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74-455: Unlike many other convenience store chains, Kwik Trip is a food service leader; the company is vertically integrated across most of its product lines. Until May 2024, it carried bagged milk and orange juice in pouches under the Nature's Touch brand via its in-house dairy. Kwik Trip also has an internal bakery operation that provides bread, doughnuts, and muffin products to its stores, along with

148-490: A factor in determining whether vertical integration is successful. There are many problems and benefits that vertical integration brings to an economic system . Problems that can stem from vertical integration can include large capital investments needed to set up and buy factories and maintain efficient profits. Rapid technology development can increase integration difficulties and further increase costs. The requirement of different business skills venturing into new portions of

222-565: A few days previously that were kept in ice remained in perfect condition. In 1924, Clarence Birdseye patented the "Birdseye Plate Froster" and established the General Seafood Corporation. In 1929, Birdseye's company and the patent were bought by Postum Cereals and Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation . It was later known as General Foods . They kept the Birdseye name, which was split into two words (Birds eye) for use as

296-403: A large share of farm receipts, formerly assumed to go to the operator's family". Under production contracts, growers raise animals owned by integrators. Farm contracts contain detailed conditions for growers, who are paid based on how efficiently they use feed, provided by the integrator, to raise the animals. The contract dictates how to construct the facilities, how to feed, house, and medicate

370-452: A major retailer, and Essendant , a dominant wholesaler. Before a wave of deregulation at the end of 20th century, most electric utilities were vertically integrated and provided electric generation , transmission , distribution , and sales. These were not just conglomerates with a common accounting department: there was just one profit center in sales, and costs of transmission and distribution were not separated. Partial deregulation in

444-411: A partnership with EatStreet . Stores off major highway exits operate as full service truck stops , with dual-pump fuel islands. Many of the truck stop locations also have overnight parking, showers, and full-service Denny's restaurants. Automatic car washes are also available at many stores, with some restrictions on availability and hours due to local noise and environmental ordinances. Kwik Trip

518-473: A portion of the syndication revenues in order for a show to gain a spot on the schedule if it was produced by a studio without common ownership. In response, the studios fundamentally changed the way they made movies and did business. Lacking the financial resources and contract talent they once controlled, the studios now relied on independent producers supplying some portion of the budget in exchange for distribution rights. Certain media conglomerates may, in

592-809: A similar manner, own television broadcasters (either over-the-air or on cable), production companies that produce content for their networks, and also own the services that distribute their content to viewers (such as television and internet service providers). AT&T , Bell Canada , Comcast , Sky plc , and Rogers Communications are vertically integrated in such a manner—operating media subsidiaries (such as WarnerMedia , Bell Media , NBCUniversal , and Rogers Media ), and provide " triple play " services of television, internet, and phone service in some markets (such as Bell Satellite TV / Bell Internet , Rogers Cable , Xfinity , and Sky's satellite TV and internet services). Additionally, Bell and Rogers own wireless providers, Bell Mobility and Rogers Wireless , while Comcast

666-497: A slower information processing rate, with the side effect of making the company so slow that it could not react quickly. Birds Eye did not take advantage of the growth of supermarkets until ten years after the competition did. The already-developed infrastructure did not allow Birdseye to quickly react to market changes. In order to increase profits and gain more market share, Alibaba , a China-based company, has implemented vertical integration deepening its company holdings to more than

740-586: A state recreation area consisting of a large forest surrounding the park's namesake Big Sioux River, is located west of Robert Bennis Elementary. It features many hiking and biking trails and bridges over the river, as well as camping sites and playgrounds. Students in Brandon are served by the Brandon Valley School District . As South Dakota allows parents to enroll their students at any school district, regardless of district boundaries,

814-429: A store leader, each store employs an assistant store leader and three to five guest service leaders. These employees are responsible for overseeing store operations when the store leader is out of the store. Additionally, each store has a food service leader and assistant food service leader responsible for overseeing the store's hot food program, ensuring that appropriate amounts of food are made and sold, and ensuring that

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888-551: A store-brand snack line called "Urge!". The company maintains branding partnerships with several Upper Midwest professional sports teams, including Minnesota's Twins , Vikings , and Wild and Wisconsin's Green Bay Packers , Milwaukee Brewers , and Milwaukee Bucks (the last featured as part of its chocolate milk line). All locations have small grocery sections selling basic fruits, bread, canned food, frozen food, sliced cheeses, and ice cream, along with traditional convenience store food such as bottled drinks and hot dogs. Notably,

