70-726: Kypseli may refer to the following places in Greece: Kypseli, Athens , a neighbourhood in Athens Kypseli, Kastoria , a village in the municipal unit Nestorio , Kastoria regional unit Kypseli, Methana , a village in the Methana peninsula Kypseli, Patras , a neighbourhood in Patras Kypseli, Xanthi , a village in the Xanthi regional unit Kypseli, Emathia ,
140-654: A Greek mobilization could be completed, Bulgaria was likely to flank any Greek forces fighting against the Austrians, while a Romanian intervention would not be decisive. Metaxas judged that even if Bulgaria joined the Entente, it still would not suffice to shift the balance in Central Europe, and recommended the presence of four Allied army corps in Macedonia as the minimum necessary force for any substantial aid to
210-713: A Liberal government. The chief of the Army General Staff, General Alexandros Papagos , told the king that the Army would carry out an immediate coup d'état if the Liberals made an alliance with the KKE, saying he would never allow the Communists to form a government or even have any role in the government. Contrary to expectations, George had not taken sides in the 1936 election and remained neutral, behaving for once as
280-614: A constitutional monarch. The king had expected the Liberals to lose, and with the Venizelists forming the largest bloc in Parliament, he faced demands that the Venizelist officers dismissed in 1935 be restated, which led to warnings from the right-wing parties that the king risked being sent into exile again if any of the dismissed officers received their commissions again. There was considerable anger within right-wing circles at
350-810: A conventional authoritarian-conservative dictatorship akin to Francoist Spain or the Estado Novo in Portugal . On 28 October 1940, Metaxas rejected an ultimatum imposed by the Italians to surrender, committing Greece to the Allies and bringing the country into the war. He died in January 1941, before the German invasion and subsequent fall of Greece . Ioannis Metaxas was born in Ithaca in 1871. His family
420-543: A fascist "new order" in Greece, arguing that the Great Depression proved the failure of democracy and fascism was the solution. Under pressure from the newly empowered and more extreme Monarchists like Metaxas, Tsaldaris announced for the first time his intention to hold a referendum on restoring the monarchy. In the 1935 elections , he cooperated in a union with other small Monarchist parties, returning seven MPs,
490-475: A government mainly on the question of the return of the democratic officers of the 1935 movement to the army. In 1936 elections, the Venizelists won 141 seats while the Populists loyal to Tsaldaris won 72 seats, another faction of the Populists loyal to Ioannis Theotokis won 38 seats, the followers of Kondylis won 12 seats and Metaxas's Eleftherophrones party won only 7 seats, making Metaxas in electoral terms
560-526: A government. This dismissal solidified the rift between monarchists and Venizelists, creating the " National Schism " that would be a centerpiece of Greek politics for decades. In May and August 1916, Constantine and the General Staff allowed Fort Roupel and parts of eastern Macedonia to be occupied, without opposition, by the Central Powers (Germany and Bulgaria), as a counterbalance to
630-726: A landing of the entire Greek army in Asia Minor, was virtually impossible due to the hostility with Bulgaria; instead, Metaxas proposed the sudden occupation of the Gallipoli Peninsula , without a prior declaration of war , the clearing of the Dardanelles , and the occupation of Constantinople so as to force the Ottomans to negotiate. However, on the previous day, the Ottoman government had suggested mutual talks, and
700-802: A military expert in the London Conference of 1912–13 in December 1912. In May 1913, as military plenipotentiary, he negotiated the military terms of the Greek–Serbian Alliance . He took part in the Second Balkan War when he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. After the end of the Balkan Wars, he was appointed director of the 1st (Operations) Directorate of the Army Staff Service , and became deputy head of
770-666: A naval arms race between the two countries and persecutions of Greeks in Asia Minor. On 29 May, the Greek government issued an official protest to the Sublime Porte , threatening a breach of relations and even war, if the persecutions were not stopped. On 6 June 1914, Metaxas, as the de facto head of the Staff Service, presented a study on the military options against the Ottoman Empire: the most decisive maneuver,
