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85-610: The Kyiv Seven ( Ukrainian : Київська сімка , romanized :  Kyyivska simka ), also referred to as the Magnificent Seven (Ukrainian: прекрасна сімка , romanized:  prekrasna simka ), and the Kyiv Clan (Ukrainian: Київський клан , romanized:  Kyyivskyi klan ) were two interrelated economic and political groups in Ukraine during the 1990s and early 2000s. The term "Kyiv Seven" refers to

170-636: A body of national literature, institute a Ukrainian-language educational system, and form an independent state (the Ukrainian People's Republic , shortly joined by the West Ukrainian People's Republic ). During this brief independent statehood the stature and use of Ukrainian greatly improved. In the Russian Empire Census of 1897 the following picture emerged, with Ukrainian being the second most spoken language of

255-592: A closer lexical distance to West Slavic Polish and South Slavic Bulgarian . Ukrainian is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language spoken in the medieval state of Kievan Rus' . In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the language developed into Ruthenian , where it became an official language, before a process of Polonization began in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . By the 18th century, Ruthenian diverged into regional variants, and

340-818: A gradual change of the Old East Slavic vowel system into the system found in modern Ukrainian began approximately in the 12th/13th century (that is, still at the time of the Kievan Rus') with a lengthening and raising of the Old East Slavic mid vowels e and o when followed by a consonant and a weak yer vowel that would eventually disappear completely, for example Old East Slavic котъ /kɔtə/ > Ukrainian кіт /kit/ 'cat' (via transitional stages such as /koˑtə̆/, /kuˑt(ə̆)/, /kyˑt/ or similar) or Old East Slavic печь /pʲɛtʃʲə/ > Ukrainian піч /pitʃ/ 'oven' (via transitional stages such as /pʲeˑtʃʲə̆/, /pʲiˑtʃʲ/ or similar). This raising and other phonological developments of

425-425: A group of Ukrainian oligarchs who wielded significant financial and political power in Ukraine during the late 1980s and 1990s. As the name suggests, it comprised seven members: Viktor Medvedchuk , Valentyn Zghursky , Hryhoriy and Ihor Surkis , Bohdan Hubskyi  [ uk ] , Yuriy Karpenko, and Yuriy Liakh  [ uk ] . The term "Kyiv Clan" more broadly refers to the groups which operated under

510-591: A member of the Seven, was found dead with a suicide note, having apparently slashed his throat with a letter opener. Medvedchuk later fled the country, anticipating criminal charges, and eventually declared his retirement from politics in 2006. Hubskyi joined the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc . In the revolution's aftermath, the clans began to lose their strength, and the Kyiv Clan declined in power. This decline

595-648: A policy of defending Ukraine's interests within the Soviet Union. He proudly promoted the beauty of the Ukrainian language and developed plans to expand the role of Ukrainian in higher education. He was removed, however, after only a brief tenure, for being too lenient on Ukrainian nationalism. The new party boss from 1972 to 1989, Volodymyr Shcherbytsky , purged the local party, was fierce in suppressing dissent, and insisted Russian be spoken at all official functions, even at local levels. His policy of Russification

680-565: A result of close Slavic contacts with the remnants of the Scythian and Sarmatian population north of the Black Sea , lasting into the early Middle Ages , the appearance of the voiced fricative γ/г (romanized "h"), in modern Ukrainian and some southern Russian dialects is explained by the assumption that it initially emerged in Scythian and related eastern Iranian dialects, from earlier common Proto-Indo-European *g and *gʰ . During

765-644: A self-aware Ukrainian nation would threaten the unity of the empire. In 1804 Ukrainian as a subject and language of instruction was banned from schools. In 1811, by order of the Russian government, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was closed. In 1847 the Brotherhood of St Cyril and Methodius was terminated. The same year Taras Shevchenko was arrested, exiled for ten years, and banned for political reasons from writing and painting. In 1862 Pavlo Chubynsky