962-505: A supply chain. Operational routines also become more consistent and certain as the management of these firms gradually merge. Vertically integrated firms rarely need to worry about the sufficiency in their supply of materials because they generally control the facilities that provide them. A vertically integrated company also creates high barriers of entry into their respective economy, eliminating most potential competition. Implementing vertical integration can be beneficial in that it reduces

1036-451: A system in which mass production was most efficient. The model called for the manufacture of additional devices, all of which had carefully-curated designs by Ford engineers. Instead of passing these instructions and duties off to external manufacture firms, vertical integration was exercised within the corporation. This allowed for manageable division of labor, decreased costs in delay and exchange of goods, and organized updates of each firm in

1110-416: A trademark. Birdseye was paid $ 20 million for the patents and $ 2 million for the assets. Birds Eye was one of the pioneers in the frozen food industry. During these times, there was not a well-developed infrastructure to produce and sell frozen foods. Hence Birds Eye developed its own system by using vertical integration. Members of the supply chain, such as farmers and small food retailers, could not afford

1184-400: A variety of sliced breads and buns. A brand of bottled water, juice, eggs, and dairy products. The dairy products are produced at Kwik Trip's milk processing plant and include butter, ice cream, and milk. A snack brand encompassing potato chips, bagged candy, bagged salty snacks, and beef jerky. Kwik Trip stores employ a mixture of full-time, overtime and part-time employees. In addition to

1258-415: A vertical acquisition. Vertical expansion or acquisitions can also be used to increase sales and to gain market power. The acquisition of DirecTV by News Corporation is an example of forwarding vertical expansion or acquisition. DirecTV is a satellite TV company through which News Corporation can distribute more of its media content: news, movies, and television shows. The acquisition of NBC by Comcast

1332-468: A vertically integrated strategy has helped Apple become a leading platform company; integrating their software (through APIs for third-party application developers) with their own hardware, across all the devices and services they offer. Vertical integration allows Apple to control production from beginning to end. Other companies may follow the Apple model, but may not see success for some time, both due to

1406-533: Is a form of vertical integration when purchasing departments take over the former role of wholesalers to source products. For vertical integration to succeed, managers must be able to adapt their managerial approach to compliment the changes in functional activities that their vertical shift accompanies. Managers should make sure that their firm can take advantage of existing functional knowledge through organisation, and simultaneously allow new functional knowledge to develop. However, environmental possibilities can be

1480-449: Is an example of an industry in which without vertical integration, would not be able to develop efficiently. In order to implement a telecommunications system that connected cities across a nation reliably, vertical integration was called upon. This strategic move ensured that the wiring, manufacture, and management of the system was consistent and functional across a state. Apple has used the vertical integration strategy for 35 years and

1554-839: Is an example of backward vertical integration. For example, in the United States, protecting the public from communications monopolies that can be built in this way is one of the missions of the Federal Communications Commission . Scholars' findings suggest that a reduction in inefficiencies caused by the market vertical value chains, including downstream prices or double mark-up, can be negated with vertical integration. Application in more complex environments can help firms overcome market failures (markets with high transaction costs or assets specificities) Scholars also identified potential risks and boundaries which may occur under vertical integration. This includes

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1628-639: Is located a few miles east of Brandon in Valley Springs , and Fred Assam Elementary School is located a few miles west, in eastern Sioux Falls. In fall of 2015, the Brandon Valley School District added an intermediate school. The school is adjacent to Robert Bennis Elementary School and educates fifth and sixth grade students. Because the city's population had been increasing exponentially, district officials were concerned that Brandon Valley Middle School, which served grades 6–8,

1702-562: Is located along the Big Sioux River and Split Rock Creek . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.41 square miles (14.01 km ), of which 5.37 square miles (13.91 km ) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km ) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 8,785 people, 3,118 households, and 2,417 families residing in the city. The population density

1776-587: Is one of the most successful companies in the technology industry. Apple centered its business strategy on its own development of integrated hardware, software, and latterly services. They design most of their products in-house, and do not allow their hardware and operating system to be licensed out, which allows the company to apply its company vision to its products. Large companies such as Apple are more likely than smaller companies to employ vertical integration, as they have more resources to manage each stage of production (e.g. major expansion and funding). Implementing