SECTION 10
#1732798235060840-485: A performance repeated in the 1936 elections . Tsaldaris had called early elections in 1935 as a way of putting off the pressure to hold a referendum on restoring the monarchy, and his decisive victory in an election boycotted by the Liberals for the moment seemed to strengthened his hand. In the Peloponnese region, which was the traditional center of Greek royalism, Metaxas's party had fared poorly, but he won 20% of
910-559: A village in the Emathia regional unit [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kypseli&oldid=1227351217 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
980-425: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Kypseli, Athens Kypseli ( Greek : Κυψέλη , pronounced [ciˈpseli] ) is a neighbourhood in central Athens , Greece . It occupies much of the 6th municipal department of the municipality of Athens, and has a population of around 65,000. The boundaries of Kypseli are set by Patission Street at
1050-492: Is named after a pun on Kypseli. Kypseli is the seat of Panellinios G.S. , which was founded in 1891. Other sport clubs based in Kypseli include Athinaida F.C. , a football club founded in 1938 Ioannis Metaxas Ioannis Metaxas (12 April 1871 – 29 January 1941) was a Greek military officer and politician who was dictator of Greece from 1936 until his death in 1941. He governed constitutionally for
1120-657: The Central Powers was rejected by both Venizelos and King Constantine, but on 1 August, Venizelos sounded out the Entente Powers , Britain, France, and Russia. The Entente governments were lukewarm to Venizelos' proposals, since they hoped to entice Bulgaria on their side, even offering territorial concessions at the expense of Serbia, Greece, and Romania. Russia in particular considered her interests best served if Greece remained neutral. On 19 November, Serbia repeated its request for Greek assistance, supported by
1190-597: The Great Depression lowered living conditions even more and Macedonia was the region of Greece hit worse by the Depression. As it was under the leadership of King Constantine that Greece was defeated in 1922, the refugees tended to be very hostile towards the House of Glücksburg and Thessaloniki was known as a "hotbed of republicanism". The failed coup with its connotations of social unrest and protest alarmed
1260-636: The Hellenic Military Academy , he became a career military officer, being sworn as an Engineers 2nd Lieutenant on 10 August 1890. He first saw action in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 attached to the staff of the Greek commander-in-chief, Crown Prince Constantine . Metaxas became a protégé of Constantine and much of his rise through the ranks of the Hellenic Army was a consequence of Crown Prince's patronage. Greece
1330-921: The Noemvriana events in Athens. When the French/British landed in Athens and demanded the surrender of material equal lost to Fort Rupel (as guarantee for Greece's neutrality), they met resistance. In June 1917, under Allied pressure, King Constantine was deposed, Alexander became King, and Venizelos came to power, declaring war officially on behalf of the whole country on 29 June 1917. Defunct With Venizelos' coming to power in Summer 1917, Metaxas, along with other notable antivenizelists, were exiled to Corsica , from where he escaped to Sardinia (with Gounaris and Pesmazoglou) and later found himself with his family to Siena , Italy , while King Constantine with
1400-780: The "intemperate parliamentarism" of Greece, preferring the authoritarian German system where the Chancellor was responsible to the Emperor, not the Reichstag . On his return in 1904, he joined the newly formed General Staff Corps. He was part of the modernizing process of the Greek Army before the Balkan Wars (1912–13). However, he opposed the Goudi coup . For Metaxas, the coup represented an attack on everything he valued because
1470-622: The 1930s with the construction of family houses and the first modern apartment buildings in Athens. The development of apartment buildings was contemporary with Kolonaki and other central neighbourhoods. Although many of the earlier houses were built in a neoclassical or eclectic style, from the 1930s onwards, the designs of newer houses and apartment buildings were influenced by international trends such as modernism , Bauhaus and Art Deco . Adjacent large green areas such as Pedion Areos and Fokionos Negri Street pushed Kypseli to become an upmarket district with many apartment buildings built until
