55-545: Kurchatov may refer to one of the following. Igor Kurchatov , the leader of the Soviet atomic bomb project Cities named after Igor Kurchatov Kurchatov, Kazakhstan Kurchatov, Russia Astronomical objects named after Igor Kurchatov Lunar crater Kurchatov (crater) Asteroid 2352 Kurchatov Scientific institutions named after Igor Kurchatov Kurchatov Institute Topics referred to by
110-468: A federal сity . Prior to the seizure of the city by Russia, a mass protest was organised by the city's Crimean Tatars in support of Crimea remaining as part of Ukraine. Simferopol is located in the south-central Crimean Peninsula . The city lies on the Salhir River near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir, which provides the city with clean drinking water. The Simferopol Reservoir's earth dam
165-421: A naval architect , was an autodidact in nuclear physics and was brought by Soviet establishment to accelerate the feasibility of the "super bomb" . Aided by effective intelligence management by Soviet agencies on American Manhattan Project , Kurchatov oversaw the quick development and testing of the first Soviet nuclear weapon, which was roughly based on the first American device, at Semipalatinsk in
220-849: A referendum on 20 January 1991 , the Crimean Oblast was upgraded to an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 12 February 1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR . Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Simferopol became the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within newly independent Ukraine . Today,
275-676: A burial place reserved for top Soviet officials. In 1960 his institute was renamed to the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, and in 1991 to the Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. The Kurchatov Medal was established by the Academy of Sciences for outstanding work in nuclear physics. In the Transfermium Wars element naming controversy, the USSR's proposed name for element 104
330-602: A conflict with Kurchatov over his reliance on design data provided by Klaus Fuchs , a German physicist in the American Manhattan Project , to meet Stalin's deadline. The design of the first Soviet nuclear device town of Sarov in the Gorki Oblast (now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ), on the Volga , was started and renamed Arzamas-16 . Kurchatov recruited Yulii Khariton (who first resisted but joined
385-534: A hospital were stationed in the city. After the war, more than 30,000 Russian soldiers were buried in the city's vicinity. In the 20th century, Simferopol was once again affected by wars and conflicts in the region. At the end of the Russian Civil War , the headquarters of General Pyotr Wrangel , leader of the anti- Bolshevik White Army , were located there. On 13 November 1920, the Red Army captured
440-560: A letter about the discovery. In 1942–43, Kurchatov found a project with the Soviet Navy and moved to Murmansk where he worked with fellow physicist Anatoly Alexandrov . By November 1941, they had devised a method of demagnetizing ships to protect them from German mines , which was in active use until the end of World War II and thereafter. The job with Soviet Navy solved Kurchatov's objection on spontaneous fission when he wrote in 1944: "Uranium must be separated into two parts at
495-548: A stroke in 1954 and died in Moscow of a cardiac embolism on 7 February 1960 aged 57. He was cremated and his ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis on Red Square . During his time in Soviet nuclear program, Kurchatov swore he would not cut his beard until the Soviet program succeeded, and he continued to wear a large beard (often cut into eccentric styles) for the remainder of his life, earning him
550-535: Is a major area of conflict today with the Tatars requesting the return of lands seized after their deportation. After Russia occupied and formally annexed Crimea on 18 March 2014, Simferopol was named the capital of a new federal subject of the Russian Federation encompassing the majority of the peninsula by decree of Russian president Vladimir Putin , with the exception of Sevastopol , which became
605-491: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Igor Kurchatov Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov ( Russian : Игорь Васильевич Курчатов ; 12 January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet physicist who played a central role in organizing and directing the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons . As many of his contemporaries in Russia , Kurchatov, initially educated as
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#1732793697231660-567: Is home to a number of industrial plants, including the following: The largest collection of higher education institutions in Crimea is located in Simferopol. Among them is the largest university in Simferopol and Crimea, the Taurida V.Vernadsky National University , which was founded in 1917. Crimea State Medical University named after S. I. Georgievsky , also located in Simferopol, is one of
