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43-625: There is no precise and historically established information about the existence of the four legendary siblings and the establishment of the city of Kiev. It has been claimed by some scholars that Kyi was also prince ( knyaz ) and founded the so-called Kyi dynasty , from the Slavic tribe of Polans. In the Primary Chronicle ( c. 1110s), written by a monk of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (traditionally attributed to Nestor ),

86-525: A hereditary title of Russian nobility patrilineally descended from Rurik (e.g., Belozersky , Belosselsky-Belozersky , Repnin , Gorchakov ) or Gediminas (e.g., Galitzine , Troubetzkoy ). Members of Rurikid or Gedyminid families were called princes when they ruled tiny quasi-sovereign medieval principalities. After their demesnes were absorbed by Muscovy, they settled at the Moscow court and were authorised to continue with their princely titles. From

129-519: A mere ferryman. But it later claims that Kyi, as a prince of his gens, was visiting Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor. Dmitry Likhachov combined attestations of the Nikon Chronicle , which also recounts that Kyi with a great army marched onto Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor. During his expedition to Constantinople , Kyi also founded a city of Kyivets on

172-640: A river, Lybed ' ( Church Slavonic : Лыбедь ) is mentioned twice in the Primary Chronicle , first on page 69.8 during the Pecheneg Siege of Kiev (968) , and second on page 79.28–80.1 as the place where Vladimir the Great settled his wife Rogned' sub anno 980. In both cases, it takes the form of на Лыбеди ( na Lybedi , "at/on the Lybed'"). It is unknown whether the sister was named after

215-724: A special place is held by the legend of the foundation of Kiev by three brothers. Nestor places those brothers onto various hills of Kyiv . Geographically, the Old Town is located on a higher right bank of the Dnieper , which is an extension of the Dnieper Upland , where remnants of the Church of the Tithes are located. The Chronicle further states that there were people ("who did not know what they were saying") who considered Kyi

258-581: Is generally considered to be an early borrowing from Proto-Germanic kuningaz , a form also borrowed by Finnish and Estonian ( kuningas ). The tradition of translating Knyaz and other Slavic and Russian titles of same origin not as “King” but as "Duke" or "Prince" can be traced back to Medieval Lithuania and Poland when after invasion of Tartar Empire on the lands of Eastern Europe most part of independent Slavic and Russian Kingdoms were destroyed and their lands divided between Fathers of Rome and Rulers of their side and new, Heathen, Tartar Emperors of

301-543: Is paralleled in the Balounik district. An explanation for this can be found both in the common source (probably Scythian ) of Ukrainian and Armenian legends, and in the common mythological plot used to explain the founding of the many cows that inhabit the city. The legend also has parallels in the Croatian origo gentis of five brothers and two sisters (Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, Chrobatos, Touga and Bouga) from

344-838: Is still used as the most common translation of "prince" in Slovenian , Bosnian , Croatian and Serbian literature . Knez is also found as a surname in former Yugoslavia . The word is ultimately a cognate of the English King , the German König , and the Swedish Konung . The proto-Slavic form was * kъnędzь , kŭnędzĭ ; Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , kŭnędzĭ ; Bulgarian : княз , knyaz ; Old East Slavic : князь , knyazĭ ; Polish : książę ; Serbo-Croatian Latin : knez / Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : кнез ; Czech : kníže ; Slovak : knieža ; etc. It

387-530: The Croatian ethnonym of White Croats . Paščenko related his name, beside to the Croatian ethnonym, also to the solar deity Khors . Near Kyiv there is a stream where previously existed a large village named Horvatka or Hrovatka (it was destroyed in the time of Joseph Stalin ), which flows into Stuhna River . Lybid ( Ukrainian : Либідь ) is the name of another tributary of the Dnipro, just south of Kyiv. As

430-522: The Danube . Nestor also names the approximate date of the assault on Kyiv by the Khazar Empire as "after the death of Kyi," which supports Boris Rybakov 's hypothesis of the 6th–7th centuries. In his chronicle Nestor does not indicate the date of Kyi's death nor the existence or absence of heirs who continued to rule after his death. The chronicle does mention a meeting between local residents with

473-787: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Following the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , kniaź became a recognised title in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 1630s – apart from the title pan , which indicated membership of the large szlachta noble class – kniaź was the only hereditary title that was officially recognised and officially used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Notable holders of

