64-533: 51°32′53″N 0°14′10″W / 51.548°N 0.236°W / 51.548; -0.236 The Kuo Yuan was a Chinese restaurant on Willesden High Road, Willesden , London , England, which played an important part in the history of Chinese cuisine in the UK . In particular, it was the first restaurant in the UK to serve Pekinese dishes, including Peking Duck . Peking Duck is now served at most Chinese restaurants in
128-652: A central statement of belief of the Lollards, the Twelve Conclusions reveal certain basic Lollard ideas. Later, an expanded version the "Thirty Seven Conclusions" or "Remonstrances" was submitted in the late 1390s; the author is not known. Lollardy was a religion of vernacular scripture . Lollards opposed many practices of the Catholic church. Anne Hudson has written that a form of sola scriptura underpinned Wycliffe's beliefs, but distinguished it from
192-582: A different oath, which would have actually freed him; his denial of having taken that oath was taken as a re-canting by the bishop, preventing his attempted appeal to the Pope, so he was excommunicated, defrocked, imprisoned and eventually executed. Lollard teachings on the Eucharist are attested to in numerous primary source documents. It is the fourth of the Twelve Conclusions and the first of
256-638: A form of idolatry. Oaths, fasting and prayers for the dead were thought to have no scriptural basis . They had a poor opinion of the trappings of the Catholic Church, including holy water, bells, organs, and church buildings. They rejected the value of papal pardons . One group of Lollards petitioned Parliament with the Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards by posting them on the doors of Westminster Hall in February 1395. While by no means
320-684: A period of decline during the 1970s and 1980s as much of the housing was inadequate due to overcrowding as industry was mixed with housing. The whole of central Willesden (bar the area by the Willesden Green station) was earmarked for redevelopment; however, this did not come to fruition. In the late 1980s, traders were given money to revamp the High Street to prevent shops closing. The area surrounding Willesden Green station has become more middle-class and gentrified with marked property price rises in 2014 and 2015. The Willesden Green ward
384-448: A priest named Richard Wyche was accused of false doctrine that corrupted the faith of Northumbrians, and left a letter detailing his version of the inquisitional proceedings, where a succession of theologians and others attempted to convince him of the Catholic position or to find some compromise wording that involved him not denying transubstantiation. When asked about transubstantiation during his questioning, he repeated only his belief in
448-440: A servant girl found bacon in a pot of oatmeal on the first Saturday of Lent . Non-observance of dietary restrictions was used as evidence of heresy in another Norfolk case against Thomas Mone, where it was alleged that a piglet was eaten for Easter dinner when eating meat was forbidden. Special vows were considered to be in conflict with the divine order established by Christ and were regarded as anathema . Lollards had
512-712: A tendency toward iconoclasm . Some Lollards believed work was permissible on Sundays. Sixteenth-century martyrologist John Foxe reduced the main beliefs of Lollardy to four, to an extent eliding the Wycliffite doctrine of dominium : Although Lollardy was denounced as a heresy by the Catholic Church, initially Wycliffe and the Lollards were sheltered by politically-influential nobleman John of Gaunt and other anti-clerical nobility, who may have wanted to use Lollard-advocated clerical reform to acquire new sources of revenue from England's monasteries. The University of Oxford also protected Wycliffe and similar academics on
576-440: Is Portuguese. 2,621 of the tenure households were privately rented; 1,625 were socially rented; 1,540 were owned. Roundwood Park is on the south-western side while Gladstone Park is nearby to the north of Willesden. It lies about 130 feet (40 m) to 200 feet (60 m) above sea level. Several rail and London Underground lines pass through Willesden, calling at local stations including: The Jubilee line connects
640-765: Is also strongly associated with Afro-Caribbeans and Latin Americans . Willesden is mostly in the NW10 postcode district, but part of it is in the NW2 postcode district. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon Willesdune , meaning the Hill of the Spring, and a Manor (landholding) bearing this name was recorded in 939 AD. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the manor as Wellesdone . However, on 19th century maps of
704-681: Is an area of north-west London , situated 5 miles (8 km) north-west of Charing Cross . It is historically a parish in the county of Middlesex that was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Willesden in 1933; it has formed part of the London Borough of Brent in Greater London since 1965. Dollis Hill is also sometimes referred to as being part of Willesden. With its close proximity to affluent neighbourhoods Brondesbury Park , Queen's Park and Kensal Rise ,