SECTION 20
#17327982350601540-467: The 1960s Kypseli also had a vibrant nightlife with many theatres and cinemas, restaurants and cafés, bars and clubs. Beginning in the 1980s many residents of Kypseli moved to the northern suburbs of Athens and, later, immigrants started using the basements and the small apartments of the buildings as cheap residences. Consequently, the value of real estate decreased even if high apartments on Fokionos Negri Street can be sold more expensively in comparison to
1610-427: The 1960s that addressed to the middle and upper-middle class. In 1937 the municipal market of Kypseli on Fokionos Negri Street, designed by architect Alexandros Metaxas, was inaugurated by the dictator Ioannis Metaxas . Moreover, the shops on the street level made Kypseli a shopping area. Shopping districts were Kypselis Square, Patission Street , Kypselis Street, Fokionos Negri Street and Amerikis Square . During
1680-585: The Allied presence in Thessaloniki. This caused popular anger, especially in Greek Macedonia, and among Venizelist officers. In August 1916, Venizelist officers launched a revolt in Greece's northern city of Thessaloniki , which resulted in the establishment of a separate " Government of National Defence " under Venizelos. The new government, with the Allied support, expanded its control over half
1750-504: The Entente. Venizelos asked Metaxas for an evaluation of the situation; the opinion of the latter was that without a simultaneous entry of Romania into the war on the side of the Allies, Greece's position was too risky. Following the firm refusal of Romania to be drawn into the conflict at this time, the proposal was scuttled. On 11 January 1915, the British offered Greece "significant territorial concessions in Asia Minor" if it would enter
1820-699: The Foreign Minister Dimitros Maximos who was in Geneva attending a session of the League of Nations, telephoned George to tell him that Tsaldaris was preparing a National Council resolution calling for a constitutional monarchy. In both telephone calls, Maximos asked George to publicly commit himself to obeying the National Council resolution asking him to behave strictly as a constitutional monarch who would uphold democracy and
1890-420: The Greek elite and led to a swing towards the right among the elite, though not the Greek people. As a result of the failed coup, the Liberals came to be viewed within the elite as the party of insurgency and chaos while many Populists frightened by the prospect of a revolution swung behind Metaxas's viewpoint. In response to the fears of the impoverished Greek people rising up in a revolution, Metaxas called for
1960-574: The Greek government to again refuse. However, in February 1915, the Entente attack on Gallipoli began. Venizelos decided to offer an army corps and the entire Greek fleet to assist the Entente, making an official offer on 16 February, despite the King's reservations. This caused Metaxas to resign on the next day in protest, basing his argument on the loss of the element of surprise, the fortification of
2030-503: The Greeks and Serbs. Furthermore, Metaxas argued that a Greek entry into the war would once again expose the Greeks of Asia Minor to Turkish reprisals. Venizelos rejected this report, and recommended entry into the war in a memorandum to the King, provided that Bulgaria and Romania also joined the Entente. By that time, however, it was clear that Bulgaria was aligning towards the Central Powers, and Romania's determination to remain neutral led
2100-493: The King that Greece could not live without her German customers and that, in particular, a reduction or cessation of our purchases of tobacco must lead to the impoverishment of the Macedonian peasants and thus to grave disturbances in Greek domestic politics [emphasis in the original]. Careful fostering of these relationships (between Germany and Greece) was therefore as much a political as an economic imperative." To stay in
2170-478: The Military League behind the coup were opposed to Constantine and the other princes holding positions of command. In 1910, Metaxas was appointed by Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , who had also assumed the post of Minister of Military Affairs , as his adjutant. Venizelos appointed Metaxas as part of an effort at rapprochement with the monarchy. Despite Venizelos's efforts to reach out, Metaxas
Kypseli - Misplaced Pages Continue