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516-632: The Khazars vassalised them. Lines 10.15–10.17 suggest that the offspring of Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid' continued to reign amongst the Polyanians, while the Derevlians and other tribes around them had their own knyazi (princes): 16.21–17.3 say that upon the deaths of the four siblings, the Derevlians seized power and "oppressed" the Polyanians, then "other neighbours", and then finally

559-481: The Primary Chronicle : the main textual witnesses including the Laurentian and Hypatian Codices have different texts here, and scholars cannot agree which manuscript most closely reflects the original text. The Primary Chronicle relates three different versions of what happened to political power amongst the Polyanians in the period after the four siblings (the three brothers and their sister) died and before

602-471: The Russian Empire of 1809–1917, Finland was officially called Grand Principality of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta , Swedish : Storfurstendömet Finland , Russian : Великое Княжество Финляндское , romanized :  Velikoye Knyazhestvo Finlyandskoye ). As noted above, the title knyaz or kniaz became a hereditary noble title in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and

645-483: The Tsardom of Russia gained dominion over much of former Kievan Rus' , velikii kniaz (великий князь) ( Great Kniaz ) Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar . From the mid-18th century onwards, the title Velikii Kniaz was revived to refer to (male-line) sons and grandsons of Russian Emperors. See titles for Tsar's family for details. Kniaz ( Russian : князь , IPA: [ˈknʲæsʲ] ) continued as

688-515: The 18th century onwards, the title was occasionally granted by the Tsar, for the first time by Peter the Great to his associate Alexander Menshikov , and then by Catherine the Great to her lover Grigory Potemkin . After 1801, with the incorporation of Georgia into the Russian Empire , various titles of numerous local nobles were controversially rendered in Russian as "kniazes". Finally, within

731-421: The 19th century. Those are officially called gradonačelnik (градоначелник) (Serbia) and gradonachalnik (градоначалник) or kmet (кмет) (Bulgaria). In early medieval Bosnia knez ( knjaz, књаз ) was a title used, along župan and duke ( vojvoda ) titles, for Bosnian rulers. One of the first such ruler, recorded in historic documents and later historiography, was Stephen, Duke of Bosnia . Later it

774-1165: The 30th chapter of De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (10th century), and the Bulgarian apocryphal chronicle (12th century) about the ethnogenesis of the Bulgarians. All three speak about people who migrated to a foreign land, whose leader was of the same name (Kyi in Kyiv, Chrobatos in Croats, and Slav in Bulgarians), while Kyivan and Croatian mention a sister. The female personality and number three can be found also in three daughters (youngest Libuše ) of Duke Krok from Chronica Boemorum (12 century), two sons and daughter ( Krakus II , Lech II , and Princess Wanda ) of Krakus legendary founder of Kraków from Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae (12–13th century), and three brothers Lech, Czech, and Rus from Wielkopolska Chronicle (13th century). Khoryv or Horiv, and his oronym Khorevytsia, some scholars related to

817-422: The 6th century to be actual history. Among such historians are Boris Rybakov , Dmitry Likhachov , Aleksey Shakhmatov , Alexander Presnyakov , Petro Tolochko , and Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko . The names of Kyi and his brothers have equivalents in an Armenian chronicle from the 7th century, History of Taron , by Zenob Glak . In it, Kyi and Khoryv have counterparts in brothers Kouar and Horian, while Polyans

860-615: The East that’s why Slavic and Russian Rulers became subdued to Latin, European Kings and Emperors of Holy Roman Empire, their titles became equal to semidependent Dukes and Princes. The rulers of the Duchy of Poland bore the title of książę , which was rendered as dux or princeps in Latin, and later adopted krol (from Karl , the name of Charlemagne ) and its equivalent rex following Bolesław I 's coronation in 1025. Similarly,

903-597: The Holy and Life-Giving Baptism he received, he defeated all barbarians and pagans." The friendly ties of the ancient prince with the Byzantine imperial court is evidenced by the "Primary Chronicle". Archaeological excavations have shown that there was indeed an ancient settlement starting with the 6th century. Some speculate that Kyi was a real person, a knyaz (prince) from the tribe of the Polans . According to legend, Kyi,