1850-402: Is partnered with Verizon Wireless for an Xfinity-branded MVNO . Similarly, Sony has media holdings through its Sony Pictures division, including film and television content, as well as television channels, but is also a manufacturer of consumer electronics that can be used to play content from itself and others, including televisions, phones, and PlayStation video game consoles. AT&T

1924-402: Is removed and a corporation has the power to control all firms in its supply chain. One benefit is that the implementation of vertical integration can yield increased profit margins or eliminate the leverage that other firms or buyers may have over the firm. It allows improved coordination between production and distribution firms and decreases the cost of exchange of goods between firms within

1998-481: Is the first ever vertical integration where a mobile phone company and a film studio company are under same umbrella. Vertical integration through production and marketing contracts have also become the dominant model for livestock production. Currently, 90% of poultry, 69% of hogs, and 29% of cattle are contractually produced through vertical integration. The USDA supports vertical integration because it has increased food productivity. However, "... contractors receive

2072-468: The Bell System , Apple , the U.S. entertainment studios, the U.S. meat industry, Ford Motor Company , CVS , and Amazon demonstrate vertical merging. Other examples like Alibaba and EssilorLuxottica cover vertical integration in other nations. During a hunting trip American explorer and scientist Clarence Birdseye discovered the beneficial effects of " quick-freezing ". For example, fish caught

2146-492: The Mountain West , Great Plains , and Southeast . An economic theory is a framework that defines how a particular economic system functions. Economists develop principles in which an economy adheres to, which provides insight onto the relationships between economic events, markets, companies, and the government. In economic theory, vertical integration has been studied in the literature on incomplete contracts that

2220-474: The "Little Three", Universal Studios , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists , produced and distributed feature films but did not own theaters. The issue of vertical integration (also known as common ownership) has been the main focus of policy makers because of the possibility of anti-competitive behaviors affiliated with market influence. For example, in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. ,

2294-480: The 2018 Convenience Store Chain of the Year. Vertical integration In microeconomics , management and international political economy , vertical integration , also referred to as vertical consolidation, is an arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and

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2368-487: The Supreme Court ordered the five vertically integrated studios to sell off their theater chains and all trade practices were prohibited ( United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc., 1948). The prevalence of vertical integration wholly predetermined the relationships between both studios and networks and modified criteria in financing. Networks began arranging content initiated by commonly owned studios and stipulated

2442-473: The U.S. The vertical merge allowed CVS-Aetna to regulate more of the healthcare and delivery chain and gave them the ability to provide higher quality care to consumers. One of the most significant advantages to this integration is the reduction in costs for healthcare. Amazon.com has been criticized for being anti-competitive as both an owner and participant of its dominant online marketplace. In office products, Sycamore Partners owns both Staples, Inc. ,

2516-493: The US in 1978 ( PURPA ) forced the utilities to buy electricity outside if the rates were competitive; this gave rise to independent power producers . The other deviation from the vertical integration model were local distribution companies in some towns and regions. In the US 250 vertically integrated companies provided 85% of electrical generation. As of 2022, this "public utility" model was still utilized in some US states, mostly in

2590-589: The Zietlow family became the sole owner of Kwik Trip, Inc. The early 2000s also saw Kwik Trip's expansion on its grab-and-go food offerings, including the introduction of Glazers Donuts, the Hot Spot hot food program, and fresh food such as salads, produce, and sandwiches. By 2016, the chain had over 500 stores, all privately owned. In 2017, it acquired the chain PDQ , and in 2020, it acquired Stop–N–Go. On December 8, 2020,

2664-426: The age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.5% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.22. The median age in

2738-411: The animals, and how to handle manure and dispose of carcasses. Generally, the contract also shields the integrator from liability. Jim Hightower , in his book, Eat Your Heart Out , discusses this liability role enacted by large food companies. He finds that in many cases of agricultural vertical integration, the integrator ( food company ) denies the farmer the right of entrepreneurship. This means that

2812-434: The business or help market and distribute its product. A firm may desire such expansion to secure the supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. Such expansion can become undesirable from a system-wide perspective when it becomes anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. The result is a more efficient business with lower costs and more profits. On