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#1732791144817768-592: Is generally accepted to be a more neutral term covering those of similar opinions, but having an academic background. The term is said to have been coined by the Anglo-Irish cleric Henry Crumpe , but its origin is uncertain. The earliest official use of the name in England occurs in 1387 in a mandate of the Bishop of Worcester against five "poor preachers", nomine seu ritu Lollardorum confoederatos . According to
832-832: Is planned to extend eastbound into West Hampstead towards Regent's Park . A direct, traffic-free cycle route runs to the south of Willesden along the Grand Union Canal towpath . Cyclists share the route with pedestrians, but the towpath provides cyclists with an unbroken, traffic-free connection to Paddington . From Paddington, cyclists can access further Central London destinations using traffic-free Cycle Superhighway 3 . Well I tried to settle down Fulham Broadway And I tried to make my home in Golders Green But I gotta get that train And go back home again Oh how I miss
896-645: Is represented on Brent Council by three Labour councillors , Janice Long, Saqlain Choudry, and Tom Miller. Willesden forms part of the Brent Central parliamentary constituency and is home to the local Labour Party MP Dawn Butler . According to the 2011 census, the Willesden Green ward had a population of 15,587. Ethnically, 22% of the population was Other White, followed by 20% White British, 8.2% Other Asian, 8.1% Black African and 7.1% Black Caribbean. 52.7% were BAME . The most spoken foreign language
960-689: Is the 'Lollards Pit' in Thorpe Wood, now Thorpe Hamlet , Norwich, Norfolk, " where men are customablie burnt ", including Thomas Bilney . Despite the debate about the extent of Lollard influence there are ample records of the persecution of Lollards from this period. In the Diocese of London , there are records of about 310 Lollards being prosecuted or forced to abjure from 1510 to 1532. In Lincoln diocese, 45 cases against Lollardy were heard in 1506–1507. In 1521, there were 50 abjurations and 5 burnings of Lollards. In 1511, Archbishop Warham presided over
1024-632: Is usually named as the translator of most of the Old Testament of the Wycliffean Middle English Bible . Lollards first faced serious persecution after the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. While Wycliffe and other Lollards opposed the revolt, one of the peasants' leaders, John Ball , preached Lollardy. Prior to 1382, Wycliffite beliefs were tolerated in government as they endorsed in royal superiority to bishops. However,
1088-601: The Oxford English Dictionary , it most likely derives from Middle Dutch lollaerd ("mumbler, mutterer"), from a verb lollen ("to mutter, mumble"). The word is much older than its English use; there were Lollards in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 14th century who were akin to the Fraticelli , Beghards , and other sectaries similar to the recusant Franciscans . Originally
1152-711: The Sixteen Points on which the Bishops accuse Lollards . It is discussed in The Testimony of William Thorpe , the Apology for Lollard Doctrines , Jack Upland , and Opus Arduum . The Lollards did not believe that the church practices of baptism and confession were necessary for salvation . Believing in a universal priesthood , the Lollards challenged the Church's authority to invest or to deny
1216-539: The Crown of Castile . Paul Strohm has asked: "Was the Lollard a genuine threat or a political pawn, agent of destabilising challenge, or a hapless threat of self-legitimizing Lancastrian discourse?" A group of gentry active during the reign of Richard II (1377–99) were known as "Lollard Knights" either during or after their lives due to their acceptance of Wycliffe's claims. Henry Knighton , in his Chronicle, identifies
1280-493: The "foster-child" of the Wycliffite heresy. Scholars debate whether Protestants actually drew influence from Lollardy, or whether they referred to it to create a sense of tradition. Other martyrs for the Lollard cause were executed during the next century, including the Amersham Martyrs in the early 1500s and Thomas Harding in 1532, one of the last Lollards to be persecuted. A gruesome reminder of this persecution
1344-615: The 1920s in neighbouring areas such as Harrow . The Metropolitan line service was withdrawn in 1940, when the station was served by the Bakerloo line, and later the Jubilee line . The First World War caused Willesden to change from a predominantly middle class suburb to a working class part of London. After the war, Willesden grew rapidly as many factories opened up with numerous flats and terraced houses. The local council encouraged building to prevent large unemployment and decline. To