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946-539: The Khazars made them tributaries: In lines 20.24–21.3, the inhabitants of Kyiv/Kiev tell Askold and Dir a brief history of the city, which does not mention either a reign of the siblings' descendants, nor of an "oppression" by the Derevlians or other neighbouring tribes; instead, the three brothers' deaths are immediately followed by paying tribute to the Khazars: Many historians consider Kyi and his rule circa

989-815: The State of Great Russia (1918). He opposed Platonov in admitting the distinct nature of the medieval Lithuanian statehood . After the Russian Revolution Presnyakov authored the revisionist biographies of Alexander I and Nicholas I . He helped establish and run the Institute of Historical Studies, a branch of the Petrograd University , and managed the Leningrad branch of the RANION History Institute. It

1032-571: The city and has been used as Kyiv's unofficial emblem. In 2001, another statue was installed at a fountain of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti . Knyaz Knyaz , also knez , knjaz or kniaz ( Old Church Slavonic : кънѧѕь , romanized:  kŭnędzĭ ), is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times. It is usually translated into English as " prince ", " king ", or " duke " depending on specific historical context and

1075-468: The daughter of the prince, kniahynia (княгиня) in Ukrainian and kniazivna (князівна) is the daughter of the prince. In Russian, the daughter of a knyaz is knyazhna ( княжна ). In Russian, the son of a knyaz is knyazhich ( княжич in its old form). The title is pronounced and written similarly in different European languages . In Serbo-Croatian and some West Slavic languages ,

1118-449: The degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title Velikii Knyaz (Великий Князь) (translated as Grand Prince or Grand Duke , see Russian Grand Dukes ). He ruled a Russian : Великое Княжеcтво , romanized :  Velikoye Knyazhestvo or Ukrainian : Велике Князiвcтво , romanized :  Velyke Knyazivstvo ( Grand Duchy ), while a ruler of its vassal constituent ( udel , udelnoe knyazivstvo or volost )

1161-440: The eldest brother, was a Polianian Prince, and the city was named after him. In the sixth to seventh centuries, the borders of three cultural groups of monuments converged on the Polans land — Kyiv Oblast — Prague , Penkiv and Kolochyn cultures , and in the eighth to tenth centuries — Luka-Raikovetska and Volyntsevo culture . From the very beginning, Kyiv was the center of not one, but several tribal groups. In addition to

1204-405: The legendary founding of Kiev (Kyiv) by the three brothers and their sister is found in the Primary Chronicle on page 9, lines 5–21. Each full sentence has been highlighted in the comparison below: In the subsequent lines 9.22–10.14, the background, life story and legacy of Kyi and his siblings is briefly lined out. Lines 10:5 and 10:6 contain well-known examples of disputed textual variants in

1247-561: The newly arrived Askold and Dir who asked them whose city Kjiv was, and received the answer that the three brothers who built it were long dead and the residents now paid tribute to the Khazars . However, the Polish historian Jan Długosz points out the Przemysł Chronicle that asserts, "after the death of Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, their children and grandchildren who descended from them by direct lineage ruled for many years." The text of

1290-674: The pagan title 'khan' of his predecessors. The new titles were applied to his sons Vladimir Rasate (889-893) and Simeon I (893–927), however knyaz Simeon took the higher title of tsar soon in 913. According to Florin Curta , the primary sources have a variety of names for the rulers of the Bulgars before christianisation - such as including ‘rex’, ‘basileus’ and ‘khagan’. Omurtag (814–831) and his son Malamir (831–836) are mentioned in inscriptions as ' kanasubigi '. However, secondary sources are almost always ' khan '. In Kievan Rus', as

1333-513: The potentially known Latin equivalents at the time, but the word was originally derived from the common Germanic * kuningaz (king). The female form transliterated from Bulgarian and Russian is knyaginya ( княгиня ), kneginja in Slovene and Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian Cyrillic : кнегиња ), kniahinia (княгіня) in Belarusian and kniazioŭna (князёўна) is

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1376-570: The respective hills and the river, there are Shchekavytska and Khoryva Streets in Kyiv's ancient neighborhood of Podil . In 1982, Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid were depicted (standing on an ancient riverboat) in a sculpture, called the Monument to the Founders of Kyiv by Vasyl Borodai , at the river-side of Navodnytsky Park. At the time of its unveiling, the Soviet authorities claimed that it