2240-759: The Staff Service in January 1915. In October 1913, he was awarded by the King with the Golden Cross of the Redeemer . In the spring and summer of 1914, Greece found itself in a confrontation with the Ottoman Empire over the status of the eastern Aegean islands, which had been occupied by Greece in the First Balkan War, and were finally awarded to Greece on 31 January 1914 by the Great Powers . The Ottomans refused to accept this, leading to
2310-414: The country and entered the war on the Allies' side. Meanwhile, the official Greek state and the royal government remained neutral. King Constantine and Metaxas were accused as pro-German by their Venizelist opponents. However they kept negotiating with the Allies a possible entry with their side. Metaxas was later the creator and head of the monarchist paramilitary Epistratoi (reservists) forces during
2380-465: The crisis atmosphere was a wave of strikes and protests all across the country in both urban and rural areas as the unemployed demanded social reforms that would address the Great Depression. Despite his unpopularity with the Greek people, from August 1935 politicians began to openly visit the former King George II in his exile in London to assure him of their loyalty. On 8 October 1935 and 10 October 1935,
2450-400: The dispute between the Venizelists vs. the anti-Venzelists that really paralyzed parliament. Although Kondylis had been instrumental in restoring the monarchy in 1935, George greatly distrusted him as he had not forgotten that it was Kondylis who had deposed and exiled him in 1924. George had often mused that if he was to play the role of King Victor Emmanuel III, he wanted his Mussolini to be
2520-679: The failed Monarchist Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup attempt in October 1923 forced him to flee the country again. Soon after, King George II (son of Constantine I) was also forced into exile. The monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed, in March 1924. Metaxas returned to Greece soon after, publicly stating his acceptance of the Republic regime. Despite a promising start, and his status as one of
2590-685: The first four months of his tenure, and thereafter as the strongman leader of the 4th of August Regime following his appointment by King George II . Born to an aristocratic family in Ithaca , Metaxas took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the Balkan Wars (1912–13), and quickly rose through the ranks of the Hellenic Army . As a monarchist during the National Schism , Metaxas unsuccessfully opposed Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and Greece's entry in World War I ; he
2660-470: The following for the Greek Occupation of Anatolia to Venizelos: " The Greek state is not today ready for the government and exploitation of a so extensive a territory. " He subsequently repeatedly rejected the military leadership of the Greek army offered to him by Constantine. As a soldier, Metaxas argued that Greece did not have logistical capacity nor the economic resources to support an army in
2730-526: The good graces of the Reich , Eisenlohr told the king that he must "bind the armed forces to his person and thus provide himself with a reliable bulwark for his throne in the ever-changing currents of internal politics"; though Eisenlohr did not mention Metaxas by name, it is clear that he was the "reliable bulwark" that he wanted the king to rely upon. At the time, the Romanian foreign minister Nicolae Titulescu
2800-493: The interior of Anatolia, and the decision by his patron, King Constantine, to continue the war against Turkey caused a rift between the two. Following the defeat of Greek forces in Asia Minor, King Constantine was again forced into exile by the 11 September 1922 Revolution , led by Col. Nikolaos Plastiras . Metaxas moved into politics and founded the Freethinkers' Party on 12 October 1922. However, his association with
2870-443: The king for "stacking" the election in favor of the Venizelists (i.e. being neutral), and the king was faced with a situation where his loyalist supporters were on the verge of turning against him. Tsaldaris wanted to compromise on the issue of the Venizelist officers, agreeing that some would have their commissions returned, but Theotokis was against any compromise, and thus it was a dispute between Tsaldaris vs. Theotokis as opposed to
Kypseli - Misplaced Pages Continue
2940-508: The living former prime ministers) on 18 and 20 February, but they proved indecisive. King Constantine decided to keep the country neutral, whereupon Venizelos submitted his resignation on 21 February 1915. Venizelos won the May 1915 elections , and formed a new government on 17 August. When Bulgaria signed a treaty of alliance with Germany and mobilized against Serbia , Venizelos ordered a Greek counter-mobilization (10 September 1916). As part of