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#17327911448171408-508: The Bakerloo line, southbound services also pass through Central London, with trains to Paddington , Marylebone , Baker Street, Oxford Circus , Waterloo and Elephant & Castle . Metropolitan line trains pass through Willesden Green and Dollis Hill , but do not stop. This has not always been the case: Willesden Green station was opened by the Metropolitan Railway in 1879, and the area owes much of its development to
1472-543: The Church of St Mary. One of these statues is thought to have been a Black Madonna , venerated as Our Lady of Willesden , which was insulted by the Lollards , taken to Thomas Cromwell's house and burnt in 1538 on a large bonfire of "notable images" including those of Our Lady of Walsingham , Our Lady of Worcester, and Our Lady of Ipswich . There was also a "holy well" which was thought to possess miraculous qualities, particularly for blindness and other eye disorders. Much of
1536-529: The Dutch word was a colloquial name for a group of buriers of the dead during the Black Death , in the 14th century, known as Alexians , Alexian Brothers or Cellites. These were known colloquially as lollebroeders (Middle Dutch for "mumbling brothers"), or Lollhorden , from Old High German : lollon ("to sing softly"), from their chants for the dead. Middle English loller (akin to
1600-593: The English church." It was associated with Lollard missionary William White. Lollards were effectively absorbed into Protestantism during the English Reformation , in which Lollardy played a role. Since Lollards had been underground for more than a hundred years, the extent of Lollardy and its ideas at the time of the Reformation is uncertain and a point of debate. Ancestors of Blanche Parry ,
1664-464: The Lollard movement was small with little appeal to the upper classes, who liked the anti-clerical politics but not the religious doctrines. "Notices of Lollardy after the death of Wycliffe are scattered and meagre. Sixteenth century Protestantism invested the Lollards with a posthumous renown, but there can be little doubt that, when their first energy had spent itself, they speedily became an obscure sect, destitute of living leaders, and vaguely re-echoing
1728-1145: The Metropolitan Railway and Metro-land . Today, passengers from Willesden can access the Metropolitan line by using the Jubilee line and changing at either Wembley Central to the north, or Finchley Road to the south. Willesden Junction is served by several London Overground routes: Stations in Willesden straddle London fare zones 2 and 3 . Several key routes pass through or around Willesden: Shepherd's Bush Hammersmith Paddington Harrow [REDACTED] M4 for Heathrow [REDACTED] Chiswick [REDACTED] M1 for Luton [REDACTED] Finchley [REDACTED] M11 for Stansted [REDACTED] Golders Green Maida Vale Paddington Marble Arch [REDACTED] M1 for Luton [REDACTED] Brent Cross Edgware A large bus garage
1792-627: The Posh and Becks of their day, put both the restaurant and Chinese food on the map." Matthew Norman, writing in the Guardian, claims to have heard a radio programme which explained that the Kuo Yuan was "subsidised a restaurant in Willesden as part of some cultural initiative". This article about a London building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Willesden Willesden ( / ˈ w ɪ l z d ə n / )
1856-528: The Real Presence. When asked if the host was still bread even after consecration, he answered only: "I believe that the host is the real body of Christ in the form of bread". Throughout his questioning he insisted that he was "not bound to believe otherwise than Holy Scripture says" and resorted to various loopholes. Following the questioning, he claimed he had been allowed to swear an oath on his heart; later his inquisitors denied this, saying he had sworn
1920-498: The Reformation. The Roman Catholic Church used art as an anti-Lollard weapon. Lollards were represented on misericords as foxes dressed as monks or priests preaching to a flock of geese . These representations alluded to the story of the preaching fox found in popular medieval literature such as The History of Reynard the Fox and The Shifts of Raynardine . The fox lured the geese closer and closer with its eloquent words, until it
1984-680: The UK. Jay Rayner of the Observer states "In 1963 the now communist Chinese Embassy once again gave the business a boost when a group of Chinese restaurateurs managed to convince the ambassador's chef, a Mr Kuo from Beijing, to defect. They set him up with his own restaurant, the Kuo Yuan in North West London, and it soon became a huge hit, not least because he was serving the first Pekinese dishes Britain had ever seen, including Peking Duck. A visit by Princess Margaret and Lord Snowdon,