850-559: A system such as CREST or DTCC , a central securities depository . As of May 2022, the United States Supreme Court was considering the case of Slack Technologies, LLC v. Pirani , with regard to whether Sections 11 and 12(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 require plaintiffs to plead and prove that they acquired shares of stock registered under and traceable to the registration statement they claim

935-890: A variant name of the Little Russian language . In a private letter from 1854, Taras Shevchenko lauds "our splendid Ukrainian language". Valuyev's decree from 1863 derides the "Little Russian" language throughout, but also mentions "the so-called Ukrainian language" once. In Galicia, the earliest applications of the term Ukrainian to the language were in the hyphenated names Ukrainian-Ruthenian (1866, by Paulin Święcicki ) or Ruthenian-Ukrainian (1871, by Panteleimon Kulish and Ivan Puluj ), with non-hyphenated Ukrainian language appearing shortly thereafter (in 1878, by Mykhailo Drahomanov ). A following ban on Ukrainian books led to Alexander II 's secret Ems Ukaz , which prohibited publication and importation of most Ukrainian-language books, public performances and lectures, and even banned

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1020-725: A vital part of the SDPU(o)'s organs. In a 1997 by-election, Medvedchuk was elected to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) from Ukraine's 73rd electoral district by a margin of 94.16%, a record number of votes cast for a single candidate. In the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election less than a year later, three members of the Kyiv Seven were elected to the Verkhovna Rada: Medvedchuk, Surkis from Ukraine's 71st electoral district , and Hubskyi as 9th on

1105-646: Is based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments, and he further subdivides the Middle period into three phases: Ukraine annually marks the Day of Ukrainian Writing and Language on 9 November, the Eastern Orthodox feast day of Nestor the Chronicler . The era of Kievan Rus' ( c. 880–1240) is the subject of some linguistic controversy, as

1190-621: Is referred to as "Old Ukrainian", but elsewhere, and in contemporary sources, is known as the Ruthenian language, and from the end of the 18th century to the present what in Ukraine is known as "Modern Ukrainian", but elsewhere is known as just Ukrainian. Share (finance) The income received from the ownership of shares is a dividend . There are different types of shares such as equity shares, preference shares, deferred shares, redeemable shares, bonus shares, right shares, and employee stock option plan shares. Shares are valued according to

1275-615: Is the first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians . Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet , a variant of the Cyrillic script . The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics . Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian , another East Slavic language, yet there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian , and

1360-723: The Latin language. Much of the influence of Poland on the development of the Ukrainian language has been attributed to this period and is reflected in multiple words and constructions used in everyday Ukrainian speech that were taken from Polish or Latin. Examples of Polish words adopted from this period include zavzhdy (always; taken from old Polish word zawżdy ) and obitsiaty (to promise; taken from Polish obiecać ) and from Latin (via Polish) raptom (suddenly) and meta (aim or goal). Significant contact with Tatars and Turks resulted in many Turkic words, particularly those involving military matters and steppe industry, being adopted into

1445-569: The Novgorod Republic did not call themselves Rus ' until the 14th century; earlier Novgorodians reserved the term Rus ' for the Kiev , Pereyaslavl and Chernigov principalities. At the same time as evidenced by contemporary chronicles, the ruling princes and kings of Galicia–Volhynia and Kiev called themselves "people of Rus ' " (in foreign sources called " Ruthenians "), and Galicia–Volhynia has alternately been called

1530-453: The Order of Merit in 1996. Following their spat with Kuchma, the Seven sought new political coverage, with their position appearing untenable. Surkis joined the SDPU(o) in 1996, and provided ample funding to the party, working to transform it into a political organ of the Seven. Surkis brought in allies Oleksandr Zinchenko and Ihor Pluzhnikov, who, while unaffiliated with the Kyiv Seven, became