715-761: Is in Greek , Συμφερόπολις ( Simferopolis ) and literally means "the city of usefulness." The tradition of Greek place names in newly acquired southern territories began with the Greek Plan of Russian Empress Catherine the Great . In 1802, Simferopol became the administrative centre of the Taurida Governorate . During the Crimean War of 1854–1856, the Russian Imperial Army reserves and
770-607: Is the Russian word for "mosque". Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave [ ru ; uk ] shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol. The Scythian Neapolis , known by its Greek name, is also located in the city, which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived in the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD. Later,
825-564: Is the biggest in Europe. The city experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ), near the boundary of the humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa ). The average temperature in January is 0.4 °C (32.7 °F ) and 23 °C (73 °F) in July. The average rainfall is 501 millimetres (19.7 in) per year, and there is a total of 2,529 hours of sunshine per year. As
880-475: The Autonomous Republic of Crimea . Since 2014 it has been under the de facto control of Russia, which annexed Crimea that year and regards Simferopol as the capital of the Republic of Crimea . Simferopol is an important political, economic and transport hub of the peninsula, and serves as the administrative centre of both Simferopol Municipality and the surrounding Simferopol District . Its population
935-744: The Crimean Tatars founded the town of Aqmescit. For some time, Aqmescit was the residence of the Qalğa-Sultan , the second most important position in the Crimean Khanate after the Khan himself. The area of the city once known as Aqmescit is today called Old Simferopol . In 1784 modern Ukrainian Simferopol was founded after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia . The name Simferopol
990-650: The Einsatzkommando 11b , which was under the command of Werner Braune , whose main unit and superior were Einsatzgruppe D and Otto Ohlendorf , respectively, command killed an estimated 14,300 Simferopol residents, mostly Jewish. In April 1944 the Red Army liberated Simferopol. On 18 May 1944 the Crimean Tatar population of the city, along with the whole Crimean Tatar nation of Crimea, was forcibly deported to Central Asia as collective punishment for
1045-768: The German forces at the Eastern Front of World War II . Initially, the Soviet establishment asked Abram Ioffe to lead the Soviet program of nuclear weapons , which Ioffe rejected, instead recommending Kurchatov in 1942. Kurchatov established the Laboratory No. 2 in Moscow by bringing Abram Alikhanov (who worked on heavy water production) from Armenia and Lev Artsimovich who was instrumental in electromagnetic isotope separation. Initially, Kurchatov insisted working without foreign data on isotope separation and
1100-764: The Kazakh SSR in 1949. Kurchatov, a recipient of many former Soviet honors, had an instrumental role in modern nuclear industry in Russia. His rapid decline in health is mainly attributed to a 1949 radiation accident in Chelyabinsk-40 . Kurchatov died in Moscow in 1960, aged 57. Kurchatov was born in a small village in Simsky Zavod in Ufa , Russia (now it is a town of Sim , Chelyabinsk Oblast ), on 12 January 1903. His father, Vasily Alekseyevich Kurchatov,
1155-577: The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the United States but the plan fell apart due the political reasons. Until 1933, Kurchatov did not go into the nuclear physics and his work was primarily focused on electromagnetism but did an important work on nuclear isomer and radioactivity in 1935. In 1940, Kurchatov moved to Kazan and raised objection on spontaneous fission when Georgy Flyorov directed
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#17327936972311210-470: The Radium Institute which was headed by Vitaly Khlopin [ ru ] . In 1937, Kurchatov was a part of the team that designed and built the first cyclotron particle accelerator in Russia, which was installed in Radium Institute . Installation was finished in 1937, and research began to take place on 21 September 1939. During this time, Kurchatov considered studying physics abroad at
1265-499: The Semipalatinsk Test Site – the device was codenamed RDS-1 (РДС–1) by Kurchatov which was approved by Soviet establishment. Kurchatov later remarked that his main feeling at the time to be one of relief. In 1950, the work on thermonuclear weapon was started by Khariton, Sakharov, Zel'dovich, Tamm, and others working under Kurchatov's leadership at Arzamas-16. Kurchatov aided in calculations but most work