2886-604: The chain has sold bananas, baking potatoes, and yellow onions for 39 cents per pound as a loss leader , along with fresh beef, hot dogs, bratwurst, and chicken. All stores also have heated and ready-to-eat food, and will cook food to order off a small menu. In 2018, the company acquired the south-central Wisconsin chain PDQ , which offered fresh fried chicken; the PDQ recipe and chicken was slowly rolled out to select stores before being available at most. The next year, Kwik Trip began to offer home delivery of hot food in select markets through

2960-420: The city limits) runs a north–south route as well. Most businesses in Brandon are located on Splitrock Boulevard. Other major roads include Holly Boulevard, Sioux Boulevard, and Aspen Boulevard. Aspen Boulevard directly connects Brandon to other communities to the east such as Valley Springs, South Dakota; Beaver Creek, Minnesota ; and Luverne, Minnesota . Since 2013, Automania, the largest free car show in

3034-410: The city was 32.9 years. 33.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31% were from 25 to 44; 22.3% were from 45 to 64; and 7.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. The Great Bear Recreation Park is located 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles to the west of Brandon on Rice Street. The Big Sioux Recreation Area ,

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3108-639: The company opened its first Michigan location in Ironwood , soon followed by one in Bessemer . On January 1, 2023, Kwik Trip CEO Don Zietlow retired to take care of his wife. His son, former Mayo Clinic trauma surgeon Scott Zietlow, succeeded him as president and CEO. On September 21, 2023, Kwik Trip opened its first Kwik Star location in South Dakota in Brandon , with five more openings expected by

3182-399: The cost of entering the market and taking on the currently successful incumbent, but also by innovating their products to make them more appealing in the marketplace than the current incumbent. Vertical integration requires a company to focus not only on its core business, but also on several difficult areas such as sourcing materials and manufacturing partners, distribution, and finally selling

3256-405: The distance that separates the suppliers and customers from the resources or information, which can then boost profits and efficiency. There are internal and external society-wide gains and losses stemming from vertical integration, which vary according to the state of technology in the industries involved, roughly corresponding to the stages of the industry lifecycle. Static technology represents

3330-473: The distribution center twice, and in 1986 it hit the 100-store mark. In 1993, Kwik Trip opened its first location in Iowa under the name Kwik Star, and in 1997, its first retail car wash, which soon became a staple for the brand. In 1999, Kwik Trip merged its petroleum, grocery, fresh delivery, and fleet maintenance departments to form its own transportation subsidiary, Convenience Transportation, LLC . In 2000,

3404-464: The e-commerce platform. Alibaba has built its leadership in the market by gradually acquiring complementary companies in a variety of industries including delivery and payments. One of the earliest, largest and most famous examples of vertical integration was the Carnegie Steel company. The company controlled not only the mills where the steel was made, but also the mines where the iron ore

3478-1015: The end of 2023. There are also plans for more locations in northern Sioux Falls , another in Harrisburg , and one near the future interchange between Interstate 29 and 85th Street. Another Kwik Star is expected to open in Brookings . A brand of in-store coffee that offers a variety of roasts ready to pour or to take home as pre-ground coffee bags. Kwik Trip also offers Karuba Gold, a line of specialty espresso drinks made-to-order by an automatic coffee machine. A brand of in-store food including prepackaged salads, sandwiches, yogurt parfaits, pizza, and Hot Spot food items. The brand also sells fresh steak and ground beef, and relabels fresh bratwursts, hot dogs, and sausages produced by Bakalars Sausage Co. under this name. A brand of baked goods produced by Kwik Trip's bakery, including its popular Glazers donuts. The offerings include muffins, donuts, bagels, cookies, and

3552-670: The entire value chain, but do not do everything in-house (e.g. assembly of iPhones by manufacturing partner Foxconn ). From the early 1920s through the early 1950s, the American motion picture had evolved into an industry controlled by a few companies, a condition known as a "mature oligopoly ", as it was led by eight major film studios , the most powerful of which were the "Big Five" studios: MGM , Warner Brothers , 20th Century Fox , Paramount Pictures , and RKO . These studios were fully integrated, not only producing and distributing films, but also operating their own movie theaters ;