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2048-468: The Wycliffite/Lollard teaching. He advocated closing of all monasteries, and notably provided economic estimates of the revenues of various monastic and church institutions. The extent of Lollardy in the general populace at this time is unknown. The prevalence of Protestant iconoclasm in England suggests Lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if Huldrych Zwingli was not
2112-570: The abjuration of 41 Lollards from Kent and the burning of 5. In 1529, Simon Fish wrote an incendiary pamphlet Supplication for the Beggars , including his denial of purgatory and teachings that priestly celibacy was an invention of the Antichrist . He argued that earthly rulers have the right to strip Church properties, and that tithing was against the Gospel , Protestant views that echo
2176-450: The area directly to Stanmore via Wembley Park northbound, and to Central London southbound. Key southbound destinations include Baker Street , Bond Street , Westminster , Waterloo and Canary Wharf . Most southbound services terminate at Stratford . Northbound Bakerloo line trains from Willesden Junction terminate at nearby Stonebridge Park , with some continuing towards Wembley Central and Harrow & Wealdstone . Like
2240-429: The area surrounding Willesden Green station has seen increased gentrification in the past several years, with rapidly rising property prices. The Daily Telegraph described Willesden Green as one of London's "new middle class" areas. The area has a population of 44,295, as of 2021 , including the Willesden Green, Dollis Hill and Dudden Hill wards. Willesden Green has one of the city's highest Irish populations, and
2304-648: The area. The period from 1960 saw migrants settling from the Caribbean and the Indian Subcontinent . Additionally, from 1963 it was the site of the Kuo Yuan , the first Chinese restaurant to serve Pekinese dishes in Britain. Since the 1960s, Willesden has been popular with young working holidaymakers from Canada , Australia and New Zealand , although this popularity has declined somewhat in favour of other areas since about 2003. Willesden went into
2368-404: The closest person to Elizabeth I for 56 years, and of Blanche Milborne , who raised Edward VI and Elizabeth I, had Lollard associations. Many critics of the Reformation, including Thomas More , equated Protestants with Lollards. Leaders of the English Reformation , including Archbishop Thomas Cranmer , referred to Lollardy as well, and Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall of London called Lutheranism
2432-648: The district supplied apples, pears and vegetables to the city of London for many years from the early years of the industrial revolution. The Iris was a British car brand that was manufactured from 1906 by Legros & Knowles Ltd in Willesden. Lucien Alphonse Legros (1866–1933), son of the artist Alphonse Legros, and Guy Knowles , scion of a wealthy and artistic family, founded Legros & Knowles Ltd in Cumberland Park, Willesden Junction, in 1904 to build and repair vehicles. The parish of Willesden remained predominantly rural up until 1875, when its population
2496-593: The divine authority to make a man a priest. Denying any special status to the priesthood, Lollards thought confession to a priest was unnecessary since according to them priests did not have the ability to forgive sins. However, while it is beneficial to confess to a good priest, it is perilous to confess to a bad one. Lollards challenged the practice of clerical celibacy and believed priests should not hold government positions as such temporal matters would likely interfere with their spiritual mission. They considered praying to saints and honouring of their images to be
2560-480: The folks back home in Willesden Green You know, I tried, I really tried to settle in this big city And I always thought I could make it all on my very own But there's one thing that keeps calling me To that little, that little semi-detached That's the folks, yeah, the folks back home In Willesden Green Lollards Lollardy was a proto-Protestant Christian religious movement that
2624-427: The forme of brede Howe it is there/ it nedeth not stryve Whether it be subgette or accydent But as Christ was/ when he was on-lyve So is he there verament. [In modern English:] I say the truth through true understanding: His flesh and blood, through his subtle works, Is there in the form of bread. In what manner it is present need not be debated, Whether as subject or accident , But as Christ
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2688-764: The formulation of transubstantiation , which the Roman Catholic Church required the faithful not to deny. Wycliffite teachings on the Eucharist were declared heresy at the Blackfriars Council of 1382, and later by the Pope and the Council of Constance . " The Plowman's Tale ", a 16th-century Lollard poem, argues that theological debate about orthodox doctrine is less important than the Real Presence : I say sothe thorowe trewe rede His flesh and blode, through his mastry Is there/ in