3010-535: The mobilization, Metaxas was recalled to active duty as deputy chief of staff. After Venizelos condoned the landing of British and French troops in Thessaloniki to aid the collapsing Serbian army, Venizelos presented his case for participation in the war to Parliament, securing 152 votes in favor to 102 against in a vote during the early hours of 22 September. On the next day, however, King Constantine dismissed Venizelos, and called upon Alexandros Zaimis to form
3080-469: The more opportunistic republicans started to defect over to the monarchist camp, though Metaxas drew little benefit electorally. Kondylis pronounced himself an admirer of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and based his call to end the republic he himself had helped to found under the grounds that restoring the monarchy would permanently shift the center of the political gravity in Greece to the right. Under strong pressure from Kondylis, Tsaldaris finally brought
3150-547: The most prominent Monarchist politicians, Metaxas's foray into politics was not very successful. In the 1926 elections , his Freethinkers' Party claimed 15.8% of the vote and 52 seats in Parliament, putting it almost on a par with the other main Monarchist party, the People's Party . As a result, Metaxas became Communications Minister in the " ecumenical government " formed under Alexandros Zaimis . However, infighting within
3220-427: The necessary legislation for a referendum to a vote on the floor of parliament on 10 July 1935. From June to October 1935, there was a crisis atmosphere in Greece as the Army was purged of Venizelist officers, rumors swirled of coups being planned, Metaxas spoke openly of the possibility of a civil war and most politicians were fearful of being caught on the losing side as alliances were rapidly made and unmade. Adding to
3290-471: The party and the departure of many members plunged the party to 5.3% and a single seat in the 1928 elections . The 1932 and 1933 elections saw the percentage drop to 1.6%, although the party still returned three MPs, and Metaxas became Interior Minister in the Panagis Tsaldaris cabinet. Metaxas was regarded as the most intransigent and extreme of all the Monarchist politicians and his open hostility to parliamentary government as useless might perhaps explain
3360-426: The relative failure of his parliamentary career. By 1933, even the officially monarchist Populist Party had tacitly came to accept the republic as much as the Liberals as both the Populist and Liberal leaders wanted a system that guaranteed the possibility of orderly change and the rule of law, and Metaxas's call for something resembling an absolute monarchy put him out of the mainstream of Greek politics. In 1933, there
3430-592: The republic, a figure that was widely regarded at the time as laughable. On 11 December 1935, the king met with Ernst Eisenlohr, the German envoy in Athens, who in his account of the conversation reminded him that Germany was Greece's largest trading partner and that: "the fact of a constant active balance in Greece's favor arising from the exchange of goods made it possible for Greece to obtain commodities from Germany which she could not purchase from other countries for lack of sufficient supplies of foreign exchange. In discussing economic changes, I endeavored to make clear to
3500-443: The rest of the district. Several areas have remained commercial such as Patission and Fokionos Negri Streets and Kypseli is still known for its many theatres. Gentrification and multiculturalism has seen Kypseli become a popular neighbourhood again in more recent years. Kypseli is served by plenty of bus lines. In the next decade Athens Metro line 4 will have some of its stations in Kypseli. The Greek band Keep Shelly in Athens
3570-423: The royal family left for Switzerland. In January 1920, Metaxas was sentenced to death in absentia for his role in the Noemvriana. He returned to Greece in November 1920, after the electoral defeat of Eleftherios Venizelos. He was reinstated in the army with the rank of Major General, but as he opposed the continued Greek campaign in Asia Minor , he resigned and went into retirement on 28 December 1920. He stated
SECTION 50