3626-556: The farmer can only sell under and to the integrator. These restrictions on specified growth, Hightower argues, strips the selling and producing power of the farmer. The producer is ultimately limited by the established standards of the integrator. Yet, at the same time, the integrator still keeps the responsibility connected to the farmer. Hightower sees this as ownership without reliability. Under marketing contracts, growers agree in advance to sell their animals to integrators under an agreed price system. Generally, these contracts shield

3700-405: The final consumers; for example, a firm that sells directly to the consumers has a vertical position of 0, a firm that supplies to this firm has a vertical position of 1, and so on. Vertical integration is often closely associated with vertical expansion which, in economics , is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by

3774-415: The firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product, but it can become undesirable when a firm's actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem . A monopoly produced through vertical integration is called a vertical monopoly : vertical in a supply chain measures a firm's distance from

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3848-692: The first Kwik Star location opened in Illinois , a former Stop-N-Go store in Rochelle . In 2021, plans were announced for new stores in Brandon, South Dakota , Sioux Falls, South Dakota , and Harrisburg, South Dakota , under the Kwik Star name. These will be the company's first locations in South Dakota . Additional stores are expected to open in the Sioux Falls area. On September 14, 2022,

3922-493: The fuel to company-owned retail stations, for sale to consumers. Standard Oil is a famous example of both horizontal and vertical integration, combining extraction, transport, refinement, wholesale distribution, and retail sales at company-owned gas stations. Telephone companies in most of the 20th century, especially the largest (the Bell System ) were integrated, making their own telephones , telephone cables , telephone exchange equipment and other supplies. The Bell System

3996-411: The high cost of equipment, so Birdseye provided it to them. Until now, Birds Eye has faded slowly because they have fixed costs associated with vertical integration, such as property, plants, and equipment that cannot be reduced significantly when production needs decrease. The Birds Eye company used vertical integration to create a larger organization structure with more levels of command. This produced

4070-572: The incomplete contracting setup. In these extended models, vertical integration can sometimes be optimal even if only the seller has to make an investment decision. Brandon, South Dakota Brandon is a city in Minnehaha County , South Dakota , United States. Brandon is located five miles east of Sioux Falls . The population was 11,048 as of the 2020 census . A post office called Brandon has been in operation since 1878. The city took its name from Brandon Township . Brandon

4144-401: The integrator from liability for the grower's actions and the only negotiable item is a price. In the United States new automobiles can not be sold at dealerships owned by the same company that produced them but are protected by state franchise laws. Ford Motor Company vertically integrated due to high demand for their Model T automobile. With the development of Model T, the company required

4218-434: The now merged company. Within healthcare systems, horizontal integration is generally much more prominent. However, in the United States, major vertical mergers have included CVS Health 's purchase of Aetna , and Cigna 's purchase of Express Scripts . The integration of CVS Health and Aetna resulted in the combination of one of the nation's largest health insurance companies with a pharmaceutical company seen all across

4292-406: The potential competitor, the enhancements to horizontal collusion, and development of barriers to entry. However, it is still debated over if vertical integration expected efficiencies can lead to competitive harm to the market. Some conclude that in many cases that the efficiencies outweigh the potential risks. Contrary to horizontal integration , which is a consolidation of many firms that handle

4366-442: The product. Another major success of Apple's, is the forward integration with their retail stores, allowing them to sell their products directly to customers (helping customers to buy and use Apple's products and services), additionally helping them to control the prices of their products, and thus to maintain high-profit margins when they do. Apple is also known as one of the world's leading "orchestrators" as they exert control over

4440-618: The products combine to satisfy a common need. It contrasts with horizontal integration , wherein a company produces several items that are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers). Vertical integration can be desirable because it secures supplies needed by

4514-551: The program continues to grow according to company expectations. District leaders supervise multiple stores in a given region, and zone leaders supervise multiple districts. In 2011, The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel named Kwik Trip the number one large workplace (over 500 employees) for workers in Southeastern Wisconsin. Kwik Trip beat out Mortgage Guaranty Insurance Corporation (MGIC) for the first spot. In 2018, Convenience Store Decisions honored Kwik Trip as

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4588-631: The same part of the production process, vertical integration is typified by one firm engaged in different parts of production (e.g., growing raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, marketing, and/or retailing ). Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both upstream and downstream) vertical integration. Disintermediation