1320-515: The first reactor at Laboratory No. 2 which sustained the nuclear chain reaction in late 1946. Together with Alikhanov and Flerov, Kurchatov authored a paper on the production of plutonium in a uranium graphite reactor. In 1947, Kurchatov worked with Isaak Kikoin to verify the calculations of the foreign data received on the American program. In 1946, the Soviet program was aggressively pursued under Lavrentiy Beria , who (like Kapitsa ) had
1375-589: The German nuclear physicists were instrumental in speeding the acquisition of device data, and were employed under Kurchatov's guidance. Final device assembly was overseen by Yulii Khariton who had a device moved to a knock-down subassembly in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan . On 29 August 1949, Kurchatov and his team successfully detonated its initial test device RDS-1 (a plutonium implosion bomb) at
1430-531: The Greek Sympheropoli ( Greek : Συμφερόπολη , romanized : Symferópoli , lit. 'city of common good'. The spelling Symferopil ( Ukrainian : Симферопіль ) is also used. In Crimean Tatar , the name of the city is Aqmescit (or in Cyrillic, Акъмесджит , lit. 'The white mosque', from Aq "white", and mescit "mosque"). But aq does not refer to the colour of
1485-457: The Moon and the asteroid 2352 Kurchatov are also named after him. Many of his students also enjoyed distinguished careers, among them Andrei Sakharov , Viktor Adamsky , Yuri Babayev , Yuri Trutnev and Yuri Smirnov [ ru ] . For his part in establishing the Soviet nuclear program, in accordance with state decree 627-258, Kurchatov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor,
1540-511: The Simferopol gymnasium №1, and was a Mandolin player at his school's orchestra. During World War I , Igor and Boris had to work to support the family, becoming a skilled welder and developing interests in steam engines , wishing to become an engineer. Kurchatov attended the Crimea State University where he studied physics and had built a reputation for his mechanical ability to perform physics experiments, for which he
1595-495: The Soviet program of nuclear weapons, and is often compared to American Robert Oppenheimer — although Kurchatov was not a theoretical physicist . The Soviet establishment did not start the program until 1943 despite receiving intelligence from Russian spies in the United States and a warning from Georgii Flerov . Kurchatov, as many others, was working towards building ammunition for the Red Army 's campaign against
1650-489: The Soviet program suffered from many setbacks due to logistical failures and lack of commitment by the Soviet establishment but received later full support - after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. In 1942, Kurchatov was informed of results obtained from Chicago Pile-1 by the Soviet intelligence, and provided his view of making a nuclear bomb. In 1945, Kurchatov became involved in designing and building
1705-550: The Stalin Prize First Class, the sum of 500,000 rubles (besides the earlier results of (50%) premium in the amount of 500,000 rubles) and a ZIS-110 car, a private house and cottage furnished by the state, a doubling of his salary and "the right (for life for him and his wife) to free travel by rail, water and air transport in the USSR". In all, he was: Kurchatov was buried in the Kremlin Wall in Moscow,
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1760-805: The capital of Crimea, Simferopol houses its political structure including the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Council of Ministers. Simferopol is also the administrative centre of the Simferopol Raion ( district ), but is directly subordinate to the Crimean authorities rather than to the district authorities housed in the city itself. The city of Simferopol is administratively divided into three urban districts ( Zaliznychnyi , Kyivskyi and Tsentralnyi ), four urban-type settlements ( Ahrarne , Aeroflotskyi , Hresivskyi , Komsomolske ) and
1815-700: The city and on 18 October 1921, Simferopol became the capital of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . During World War II , Simferopol was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1 November 1941 to 13 April 1944. Retreating NKVD police shot a number of prisoners on 31 October 1941 in the NKVD building and the city's prison. Germans perpetrated one of the largest war-time massacres in Simferopol, killing in total over 22,000 locals—mostly Jews , Russians , Krymchaks , and Romani . On one occasion, starting 9 December 1941,