2752-478: The government and royals were hesitant, as they did not want to encourage subjects to criticize religious powers. After 1382, royalty and nobility found Lollardy to be a threat not only to the Church, but to English society in general. The Lollards' small measure of protection evaporated. This change in status was also affected by the departure of John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster, patron of Chaucer and protector of John Wycliffe ) who left England in 1386 to pursue
2816-483: The grounds of academic freedom and, initially, allowed such persons to retain their positions despite their controversial views. Two primary religious opponents of the Wycliffites were Archbishop of Canterbury William Courtenay and his successor Thomas Arundel , assisted by bishops like Henry le Despenser of Norwich , whom the chronicler Thomas Walsingham praised for his zeal. Historian T. Waugh suggests
2880-619: The masses, it changed measureably, some parts strengthening and others weakening. Historian John Thomson is paraphrased "Rather than a specific creed of well thought out theological doctrine, Lollard beliefs are more aptly described as a set of consistent attitudes." With regard to the Eucharist , Lollards such as John Wycliffe , William Thorpe and John Oldcastle taught a view of the mystical real presence of Christ in Holy Communion known as " consubstantiation " but did not accept
2944-485: The more radical ideology that anything not permitted by scripture is forbidden. Instead, Hudson notes that Wycliffe's sola scriptura held the Bible to be "the only valid source of doctrine and the only pertinent measure of legitimacy." Later Lollards believed that people deserved access to a copy of their own Bible. Many attempted to distribute English copies. Due to the lack of a printing press and low literacy levels, it
3008-642: The present day, Willesden has been shaped by the patterns of migration which marks it out as one of the most diverse areas in the United Kingdom . City of London Corporation records show that the first black person recorded in Brent was Sarah Eco, who was christened in St. Mary's Church in Willesden on 15 September 1723. The 1901 United Kingdom census recorded that 42% of the population was born in London. In 1923,
3072-516: The principal Lollard Knights as Thomas Latimer, John Trussell, Lewis Clifford, Sir John Peche (son of John Peche of Wormleighton), Richard Storey, and Reginald Hilton. Thomas Walsingham 's Chronicle adds William Nevil and John Clanvowe to the list, and other potential members of this circle have been identified by their wills, which contain Lollard-inspired language about how their bodies are to be plainly buried and permitted to return to
3136-403: The revolting Lollards, the law De heretico comburendo was enacted in 1401 during the reign of Henry IV ; traditionally heresy had been defined as an error in theological belief, but this statute equated theological heresy with sedition against political rulers. By the early 15th century, stern measures were undertaken by Church and state which drove Lollardy underground. One such measure
3200-569: The soil whence they came. There is little indication that the Lollard Knights were specifically known as such during their lifetimes. They were men of discretion, and unlike Sir John Oldcastle years later, rarely gave any hint of open rebellion. However, they displayed a remarkable ability to retain important positions, without falling victim to the prosecutions of Wycliffe's followers during their lifetimes. Religious and secular authorities strongly opposed Lollardy. In eventual response to
3264-639: The source, as Lutheranism did not advocate iconoclasm. Lollards were persecuted again between 1554 and 1559 during the Revival of the Heresy Acts under the Catholic Mary I , which specifically suppressed heresy and Lollardy. The similarity between Lollards and later English Protestant groups, such as the Baptists , Puritans , and Quakers , also suggests some continuation of Lollard ideas through
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#17327911448173328-541: The specialist coach builder Freestone and Webb established their base in Willesden, producing bespoke cars on Rolls-Royce and Bentley chassis until 1956. Willesden became a municipal borough in 1933, and it is at this time that the area became predominantly working class. A small Irish community had formed in Willesden by this time, which grew rapidly during the period of the Second World War . A small Jewish community of refugees from Europe also formed during
3392-524: The teaching of a deceased founder whom they only half understood." The initial Lollards were a small group of scholars, particularly at Merton College , Oxford University, some with important positions, who came under the influence of Wycliffe in the 1360s and 1370s. After Wycliffe's natural death, all of them eventually submitted to Archbishop of Canterbury William Courtenay to renounce Wycliffe's contentious doctrines, and none suffered long-term consequences. These notably included Nicholas Hereford , who