4662-455: The school district also serves students from the surrounding areas. The Brandon Valley School District currently operates one high school, one middle school, one intermediate school, and four elementary schools. Brandon Valley High School, Brandon Valley Middle School, Brandon Valley Intermediate School, Brandon Elementary School and Robert Bennis Elementary School are all located within Brandon's city limits, while Valley Springs Elementary School

4736-506: The simplest case, where the gains and losses have been studied extensively. A vertically integrated company usually fails when transactions within the market are too risky or the contracts to support these risks are too costly to administer, such as frequent transactions and a small number of buyers and sellers. The following are several case studies of vertical integration in play. Many examples center around American industries, where major companies like General Foods, Carnegie Steel Company ,

4810-455: The steel processes to the next generation. Oil companies , both multinational (such as ExxonMobil , Shell , ConocoPhillips or BP ) and national (e.g., Petronas ) often adopt a vertically integrated structure, meaning that they are active along the entire supply chain from locating deposits , drilling and extracting crude oil , transporting it around the world, refining it into petroleum products such as petrol/gasoline , to distributing

4884-434: The supply chain can be challenging for the firm. Another problem that may stem from vertical integration is the collapse of goals among the various firms in a supply chain. With each firm operating under different systems, integration may cause initial problems in management and production. Vertical integration also proves to be dangerous when monopolistic problems arise in a capitalistic economy. When this happens, competition

4958-598: The supply chain. Vertical integration enabled Ford Motor Company to be self-regulating and self-sufficient. EssilorLuxottica , the company that merged with Essilor and Luxottica , occupies up to 30% of the global market share as well as representing billions of pairs of lenses and frames sold annually. Before the merger, Luxottica also owned 80% of the market share of companies that produce corrective and protective eyewear as well as owning many retailers, optical departments at Target and Sears , and key eye insurance groups, such as EyeMed , many of which are already part of

5032-491: The two parties will negotiate tomorrow about how to divide the returns of the investments. Since the owner is in a better bargaining position, he will have stronger incentives to invest. Hence, whether vertical integration is desirable or not depends on whose investments are more important. Hart's theory has been extended by several authors. For instance, DeMeza and Lockwood (1998) have studied different bargaining games, while Schmitz (2006) has introduced asymmetric information into

5106-408: The undesirable side, when vertical expansion leads toward monopolistic control of a product or service then regulative action may be required to rectify anti-competitive behavior. Related to vertical expansion is lateral expansion , which is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of similar firms, in the hope of achieving economies of scale . Vertical expansion is also known as

5180-442: Was 1,635.9 inhabitants per square mile (631.6/km ). There were 3,238 housing units at an average density of 603.0 per square mile (232.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 96.8% White , 0.6% African American , 0.5% Native American , 0.6% Asian , 0.3% from other races , and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population. There were 3,118 households, of which 48.2% had children under

5254-504: Was developed by Oliver Hart and his coauthors. Consider a seller of an intermediate product that is used by a buyer to produce a final product. The intermediate product can only be produced with the help of specific physical assets (e.g., machines, buildings). Should the buyer own the assets (vertical integration) or should the seller own the assets (non-integration)? Suppose that today the parties have to make relationship-specific investments. Since today complete contracts cannot be written,

5328-403: Was extracted, the coal mines that supplied the coal , the ships that transported the iron ore and the railroads that transported the coal to the factory, the coke ovens where the coal was coked, etc. The company focused heavily on developing talent internally from the bottom up, rather than importing it from other companies. Later, Carnegie established an institute of higher learning to teach

5402-523: Was founded in 1965 by the Hansen and Zietlow families in Eau Claire, Wisconsin . Over the next several years they added new locations surrounding Eau Claire. The first La Crosse location opened in 1971, and in 1973, they built a distribution center and moved the headquarters to La Crosse. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Kwik Trip saw an influx in company growth; it expanded its corporate offices three times,

5476-418: Was reaching capacity. Voters living within the district voted to fund $ 5.95 million of the estimated $ 14 million required to build the school by way of property tax. Interstate 90 , the longest interstate highway in the United States, is located along the city's northern border with Corson and serves as a major east–west route through the city. South Dakota Highway 11 (known as Splitrock Boulevard in

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