1870-480: The city has a population of 340,600 (2006) most of whom are ethnic Russians, with the rest being Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar minorities. After the Crimean Tatars were allowed to return from exile in the 1990s, several new Crimean Tatar suburbs were constructed, as many more Tatars returned to the city compared to number exiled in 1944. Land ownership between the current residents and returning Crimean Tatars
1925-399: The city of Yalta on Crimean Black Sea coast. The line is the longest trolleybus line in the world with a total length of 86 kilometres (53 mi) (since 2014 again 96 kilometres (60 mi)). The streets of Simferopol have a rare house numbering – the odd numbers are on the right side of the road, looking in the direction in which the numbers increase. At the last census in 2014,
1980-448: The intelligence as a third-party check on the conclusions of the teams of scientists. The Russian spies in the United States greatly aided in providing the key data on American nuclear devices, which allowed Kurchatov to avoid time-consuming and expensive trial and error problems. The fissile material was obtained from using the gaseous diffusion and implosion-type plutonium core that Kurchatov spent most of his time on. Furthermore,
2035-404: The moment of detonation. Upon the breaking up of the nuclei in a kilogram of uranium, the energy released must be equal to the explosion of 20,000 tons of TNT equivalent ." After 1942, Kurchatov oversaw the facility expansion and overall development of the Russian program in the Soviet Union, from military to civilian dimensions of the nuclear program. Kurchatov is widely known as father of
2090-583: The mosque, but rather to its location in cosmology. The Turkic peoples give a colour designation to the cardinal points , and white is the west. Thus, the exact translation of the name of the town is "the Western Mosque." In English, the name was often given as Akmechet or Ak-Mechet (e.g. in Encyclopædia Britannica ), . This was a transliteration from the Russian spelling of Crimean Tatar word Акмечет, Ак-Мечеть, where Mechet (Мечеть)
2145-538: The most prominent medical schools of Ukraine. The Crimean Medical University is situated on the plot, where in 1855 a nursery garden was planted by the founder of the Nikita Botanical Gardens Ch.Ch.Steven (1781–1863). In 1863–66 a school for girls was built here and in 1931 a medical institute was opened. On the same plot P.Krzhizhanovsky built a three-storey hostel for medical students after the design in 1934. The building with clear geometric masses
2200-556: The nickname "The Beard". Kurchatov was a communist who had a portrait of Stalin by the time he died, and a member of Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Two towns bear his name: Kurchatov Township in Kazakhstan, and Kurchatov near Kursk (the site of a nuclear power station), the Kurchatov Institute is named in his honour, and bears a large monument dedicated to him at the entrance. The crater Kurchatov on
2255-635: The perceived collaboration of Tatars with Nazi Germany. On 26 April 1954, Simferopol, together with the rest of the Crimean Oblast , was transferred from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev . An asteroid , discovered in 1970 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova , is named after the city ( 2141 Simferopol ). Following
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2310-540: The population of Simferopol was 332,317, the highest of any city in the Republic of Crimea and second only to Sevastopol within the Crimean peninsula. When it existed, Crimea Air had its head office on the grounds of Simferopol Airport . A new 19-gate terminal for the airport finished construction in 2018. The terminal was designed in the shape of a wave by Samoo Architects & Engineers , after their successful bid as part of an international competition. Simferopol
2365-536: The program ) and Yakov Zel'dovich , and Kurchatov vigorously defended their deuterium calculations, insisting that the data could not be more accurate on cross section estimates. The team was assisted by public disclosures made by the US government as well as by further information supplied by Fuchs. However, Kurchatov and Beria feared that the intelligence was disinformation and so insisted that their scientists retest everything themselves. Beria, in particular, would use
2420-636: The railway line to Crimea at the border with mainland Ukraine ( Kherson Oblast ). Currently, the station serves only a commuter (regional) passenger train and the Moscow – Simferopol train every day. The city is also connected via the Simferopol International Airport , which was constructed in 1936. Zavodskoye Airport is situated southwest of Simferopol. The city has several main bus stations, with routes towards many cities, including Sevastopol , Kerch , Yalta , and Yevpatoriya . The Crimean Trolleybus connects Simferopol to
2475-505: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kurchatov . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurchatov&oldid=761749453 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
