Arts in 1919. Georg Grosz, who had been a student at the Dresden Academy 1909 to 1911 and John Heartfeld published a text, "Der Kunstlump", in Der Gegner . German culture The culture of Germany has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. German culture originated with the Germanic tribes , the earliest evidence of Germanic culture dates to

1430-732: The Jastorf culture in Northern Germany and Denmark . Contact with Germanic tribes were described by various Greco-Roman authors. The first extensive writing done on Germanic culture can be seen during the Roman Imperial Period with Germania by Tacitus . Germany has been the center for various important phenomena such as the Migration Period , the Carolingian Empire , Holy Roman Empire ,

1485-784: The Medieval renaissances , Scholasticism , the Hanseatic League , the German Renaissance , the Printing Revolution , Protestant reformation , Prussia , Romanticism , Kaiserreich , Weimar and National Socialism . There are a number of public holidays in Germany . The country is particularly known for its Oktoberfest celebrations in Munich , its carnival culture and globally influential Christmas customs known as Weihnachten . 3 October has been

1540-530: The Nobel Prize in literature : Theodor Mommsen , Paul von Heyse , Gerhart Hauptmann , Thomas Mann , Nelly Sachs , Hermann Hesse , Heinrich Böll , Günter Grass , and Herta Müller . The rise of the modern natural sciences and the related decline of religion raised a series of questions, which recur throughout German philosophy, concerning the relationships between knowledge and faith, reason and emotion, and scientific, ethical, and artistic ways of seeing

1595-527: The Reformation started by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, many people left the Catholic Church and became Protestant , mainly Lutheran and Calvinist . 59.4% of the German population belongs to Christian denominations: 30% are Roman Catholic , and 29% are affiliated with Protestantism (the figures are known accurately because Germany imposes a church tax on those who disclose

1650-523: The Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg is one of the oldest universities in Europe. German designers were leaders of modern product design , with the Bauhaus designers like Mies van der Rohe , and Dieter Rams of Braun being essential. Germany is a leading country in the fashion industry . The German textile industry consisted of about 1,300 companies with more than 130,000 employees in 2010, which generated

1705-598: The national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the German Unity Day ( Tag der Deutschen Einheit ). The UNESCO inscribed 52 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List . A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognized for having the most positive influence in the world in 2011, 2013, and 2014. German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. It

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1760-556: The Charter's notion of linguistic minority. Languages that are official within regions, provinces or federal units within a State (for example Catalan in Spain ) are not classified as official languages of the State and may therefore benefit from the Charter. On the other hand, Ireland has been unable to sign the Charter on behalf of the Irish language (although a minority language) as it

1815-541: The Elder , Matthias Grünewald , Hans Holbein the Younger and the well-known Albrecht Dürer . The most important Baroque artists from Germany are Cosmas Damian Asam . Further artists are the painter Anselm Kiefer , romantic Caspar David Friedrich , the surrealist Max Ernst , the conceptualist Joseph Beuys , or Wolf Vostell or the neo-expressionist Georg Baselitz . Within modern day society, contemporary art

1870-555: The German fashion industry, among smaller towns. Renowned fashion designers from Germany include Karl Lagerfeld , Jil Sander , Wolfgang Joop , Philipp Plein and Michael Michalsky . Important brands include Hugo Boss , Escada and Triumph , as well as special outfitters like Adidas , PUMA and Jack Wolfskin . The German supermodels Claudia Schiffer , Heidi Klum , Tatjana Patitz and Nadja Auermann came to global fame. German cuisine varies from region to region. The southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia, for instance, share

1925-644: The German production Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nowhere in Africa in 2002, and to Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) in 2007. Among the most famous German actors are Marlene Dietrich, Klaus Kinski , Hanna Schygulla , Armin Mueller-Stahl , Jürgen Prochnow , Thomas Kretschmann , Til Schweiger and Daniel Brühl . The Berlin Film Festival , held annually since 1951,

1980-490: The State Parties (thus excluding languages used by recent immigrants from other states, see immigrant languages ), which significantly differ from the majority or official language (thus excluding what the state party wishes to consider as mere local dialects of the official or majority language) and that either have a territorial basis (and are therefore traditionally spoken by populations of regions or areas within

2035-453: The State) or are used by linguistic minorities within the State as a whole (thereby including such languages as Yiddish , Romani and Lemko , which are used over a wide geographic area). Some states, such as Ukraine and Sweden, have tied the status of minority language to the recognized national minorities, which are defined by ethnic, cultural and/or religious criteria, thereby circumventing

2090-485: The beginnings of space travel. The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics , which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz , Joseph von Fraunhofer , and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit , among others. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays , an accomplishment that earned him

2145-616: The charter was undertaken by the predecessor to the current Congress of Local and Regional Authorities , the Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe because involvement of local and regional government was essential. The actual charter was written in the Parliamentary Assembly based on the Congress' Recommendations. It only applies to languages traditionally used by the nationals of

2200-583: The charter, for example, in the United Kingdom , the Welsh language is ratified under the general Part II principles as well as the more specific Part III commitments, while the Cornish language is ratified only under Part II. Part II of the Charter details eight main principles and objectives upon which States must base their policies and legislation. They are seen as a framework for the preservation of