3456-516: The town such as those from the 'Ordnance Survey First Series', the town is shown as Wilsdon. The current spelling was adopted by the London and Birmingham Railway in 1844, when they opened a local station. Willesden became a civil parish in the medieval period. From the 14th to 16th centuries, the town was a place of pilgrimage due to the presence of two ancient statues of the Virgin Mary at
3520-517: The verb loll , lull , the English cognate of Dutch lollen "to mutter, mumble") is recorded as an alternative spelling of Lollard , while its generic meaning "a lazy vagabond, an idler, a fraudulent beggar" is not recorded before 1582. Two other possibilities for the derivation of Lollard are mentioned by the Oxford English Dictionary : According to scholar Margaret Aston, as Wycliffe's academic theology percolated to
3584-489: The war, with 3.5% of the population in 1951 born in Germany , Poland , Russia or Austria . During the war, Willesden suffered large bombing damage due to the heavy concentration of manufacturing industry, such as munition factories, the location of 'Smiths Instruments" (Used defensive aircraft instrumentation). Mulliner-Park Ward (Coach builders to Rolls-Royce and Bentley, hand built cars). Power Station location, canal and major railway locomotive overhaul facilities located in
3648-406: Was 18,500. It included the villages and hamlets of Brondesbury , Dollis Hill , Dudden Hill, Harlesden , Kilburn , Mapesbury , Oxgate and Stonebridge . However, this changed with the opening of the Metropolitan Railway (later the Metropolitan line ) station of Willesden Green on 24 November 1879. By 1906 the population had grown to 140,000, a phenomenon of rapid growth that was to be repeated in
3712-476: Was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century English Reformation . It was initially led by John Wycliffe , a Catholic theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for heresy . The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity . They formulated their beliefs in the Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards . Early it became associated with uprisings and assassinations of high government officials, and
3776-430: Was built in 1902 and thus, many bus routes start or run through the town. The Queen visited it during her Golden Jubilee celebrations. London Buses routes serving Willesden are: 6 , 52 , 98 , 206, 226, 260, 266, 297, 460 and N98. To the north of Willesden, Quietway 3 runs unbroken between Gladstone Park and Shoot Up Hill on quiet, residential streets. The route is coordinated by Transport for London (TfL) and
3840-405: Was difficult to accomplish this goal. However, a notable feature of some Lollard inquisitions was the common claim of illiteracy, or vision impairment, as a defence against the suspicion of Lollardy raised by possession of vernacular texts. Lollards did not observe fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church . In heresy proceedings against Margery Baxter it was presented as evidence that
3904-435: Was suppressed. Lollard , Lollardi , or Loller was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated, if at all, only in English , who were reputed to follow the teachings of John Wycliffe in particular, and were energized by the translation of the Bible into the English language. By the mid-15th century, "lollard" had come to mean a heretic in general. The alternative, "Wycliffite",
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#17327911448173968-410: Was the 1410 burning at the stake of John Badby , a layman and craftsman who refused to renounce his Lollardy. He was the first layman to suffer capital punishment in England for the crime of heresy. John Oldcastle , a close friend of Henry V of England and the basis for Falstaff in the Shakespearean history Henry IV, Part 1 , was brought to trial in 1413 after evidence of his Lollard beliefs
4032-432: Was uncovered. Oldcastle escaped from the Tower of London and organized an insurrection, which included an attempted kidnapping of the king. The rebellion failed, and Oldcastle was executed. Oldcastle's revolt made Lollardy seem even more threatening to the state, and persecution of Lollards became more severe. An insurrection was nipped in the bud in 1428, feared to involve several thousand Lollards, intent on "destroying
4096-404: Was when he was alive, So He is truly there. William Sawtry , a priest, was reportedly burned in 1401 for his preaching that "bread remains in the same nature as before" after consecration by a priest. A suspect in 1517 summed up the Lollards' position: "Summe folys cummyn to churche thynckyng to see the good Lorde – what shulde they see there but bredde and wyne?" In the mid 15th century
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