1615-546: The Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) , or SDPU(o). During the 1994 Ukrainian presidential election , both Medvedchuk and Surkis attempted to become members of Kravchuk's electoral staff, though he refused the offer due to the fact that there were no suitable roles to be filled. Following the victory of Leonid Kuchma , the government position on the Seven initially changed from one of friendliness to one of hostility. In November 1994, Kuchma referred to

1700-399: The law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" was approved by the parliament, formalizing rules governing the usage of the language and introducing penalties for violations. The literary Ukrainian language, which was preceded by Old East Slavic literature, may be subdivided into two stages: during the 12th to 18th centuries what in Ukraine

1785-482: The "true value" of shares at that particular time. A minority discount is usually applied when valuing a minority shareholding (less than 50%), where ownership of the shares offers limited control over the business if this is held by a majority shareholder. Tax treatment of dividends varies between tax jurisdictions. For instance, in India , dividends are tax free in the hands of the shareholder up to INR 1 million, but

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1870-425: The 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around the 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorod dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus', whereas the modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. Ukrainian linguist Stepan Smal-Stotsky denies

1955-456: The 13th century, eastern parts of Rus (including Moscow) came under Tatar rule until their unification under the Tsardom of Muscovy , whereas the south-western areas (including Kyiv ) were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . For the following four centuries, the languages of the two regions evolved in relative isolation from each other. Direct written evidence of the existence of

2040-680: The 13th century, when German settlers were invited to Ukraine by the princes of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, German words began to appear in the language spoken in Ukraine. Their influence would continue under Poland not only through German colonists but also through the Yiddish-speaking Jews. Often such words involve trade or handicrafts. Examples of words of German or Yiddish origin spoken in Ukraine include dakh ("roof"), rura ("pipe"), rynok ("market"), kushnir ("furrier"), and majster ("master" or "craftsman"). In

2125-606: The Cossack motherland, Ukrajina , as a self-appellation for the nation of Ukrainians, and Ukrajins'ka mova for the language. Many writers published works in the Romantic tradition of Europe demonstrating that Ukrainian was not merely a language of the village but suitable for literary pursuits. However, in the Russian Empire expressions of Ukrainian culture and especially language were repeatedly persecuted for fear that

2210-524: The Kyiv Clan, in spite of a bitter effort with Kuchma's Dnipropetrovsk Clan to take control of the country, lost out to the Donetsk Clan , a group led by Mykola Azarov , Viktor Yanukovych , and Rinat Akhmetov which had previously held the premiership under Yukhym Zvyahilsky , who served briefly in an acting tenure from 1993 to 1994. Also bringing the Donetsk Clan into conflict with the Seven

2295-549: The Orthodox church spoke Ruthenian. The 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement between Cossack Hetmanate and Alexis of Russia divided Ukraine between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. During the following century, both monarchies became increasingly intolerant of Ukrainian own cultural and political aspirations. Ukrainians found themselves in a colonial situation. The Russian centre adopted

2380-574: The Polish nobility. Many Ukrainian nobles learned the Polish language and converted to Catholicism during that period in order to maintain their lofty aristocratic position. Lower classes were less affected because literacy was common only in the upper class and clergy. The latter were also under significant Polish pressure after the Union with the Catholic Church . Most of the educational system

2465-542: The Principality or Kingdom of Ruthenia. Also according to Andrey Zaliznyak, the Novgorodian dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus during the 11th–12th century, but started becoming more similar to them around 13th–15th centuries. The modern Russian language hence developed from the fusion of this Novgorodian dialect and the common dialect spoken by the other Kievan Rus, whereas

2550-620: The Russian Empire. According to the Imperial census's terminology, the Russian language ( Русскій ) was subdivided into Ukrainian (Малорусскій, ' Little Russian '), what is known as Russian today (Великорусскій, ' Great Russian '), and Belarusian (Бѣлорусскій, 'White Russian'). The following table shows the distribution of settlement by native language ( "по родному языку" ) in 1897 in Russian Empire governorates ( guberniyas ) that had more than 100,000 Ukrainian speakers. Although in