2530-564: The village of Bitumne. Viktor Ageev became city mayor on 11 November 2010 and was then elected chairman of the Simferopol City Council on 29 September 2014. Igor Lukashyov was installed as the head of Simferopol City administration (i.e. local executive) after Russia annexed the region in 2014. He served in this position until his dismissal on 9 November 2018. Simferopol has a major railway station , which serves millions of tourists each year. In December 2014 Ukraine cut
2585-478: Was 332,317 ( 2014 Census ) . After the 1784 annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire , the Russian empress decreed the foundation of a city named Simferopol on the location of the Crimean Tatar town of Aqmescit ("White Mosque"). The name Simferopol ( Ukrainian : Сімферо́поль [sʲimfeˈrɔpɔlʲ] ; Russian: Симферо́поль [sʲɪmfʲɪˈropəlʲ] ) comes from
2640-472: Was "kurchatovium", Ku, in honor of Kurchatov. Element 104 is now known as rutherfordium . Simferopol Simferopol ( / ˌ s ɪ m f ə ˈ r oʊ p əl / ), also known as Aqmescit , is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula . The city, along with the rest of Crimea, is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine , controlled by Russia , and is considered the capital of
2695-593: Was a surveyor and former forester's assistant in the Ural Mountains ; his mother, Mariya Vasilyevna Ostroumova, a daughter of the parish priest at Sim, was a school teacher. He was an elder and second of three children of Vasily Kurchatov, and the family moved to Simferopol in Crimea in 1912. The Kurchatovs were of Russian ethnicity. After his older sister, Antonina, passed away in Crimea, Igor grew up with his younger brother, Boris, where they both attended
2750-517: Was aiming to produce material using the gas centrifuges but the gas centrifuge machine would be available to the Soviets only much later. Facing a tighter deadline from Stalin, Kurchatov relied upon foreign data by choosing the Gaseous diffusion method to produce the fissile material, a move that irked Pyotr Kapitsa who raised objections against this but was dismissed. During the early years,
2805-604: Was completed in 1938. A new federal university campus was opened 4 August 2014. Simferopol is home to the football club FC TSK Simferopol which plays in the Crimean Premier League . It was formed as a Russian club in 2014, following the 2014 Crimean Conflict , to replace the Ukrainian club Tavriya Simferopol which had been the first winners of the Ukraine Premier League , and also won
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#17327936972312860-505: Was done by Vitaly Ginzburg , Andrei Sakharov , Khariton, and Zel'dovich who had the most credit in developing the design for the thermonuclear device, known as RDS-6 , which was detonated in 1953. By the time RDS-1 exploded, Kurchatov had decided to work on nuclear power generation, working closely with engineer Nikolay Dollezhal , which would established the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant , near Moscow. The site
2915-455: Was involved in a serious radiation accident which became a catastrophe at Chelyabinsk-40 , in which it is possible that even more people died than at Chernobyl . In an effort to save the uranium load and reduce losses in the production of plutonium, Kurchatov, without proper safety gear, was the first to step into the central hall of the damaged reactor full of radioactive gases. After 1950, Kurchatov's health sharply declined and he suffered
2970-536: Was opened in 1954, which was known for its kind and was the first nuclear power plant in the world. His knowledge on naval architecture undoubtedly helped him in designing the first civilian nuclear ship, the Lenin . After Stalin's death and the execution of Beria, Kurchatov began to speak about the dangers of nuclear war , of nuclear weapon testing and visited England where he spoke in favour of greater interaction between Russian and Western scientists on nuclear fusion applications. In January 1949, Kurchatov
3025-705: Was titled as a doctorate . Kurchatov soon moved to Baku in Azerbaijan after securing physics assistance job at the Azerbaijan Polytechnic Institute . There, he presented his experiments in electrical conduction , which impressed Dr. Abram Ioffe who was there as a guest, and invited him to Physico-Technical Institute in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Kurchatov married Marina Sinelnikova in 1927 and they did not have children. While working under Ioffe on ferroelectricity and semiconductors , Kurchatov entered in Leningrad Polytechnic Institute to study engineering and secured his engineer's degree in naval architecture in 1930s. Between 1931 and 1934, Kurchatov worked in
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