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42-919: Kurti may refer to: People [ edit ] Kurti (king) (8th century BC), Neo-Hittite king of Atuna Albin Kurti (born 1975), Albanian politician leader Baca Kurti ( 1807–1881), Albanian nationalist leader Çezar Kurti (born 1935), Albanian translator Donat Kurti (1903–1983), Albanian Catholic cleric, scholar and folklorist Lec Kurti (fl. 1920s), Albanian ambassador to Greece , composer and writer Nicholas Kurti (1908–1998), Hungarian-born British physicist and molecular gastronomist Palokë Kurti (1858–1920), Albanian composer Shtjefën Kurti (1898–1971), Albanian Catholic cleric and martyr Tinka Kurti (born 1932), Albanian actress Bajram Kurti ( 1942-2011 ) Kosovar Albanian Writer and Professor and Activist Places [ edit ] Kurti, Iran ,

84-586: A taknaz da ritual for the royal couple, a birth ritual, and a ritual of the cattle. Due to its strategic location at the Cilician Gates , Tunna was located on one of the main routes which in ancient times connected the Anatolian Plateau to the Syro - Mesopotamian region. Although Tunna has been suggested as a possible location for the capital of the kingdom Atuna , this latter kingdom

126-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

168-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

210-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

252-550: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

294-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

336-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

378-897: A village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran Kurti, Sudan a town in Sudan Kurti, Azad Kashmir, a small village near Kotli District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Kurti, Tripura , an assembly constituency under Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency), India Other uses [ edit ] 132798 Kürti , a minor planet Kurti & Doyle , a British scriptwriting team Kurti language , an Austronesian language spoken in Papua New Guinea Kurti top , upper garments worn in South Asia See also [ edit ] Curti (disambiguation) Kurtis (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

420-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

462-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

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504-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

546-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

588-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

630-626: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kurti (king) It is known in the present-day as Porsuk Höyük or Zeyve Höyük in Asiatic Turkey . The name of the city was Tunna or Dunna ( Hittite : 𒌷𒁺𒌦𒈾 ) during the Hittite Empire. In Classical Antiquity , the city was known as Tynna ( Ancient Greek : Τυννα , romanized :  Tunna ; Latin : Tynna ). Tunna might have been founded during

672-759: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

714-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

756-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

798-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

840-474: The Cooks was responsible for the cult inventory of the country of Tunna. The Hittite magician Tunnawi or Tunnawiya might have been a native of Tunna, as suggested by the meaning of her name, meaning lit.   ' Woman from Tunna ' or lit.   ' the mountain-god Tunna has sent her ' . Tunnawi appears to have lived in the early 14th century BC, and she was the author of a ritual against impurity,

882-588: The Hittite Old Kingdom by the sons of the king Ḫattušili I , some time during the late Middle and early Late Bronze Age. Beginning with the reign of the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I , Tunna was referred to in state treaties of the Hittite Empire as the cult site of the goddess Ḫallara, who headed the local pantheon. According to a bronze tablet and the Ulmi-Teššub treaty, Tunna was a location in

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924-592: The Luwian sound shift from / d / to / l / . Based on the close association of Mount Tunni with Mount Mulî in the Neo-Assyrian records, both of these mountains were located close to each other, in the northeastern end of the Bolkar and Taurus Mountains, where are presently located the silver mines of Bulgarmaden and the gypsum mine at Porsuk-Zeyve Höyük. New defensive structures were built at Tunna during

966-703: The Mount Mudis. Mount Mudis was a rocky outcrop of the Taurus Mountains near the Cilician Gates , and was likely identical with the "alabaster mountain," Mount Mulî, which the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III climbed and from where he extracted alabaster during his campaign in the Tabalian region in 837 BCE. The name Mulî ( 𒈬𒇷𒄿 ) was the Akkadian form of a Luwian original name Mudis ( 𔑿𔑣𔗔 ‎ ) which had experienced

1008-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

1050-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

1092-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

1134-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

1176-673: The forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

1218-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

1260-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

1302-662: The king Kurdis of Atuna had erected a stele. Phonetically, the name Tunna could not represent a variant of a possible form *Atunna , since the initial / a / did not disappear in the Luwian language , which also suggests against identifying Tunna with Atuna. The country around Tunna might have corresponded to the lands of Upper Tunnas ( Hieroglyphic Luwian : 𔑏‎𔖱𔗔𔑢𔐤𔗔 ‎ , romanized:  sarras Tunnas ) and Lower Tunnas ( Hieroglyphic Luwian : 𔐓𔐤𔖹𔗦𔗷𔑢𔐤𔗦𔔂 ‎ , romanized:  annantarris Tunnas ) referred to in an economic inventory from

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1344-448: The kingdom of Tabal proper recording the transfer of goods. In the 9th century BC, Tunna was destroyed during the campaign of the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in the Tabalian region in 837 BC. The "silver mountain," Tunni, visited by Shalmaneser III during this campaign might have been identical with the site of Tunna, and the country of Tunna might also have been identical with the country of Tuna mentioned in lead strips from

1386-424: The kingdom of Tabal proper, although this identification is still uncertain. During the 8th century BC, Tunna was a Tabalian petty city-state ruled by a king named Tarḫunazzas, who was himself a vassal of the king Warpalawas II of Tuwana . In an inscription at the site corresponding to present-day Bulgarmaden, Tarḫunazzas recorded that, in exchange for his services, his overlord Warpalawas II had offered to him

1428-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

1470-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

1512-406: The region of Tarḫuntašša in the Ḫūlaya River Land where the hypostasis of the storm god Tarḫuntaš bearing the epithet of piḫaššaššiš ( 𒁉𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸𒅆𒅖 ) was venerated, with piḫaššaššiš Tarḫuntaš ( 𒀭𒌋𒁉𒄩𒀸𒊭𒀸𒅆𒅖 ) possibly meaning lit.   ' Tarḫuntaš of Lightning ' . Tunna was mentioned alongside Ḫupišna and Zallara in a Hittite local deity list, and a Chief of

1554-562: The reign of Warpalawas II. Another petty-king of Tunna who was vassal of the kings of Tuwana might have been Masauraḫissas, who possibly reigned in the middle or late 8th century BC, and who is known from an inscription by his general Parḫwiras. Masauraḫissas's name might possibly have been a Luwianisation of a Phrygian name Masa Urgitos . During the Hellenistic period, Tunna became known as Tynna ( Ancient Greek : Τυννα , romanized :  Tunna ; Latin : Tynna ), and

1596-498: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kurti . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurti&oldid=1214089726 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

1638-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

1680-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

1722-477: Was instead likely located further north, in northern Cappadocia. Since Atuna later obtained the territory of the Tabalian kingdom of Šinuḫtu , it was likely in the region immediately south of the Halys river 's southernmost bend, to the immediate north of Šinuḫtu, and to the west of the kingdom of Tabal proper and around the site which the present-day village of Bohça, which was possibly its capital and where

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1764-597: Was mentioned by Ptolemy . Tynna was located in the neighbourhood of Faustinopolis , and remained inhabited through Roman times. 37°30′52″N 34°34′46″E  /  37.5144°N 34.5794°E  / 37.5144; 34.5794 [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Tynna". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes

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