2635-414: The Seven also began to branch out into various other ventures. The Black Sea ports of Mykolaiv , Odesa , and Kherson were monopolised by the group, which lobbied for the establishment of free economic zones throughout southern Ukraine . In Zakarpattia Oblast , Slavutych engaged in forestry, leading to protests from local environmental activists who accused the concern of driving local tree species to

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2720-423: The Seven effectively controlled the energy sector of western Ukraine , as well as Sumy and Chernihiv Oblasts . They additionally held substantial shares in the energy companies of Kirovohrad, Kherson, and Poltava Oblasts . Oblast power companies were privatised at minimal prices, and involved in the Seven's barter process. The privatisation of these companies and their purchase by associates of FC Dynamo Kyiv drew

2805-497: The Seven had shifted its focuses to achieving total monopolisation of the Ukrainian energy industry, an endeavour supported by Prime Minister Valeriy Pustovoitenko (deputy owner of FC Dynamo Kyiv under Surkis). In 1998, Pustovoitenko signed an act transferring 25% of government shares in energy companies in the Kirovohrad , Ternopil , and Kherson Oblasts to Ukrainian Credit Bank  [ uk ] , owned by Surkis. By 1999,

2890-737: The Seven imported oil to Ukrainian companies, who in turn provided energy to Ukrainian citizens at a raised price as part of a price fixing agreement. By the end of 1992, the Kyiv Seven had founded the Ometa-21st Century National Investment Fund. Ometa-21st Century was legally founded by the Kyiv Seven-led B.I.M. International Law Firm  [ uk ] , in addition to the Ben-Israel and Co. law firm, based in Haifa , Israel. Ometa-21st Century

2975-479: The Seven's leadership. These groups were one of three large political clans in Ukraine during the presidency of Leonid Kuchma , alongside Kuchma's own Dnipropetrovsk Clan and the Donetsk Clan of Rinat Akhmetov and Viktor Yanukovych , among others. The Kyiv Seven were brought together in 1989 under the leadership of Valentyn Zghursky , at the time head of the Kyiv city executive committee (a position equivalent to

3060-460: The Soviet Union and a special term, "a language of inter-ethnic communication", was coined to denote its status. After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963). The Khrushchev era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the languages at the local and republic level, though its results in Ukraine did not go nearly as far as those of

3145-519: The Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s. Journals and encyclopedic publications advanced in the Ukrainian language during the Khrushchev era, as well as transfer of Crimea under Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction. Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, unpopular among the circles of the national intelligentsia in parts of

3230-551: The USSR, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement. The gains of the past, already largely reversed by the Stalin era, were offset by the liberal attitude towards the requirement to study the local languages (the requirement to study Russian remained). Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending

3315-564: The Ukrainian language dates to the late 16th century. By the 16th century, a peculiar official language formed: a mixture of the liturgical standardised language of Old Church Slavonic , Ruthenian and Polish . The influence of the latter gradually increased relative to the former two, as the nobility and rural large-landowning class, known as the szlachta , was largely Polish-speaking. Documents soon took on many Polish characteristics superimposed on Ruthenian phonetics. Polish–Lithuanian rule and education also involved significant exposure to

3400-477: The Ukrainian language held the formal position of the principal local language in the Ukrainian SSR . However, practice was often a different story: Ukrainian always had to compete with Russian, and the attitudes of the Soviet leadership towards Ukrainian varied from encouragement and tolerance to de facto banishment. Officially, there was no state language in the Soviet Union until the very end when it

3485-465: The Ukrainian language. Examples include torba (bag) and tyutyun (tobacco). Because of the substantial number of loanwords from Polish, German, Czech and Latin, early modern vernacular Ukrainian ( prosta mova , " simple speech ") had more lexical similarity with West Slavic languages than with Russian or Church Slavonic. By the mid-17th century, the linguistic divergence between the Ukrainian and Russian languages had become so significant that there