2255-401: The entire world, with events like Wave-Gotik-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival attracting up to 30,000 people. In addition, the country hosts Wacken Open Air , the biggest heavy metal open air festival in the world. Since about 1970, Germany has once again had a thriving popular culture, now increasingly led by its reinstated capital Berlin , and a self-confident music and art scene. Germany

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2310-611: The first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for "laudable and distinguished Germans" features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg , in Bavaria . Germany is home to some of the finest academic centers in Europe. Some famous universities are those of Munich and Berlin, University of Tübingen , University of Göttingen , University of Marburg , University of Berlin , Mining Academy Freiberg and Freiburg University , among many others. Moreover,

2365-700: The government opposed the Catholic church. Historically, Germany had a substantial Jewish population . Only a few thousand people of Jewish origin remained in Germany after the Holocaust , but the German Jewish community now has about 100,000 members, many from the former Soviet Union . Germany also has a substantial Muslim population, most of whom are descendants of Turkish workers from Turkey . German theologians include Luther , Melanchthon , Schleiermacher , Feuerbach , and Rudolf Otto . Germany

2420-458: The knowledge of German culture worldwide. A total of 15.5 million people are currently learning German as a second language. German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages , with the most notable authors of the period being Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach . The Nibelungenlied , whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch, as is

2475-437: The languages concerned. Part III details comprehensive rules, across a number of sectors, by which states agree to abide. Each language to which Part III of the Charter is applied must be named specifically by the government. States must select at least thirty-five of the undertakings in respect to each language. Many provisions contain several options, of varying degrees of stringency, one of which has to be chosen "according to

2530-445: The largest magazines include Der Spiegel , Stern and Focus . The Bild is a tabloid and has the largest circulation of all German papers. However, the publishing industry is in flux – amongst other things because meanwhile almost 800,000 newspaper copies sold daily are distributed digitally and the number of digital subscriptions is continually rising. Nevertheless, a total of around 38 million people in Germany still read

2585-461: The lower level of protection to qualifying languages. Signatories may further declare that a qualifying language or languages will benefit from the higher level of protection, which lists a range of actions from which states must agree to undertake at least 35. Countries can ratify the charter in respect of its minority languages based on Part II or Part III of the charter, which contain varying principles. Countries can treat languages differently under

2640-556: The pioneers of synth-pop , electro , techno , and house music . Tangerine Dream 's " Love on a Real Train " was a major influence on the development of synthwave . German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle ( Nena , Alphaville ), Ostrock ( City , Keimzeit ), metal / rock , punk ( Nina Hagen , Böhse Onkelz , Die Ärzte , Die Toten Hosen ), pop rock ( Beatsteaks ), indie ( Tocotronic , Blumfeld ) and hip hop ( Die Fantastischen Vier , Deichkind ). A global trendsetter

2695-445: The second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology , most notably Adorno , Elias , Habermas , Horkheimer , Luhmann , Marcuse , Simmel , Tönnies , and Weber . The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for

2750-998: The situation of each language". The areas from which these specific undertakings must be chosen are as follows: ratification: 25 January 2002 ratification: 28 June 2001 ratification: 21 September 2010 ratification: 5 November 1997 ratification: 26 August 2002 ratification: 15 November 2006 ratification: 8 September 2000 ratification: 9 November 1994 ratification: 16 September 1998 ratification: 26 April 1995 ratification: 18 November 1997 ratification: 22 June 2005 ratification: 15 February 2006 ratification: 2 May 1996 ratification: 10 November 1993 ratification: 12 February 2009 ratification 29 January 2008 ratification: 15 February 2006 ratification: 5 September 2001 ratification: 4 October 2000 ratification: 9 April 2001 ratification: 9 February 2000 ratification: 23 December 1997 ratification: 19 September 2005 Ukraine does not specify languages by name, but rather ratifies on behalf of "the languages of

2805-677: The transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Also, Germans developed many Lutheran chorales and hymns . Other composers of the Austro -German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms , Wagner , Haydn , Johann Pachelbel , Schubert , Händel , Schumann , Mendelssohn Bartholdy , Johann Strauss II , Bruckner , Mahler , Telemann , Richard Strauss , Schoenberg , Orff , and most recently, Henze , Lachenmann , and Stockhausen . Germany

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2860-528: The very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky . It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau . Austrian-based director Fritz Lang , who became a German citizen in 1926 and whose career flourished in the pre-war German film industry, is said to have been a major influence on Hollywood cinema. His silent movie Metropolis (1927)

2915-506: The world and a centre for international film production. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with 34,000,000 TV households. The many regional and national public broadcasters are organised in line with the federal political structure. Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, and viewers can choose from a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels. Pay-TV services have not become popular or successful while public TV broadcasters ZDF and ARD offer

2970-480: The world. German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages ( Albertus Magnus ). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy . Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel . Marx and Engels developed communist theory in

3025-668: Was also the origin of many mystics , including Meister Eckhart , Rudolf Steiner , and Jakob Boehme ; and of Pope Benedict XVI . Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers , such as Johannes Gutenberg , who is credited with the invention of movable type printing in Europe; Hans Geiger , the creator of the Geiger counter ; and Konrad Zuse , who built the first computer. German inventors, engineers and industrialists such as Zeppelin , Daimler , Diesel , Otto , Wankel , von Braun and Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology including

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