1419-464: The river or vice versa. Byzantine sources report that the prince Kyi (originally Kuver) was brought up at the court of Emperor Justinian I in his youth, converted to Christianity in Constantinople , and was educated there. According to other Byzantine testimonies, Kyi was a contemporary of Emperor Heraclius (575–641). As his contemporary John of Nicaea writes in detail, "by the power of

1462-401: The ruler of the Duchy of Lithuania , called kunigaikštis (also derived from kuningaz ) in Polish, was called magnus dux instead of the Polish word for "king", karalius (also derived from Karl ). Medieval German records, however, translated knyaz as koning (king) until at least the 15th century. The meaning of the term changed over the course of history. Initially the term

1505-473: The sake of convenience by the Soviet regime, to emphasise the common origins of Ukraine and Russia, and step around their many conflicts. Nevertheless, several politicians would go on to embrace 482 as the date of the legendary foundation, including former Kyivan mayor Oleksandr Omelchenko , who utilised it in order to argue the Ukrainian capital was much older than Moscow . The monument soon became iconic for

1548-591: The title knez was Pavle Radinović of Radinović-Pavlović noble family, while other include several noblemen from Radojević-Mirković family , such as Batić Mirković . Further families that bear this title are for example Šantić noble family and most members of Hrvatinić . The title used in Macedonian historiography for Medieval local leaders. Alexander Presnyakov Alexander Yevgenyevich Presnyakov (Александр Евгеньевич Пресняков; 21 April (3 May), 1870 Odessa – 30 September 1929 Leningrad , USSR )

1591-515: The title kniaź include Jeremi Wiśniowiecki . In the 19th century, the Serbian term knez (кнез) and the Bulgarian term knyaz (княз) were revived to denote semi-independent rulers of those countries, such as Alexander Karađorđević and Alexander of Battenberg . In parts of Serbia and western Bulgaria, knez was the informal title of the elder or mayor of a village or zadruga until around

1634-516: The word has later come to denote "lord", and in Czech , Polish and Slovak also came to mean "priest" ( kněz , ksiądz , kňaz ) as well as "prince/duke" ( knez , kníže , książę , knieža ). In Sorbian it means simply "Mister" (from "Master". Compare French monsieur from mon sieur "my lord"), and the Catholic title " monsignor " for a priest. Today the term knez

1677-858: Was a Russian historian who attempted to reform the Saint Petersburg school of imperial historiography after the Russian Revolution . He was elected into the Russian Academy of Sciences as a corresponding member in 1920. Presnyakov was born in Odessa and spent his childhood in Tiflis . A brilliant disciple of Sergey Platonov , he published several important studies of medieval Russia, including Princely Law in Old Rus (1909), The Tsardom of Muscovy (1918), and The Development of

1720-472: Was called udelny knyaz or simply knyaz . When Kievan Rus' became fragmented in the 13th century, the title Knyaz continued to be used in East Slavic states, including Kiev's Principality , Chernigov's Principality , Novgorod Republic and its princes , Pereiaslavl Principality , Vladimir-Suzdal , Muscovy , Tver's Principality , Kingdom of Ruthenia , and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As

1763-527: Was held by several of most powerful magnates (in Bosnia vlastelin ) of the era, sometime along with an office title given to a person through service to the monarch, such as Grand Duke of Bosnia ( Veliki vojvoda bosanski ), which was office of the supreme military commander of the realm. Other noble titles included the knez , the duke ( vojvoda ) and the župan . The title knez is equivalent to that of prince . Among most influential of Bosnian nobleman with

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1806-483: Was simultaneously on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, as well as the alleged " 1500th anniversary " of the foundation of Kyiv in 482. Various scholars and commentators found "482" an odd attribution, as no such date is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle ; historian Taras Kuzio said that 'the year 482 had no special signicance'. There was speculation that the two anniversaries were merged for

1849-508: Was used to denote the chieftain of a Slavic tribe . Later, with the development of feudal statehood, it became the title of a ruler of a state, and among East Slavs ( Russian : княжество ( knyazhestvo ), Ukrainian : князівство , romanized :  kniazivstvo ) traditionally translated as duchy or principality , for example, of Kievan Rus' . In First Bulgarian Empire , Boris I of Bulgaria (852–889) changed his title to knyaz after his conversion to Christianity in 864, abandoning

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