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3570-409: The Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting Russification. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the "oppression" or "persecution", but rather the lack of protection against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in the 1970s and 1980s. According to this view, it

3655-721: The attention of the Security Service of Ukraine and the Prosecutor General , with the latter ordering the privatisations cancelled. In spite of this, however, the Seven set their sights on power companies in Dnipropetrovsk , Kyiv , and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts , particularly the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , responsible for producing one-fifth of Ukrainian energy production and 47% of Ukrainian nuclear power. At this time,

3740-609: The brink of extinction through mass felling. By this time, the Kyiv Seven also effectively controlled the cardboard and metal industries, and held sway over the food and alcohol industries of the country. According to members of the Kyiv City Council , Surkis even expressed a desire to sell the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Politically, the Kyiv Seven were aligned with Russophile groups in Ukrainian politics, primarily President Leonid Kravchuk and later

3825-407: The chancellery and gradually evolved into the Ruthenian language. Polish rule, which came later, was accompanied by a more assimilationist policy. By the 1569 Union of Lublin that formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a significant part of Ukrainian territory was moved from Lithuanian rule to Polish administration, resulting in cultural Polonization and visible attempts to colonize Ukraine by

3910-427: The company paying the dividend has to pay dividend distribution tax at 12.5%. There is also the concept of a deemed dividend , which is not tax free. Further, Indian tax laws include provisions to stop dividend stripping . Historically, investors were given share certificates as evidence of their ownership of shares. In modern times, certificates are not always given and ownership may be recorded electronically by

3995-533: The company's shareholders were paid dividends, but it was announced in early 1995 that the remaining shares could not be paid back, in a Ponzi scheme compared by Ukrainska Pravda to the MMM scheme in neighbouring Russia. Also in 1993, the Kyiv Seven took over FC Dynamo Kyiv in what was termed as the "Dynamo Revolution", firing president Viktor Bezverkhyi and installing Hryhoriy Surkis in his place. Leonid Kravchuk , then president of Ukraine, refused to get involved in

4080-453: The concern, while Hubskyi was head of the board of directors. Slavutych was primarily concerned with the energy import sector, as well as selling products created by others. According to Medvedchuk, Slavutych had taken over 10-12% of the petroleum processing industry in Ukraine by 1995–1996. According to Yuriy Buzduhan  [ uk ] , leader of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (unrelated to SDPU(o)), asserted in 1998 that Slavutych

4165-472: The election, an effort was made to remove those unaffiliated with the Kyiv Seven from the party. Vasyl Onopenko , leader of the party, was removed after saying that the party's leaning on the FC Dynamo Kyiv brand and party list candidates were mistakes. Next was Yevhen Marchuk , former Prime Minister of Ukraine, who sought to become President of Ukraine. Medvedchuk, meanwhile, rose through the ranks of

4250-407: The existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. Similar points of view were shared by Yevhen Tymchenko , Vsevolod Hantsov , Olena Kurylo , Ivan Ohienko and others. According to this theory, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages during the 6th through 9th centuries. The Ukrainian language

4335-425: The group as "a monopoly, which, from a meagre start, managed to operate with billions of dollars." An investigation was also launched into allegations of Slavutych illegally being funded by the government, and attempts were made by Kuchma's staff to intimidate Surkis into leaving the country. However, this divide soon mended, possibly with the mediation of Dmytro Tabachnyk , and both Surkis and Medvedchuk were awarded

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4420-417: The language of much of the literature was purely or heavily Old Church Slavonic . Some theorists see an early Ukrainian stage in language development here, calling it Old Ruthenian; others term this era Old East Slavic . Russian theorists tend to amalgamate Rus' to the modern nation of Russia, and call this linguistic era Old Russian. However, according to Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak (2012), people from

4505-424: The latter's businesses after leaving the mayorship of Kyiv. The business history of the Kyiv Seven began in 1992 with the establishment of offshore financial centres such as Burley and Newport Management. The same year, the Kyiv Seven entered the oil importing business, possibly with either the support of the government of Ukraine or the Ukrainian mafia . With hyperinflation affecting the Ukrainian karbovanets ,

4590-498: The matter despite protests, and the matter was prevented from reaching courts by Medvedchuk's connections to the legal system. This event brought Surkis and Medvedchuk to the leadership of the Kyiv Seven. In the aftermath of the "Dynamo Revolution" and the Ometa-21st Century scheme, the Seven returned to the energy sector, founding Slavutych Industrial-Financial Concern in early 1994. Hryhoriy Surkis served as president of

4675-462: The modern Ukrainian and Belarusian languages developed from the dialects which did not differ from each other in a significant way. After the fall of the Kingdom of Ruthenia, Ukrainians mainly fell under the rule of Lithuania and then Poland . Local autonomy of both rule and language was a marked feature of Lithuanian rule. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Old East Slavic became the language of

4760-555: The modern Ukrainian language developed in the territory of present-day Ukraine. Russification saw the Ukrainian language banned as a subject from schools and as a language of instruction in the Russian Empire , and continued in various ways in the Soviet Union . Even so, the language continued to see use throughout the country, and remained particularly strong in Western Ukraine . Specific developments that led to

4845-472: The modern-day mayor of Kyiv ). The group bonded together over a common interest in association football and support for FC Dynamo Kyiv . Viktor Medvedchuk 's link to the group remains unclear, though he has claimed that he met Hryhoriy Surkis while they were both employed by FC Dynamo Kyiv. Zghursky played a pivotal role in Hryhoriy's early business career, and was in turn given a prominent position among

4930-508: The name Little Russia for Ukraine and Little Russian for the language, an expression that originated in Byzantine Greek and may originally have meant "old, original, fundamental Russia", and had been in use since the 14th century. Ukrainian high culture went into a long period of steady decline. The Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was taken over by the Russian Empire. Most of the remaining Ukrainian schools also switched to Polish or Russian in

5015-412: The native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians were russified. In Donetsk there were no Ukrainian language schools and in Kyiv only a quarter of children went to Ukrainian language schools. The Russian language was the dominant vehicle, not just of government function, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This

5100-594: The party and the Verkhovna Rada, being elected as president of SDPU(o) in October 1998 and later as deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada in February 2000. Following the 1999 Ukrainian presidential election , the Seven came into conflict with Kuchma once again, with Medvedchuk making preparations to succeed him as President of Ukraine . These conflicts would eventually lead to the group's downfall. By 2001,

5185-407: The party list of SDPU(o). The other results were less fortunate: only 14 of the 178 party-list candidates were elected, as SDPU(o) won only 4.01% of the vote, and only four of the 128 single-mandate district candidates won election. After the election, however, another 25 deputies expressed a desire to join the SDPU(o) faction, and the party received recognition as a significant political force. After

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5270-425: The population said Ukrainian was their native language. Until the 1920s the urban population in Ukraine grew faster than the number of Ukrainian speakers. This implies that there was a (relative) decline in the use of Ukrainian language. For example, in Kyiv, the number of people stating that Ukrainian was their native language declined from 30.3% in 1874 to 16.6% in 1917. During the seven-decade-long Soviet era ,

5355-516: The present-day reflex is /ɣ/. Ahatanhel Krymsky and Aleksey Shakhmatov assumed the existence of the common spoken language of Eastern Slavs only in prehistoric times. According to their point of view, the diversification of the Old East Slavic language took place in the 8th or early 9th century. Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak stated that the Old Novgorod dialect differed significantly from that of other dialects of Kievan Rus' during

5440-589: The printing of Ukrainian texts accompanying musical scores. A period of leniency after 1905 was followed by another strict ban in 1914, which also affected Russian-occupied Galicia. For much of the 19th century the Austrian authorities demonstrated some preference for Polish culture, but the Ukrainians were relatively free to partake in their own cultural pursuits in Halychyna and Bukovina , where Ukrainian

5525-577: The rural regions of the Ukrainian provinces, 80% of the inhabitants said that Ukrainian was their native language in the Census of 1897 (for which the results are given above), in the urban regions only 32.5% of the population claimed Ukrainian as their native language. For example, in Odesa (then part of the Russian Empire), at the time the largest city in the territory of current Ukraine, only 5.6% of

5610-687: The sixteenth and first half of the 17th century, when Ukraine was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, albeit in spite of being part of the PLC, not as a result. Among many schools established in that time, the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (the predecessor of the modern Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ), founded by the Orthodox Metropolitan Peter Mogila , was the most important. At that time languages were associated more with religions: Catholics spoke Polish, and members of

5695-462: The term native language may not necessarily associate with the language they use more frequently. The overwhelming majority of ethnic Ukrainians consider the Ukrainian language native , including those who often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data, 92.3% of Kyiv region population responded "Ukrainian" to the native language ( ridna mova ) census question, compared with 88.4% in 1989, and 7.2% responded "Russian". In 2019,

5780-558: The territories controlled by these respective countries, which was followed by a new wave of Polonization and Russification of the native nobility. Gradually the official language of Ukrainian provinces under Poland was changed to Polish, while the upper classes in the Russian part of Ukraine used Russian. During the 19th century, a revival of Ukrainian self-identification manifested in the literary classes of both Russian-Empire Dnieper Ukraine and Austrian Galicia . The Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv applied an old word for

5865-560: The time, such as the merger of the Old East Slavic vowel phonemes и /i/ and ы /ɨ/ into the specifically Ukrainian phoneme /ɪ ~ e/, spelled with и (in the 13th/14th centuries), and the fricativisation of the Old East Slavic consonant г /g/, probably first to /ɣ/ (in the 13th century), with /ɦ/ as a reflex in Modern Ukrainian, did not happen in Russian. Only the fricativisation of Old East Slavic г /g/ occurred in Belarusian, where

5950-516: The use of Ukrainian. The educational system in Ukraine has been transformed over the first decade of independence from a system that is partly Ukrainian to one that is overwhelmingly so. The government has also mandated a progressively increased role for Ukrainian in the media and commerce. In the 2001 census , 67.5% of the country's population named Ukrainian as their native language (a 2.8% increase from 1989), while 29.6% named Russian (a 3.2% decrease). For many Ukrainians (of various ethnic origins),

6035-428: The various principles in different markets , but a basic premise is that a share is worth the price at which a transaction would be likely to occur were the shares to be sold. The liquidity of markets is a major consideration as to whether a share is able to be sold at any given time. An actual sale transaction of shares between buyer and seller is usually considered to provide the best prima facie market indicator as to

6120-503: Was a further step by the Donetsk Clan against the Kyiv Seven in attempting to assert control over the country. In the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election , Medvedchuk ultimately did not run, instead lending his support to Yanukovych as one of his primary backers. The ultimate death knell for the Kyiv Clan was the success of the 2004–2005 Orange Revolution . Following the Orange Revolution, Yuriy Liakh  [ uk ] ,

6205-587: Was a need for translators during negotiations for the Treaty of Pereyaslav , between Bohdan Khmelnytsky , head of the Zaporozhian Host , and the Russian state. By the 18th century, Ruthenian had diverged into regional variants, developing into the modern Belarusian , Rusyn , and Ukrainian languages. The accepted chronology of Ukrainian divides the language into Old Ukrainian, Middle Ukrainian, and Modern Ukrainian. Shevelov explains that much of this

6290-556: Was exiled for seven years to Arkhangelsk . The Ukrainian magazine Osnova was discontinued. In 1863, the tsarist interior minister Pyotr Valuyev proclaimed in his decree that "there never has been, is not, and never can be a separate Little Russian language". Although the name of Ukraine is known since 1187, it was not applied to the language until the mid-19th century. The linguonym Ukrainian language appears in Yakub Holovatsky 's book from 1849, listed there as

6375-448: Was formed by convergence of tribal dialects, mostly due to an intensive migration of the population within the territory of today's Ukraine in later historical periods. This point of view was also supported by George Shevelov 's phonological studies, which argue that specific features were already recognizable in the southern dialects of Old East Slavic (seen as ancestors to Ukrainian) as far back as these varieties can be documented. As

6460-608: Was further hastened by the 2014 Revolution of Dignity , which led to the total end of the clans and the establishment of the government of Ukraine as a force replacing the clans. Ukrainian language Ukrainian ( українська мова , ukrainska mova , IPA: [ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐ ˈmɔʋɐ] ) is one of the East Slavic languages in the Indo-European languages family, and it is spoken primarily in Ukraine . It

6545-407: Was gradually Polonized. In Ruthenia, the language of administrative documents gradually shifted towards Polish. Polish has had heavy influences on Ukrainian (particularly in Western Ukraine ). The southwestern Ukrainian dialects are transitional to Polish. As the Ukrainian language developed further, some borrowings from Tatar and Turkish occurred. Ukrainian culture and language flourished in

6630-562: Was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not vital, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available. The number of students in Russian-language in Ukraine schools was constantly increasing, from 14 percent in 1939 to more than 30 percent in 1962. The Communist Party leader from 1963 to 1972, Petro Shelest , pursued

6715-490: Was lessened only slightly after 1985. The management of dissent by the local Ukrainian Communist Party was more fierce and thorough than in other parts of the Soviet Union. As a result, at the start of the Mikhail Gorbachev reforms perebudova and hlasnist’ (Ukrainian for perestroika and glasnost ), Ukraine under Shcherbytsky was slower to liberalize than Russia itself. Although Ukrainian still remained

6800-572: Was made up of the subdivisions of Ometa-Trust, Ometa-Invest, Ometa-Inster  [ uk ] , and Ometa-Private. Hryhoriy Surkis headed the Ometa-Inster board of directors, while Bohdan Hubskyi  [ uk ] served as deputy head. Beginning in 1993, Ometa-21st Century began selling shares valued at 1,000 karbovantsiv, with advertised dividends as high as 1,000%. Share prices steadily rose, and by mid-1993, over 12,000 people had purchased 440 million karbovantsiv in shares. In March 1994,

6885-549: Was proclaimed in 1990 that Russian language was the all-Union state language and that the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. Still it was implicitly understood in the hopes of minority nations that Ukrainian would be used in the Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek would be used in the Uzbek SSR , and so on. However, Russian was used as the lingua franca in all parts of

6970-408: Was purchasing petroleum at ₴0.30–0.40 and selling it to collective farms at a rate of ₴1.20, or as high as ₴2.40 during harvests. With many farmers unable to pay the full price, they instead paid in sugar and other products, which was exported to Russia in return for oil, then refined and sent to Ukraine for sale. Slavutych made profits of up to 800% as a result of this barter cycle. By the late 1990s,

7055-400: Was substantially less the case for western Ukraine, which escaped the artificial famine , Great Purge , and most of Stalinism . And this region became the center of a hearty, if only partial, renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence. Since 1991, Ukrainian has been the official state language in Ukraine, and the state administration implemented government policies to broaden

7140-539: Was the increasing recognition of FC Shakhtar Donetsk , a Donetsk-based football club, and the increasingly antagonistic relationship between fans of Shakhtar Donetsk and Dynamo Kyiv. Ravil Safiullin 's appointment as president of the Professional Football League of Ukraine in 2000 was viewed as a slight against Surkis, who had previously held the post. The creation of the Party of Regions in 2001

7225-547: Was widely used in education and official documents. The suppression by Russia hampered the literary development of the Ukrainian language in Dnipro Ukraine, but there was a constant exchange with Halychyna, and many works were published under Austria and smuggled to the east. By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the collapse of Austro-Hungary in 1918, Ukrainians were ready to openly develop

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