#17327982350603640-466: The rule of law. Both times George refused under the grounds that as a king he was above "procedures" and he would rule Greece whatever way he liked. On 10 October 1935, the "Thunder General" as Kondylis was known carried out a coup d'état in the name of a "revolutionary committee" that deposed Tsaldaris. On 3 November 1935, the monarchy was restored and George returned to Greece to reclaim his crown. The American Embassy in Athens reported that public opinion
3710-457: The slow pace of the investigation into the attempted assassination, which almost succeeded. Thessaloniki, together with the rest of Greek Macedonia, had taken in the bulk of the about 1.3 million Greeks expelled from Turkey in the compulsory population exchange of 1923 , and the majority of the refugees lived in extreme poverty with those living in rural areas making their living picking tobacco. The collapse of international tobacco prices in
3780-414: The straits, the fact that a single army corps was insufficient to alter the balance of forces, and the uncertain stance of Bulgaria. Metaxas insisted that the campaign had been mishandled thus far, and that even if the Entente captured Gallipoli, the Turks still fielded 12 divisions in Eastern Thrace . Shaken by Metaxas's resignation, Venizelos convened meetings of the Crown Council (the King, Venizelos, and
3850-429: The tension eased enough for Prime Minister Venizelos and the Ottoman Grand Vizier , Said Halim Pasha , to meet in Brussels in July. Following the outbreak of World War I , the prospect of Greece's possible entry into the war emerged, especially given the obligation to provide military assistance to Serbia based on the Greek–Serbian Alliance. By 12 July 1914, the Serbian government had requested Greece's aid following
3920-462: The terms of the alliance, in the case of an Austrian and Bulgarian attack. Greece rejected the request on the grounds that Serbia had undertaken to provide 150,000 troops in the area of Gevgelija to guard against a Bulgarian attack; in addition, if Greece sent her army to fight the Austrians along the Danube, this would only incite a Bulgarian attack against both countries, with insufficient forces left to oppose it. A German request on 14 July to join
3990-404: The vote in Athens, mostly in middle class and upper-class neighborhoods as the well off looked towards Metaxas as the best man to "impose order" on Greece. When the War Minister, General Georgios Kondylis , until then a republican and one of the founders of the First Hellenic Republic in 1924, pronounced himself in favor of restoring the monarchy on 3 July 1935, he demoralized the republicans and
4060-418: The war to support Serbia, and in exchange for satisfying some of the Bulgarian territorial demands in Macedonia ( Kavala , Drama , and Chrysoupolis ) in exchange for Bulgarian entry into the war on the side of the Entente. Venizelos argued in favor of the proposal, but Metaxas disagreed, for reasons which he laid down in a memorandum on 20 January: the Austrians were likely to defeat the Serbian army before
4130-406: The weakest of the right-wing leaders. The greatest surprise of the 1936 elections was the breakthrough of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) which won 15 seats, settling off a hysterical reaction on the right that this presaged a Communist revolution as the fears were voiced that the great masses of the unemployed would rally to the KKE. In 1935, the Comintern had ordered Communist parties around
4200-416: The west, by Tourkovounia hill at the east, by the Municipality of Galatsi at the north and by Pedion Areos park at the south. Extensions of Kypseli are Nea ('New') Kypseli which ends at Gkyzi neighbourhood and Ano ('Upper') Kypseli which borders with Attiko Park, Papandreou neighbourhood and Galatsi. Until 1908, when the county engineer Athanasios Georgiadis first bounded and planned Kypseli, Kypseli
4270-416: The world to engage in "popular fronts" against fascism, allying themselves with other left-wing parties. Following the Comintern's orders, the KKE declared itself in favor of a "popular front" to unite all left-wing parties against fascism, and called for an alliance with the Venizelists. Faced with a parliament evenly divided between left and right, the Liberals entered negotiations for Communist support for
SECTION 60
#17327982350604340-495: Was " ein kleiner Moltke " ("a little Moltke " – a reference to Metaxas's short stature). Metaxas's time in Germany made him into an admirer of Prussian militarism. In his diary in March 1900, he wrote: "I have no other ambition than to fulfill my duty to my king and crown prince ... I consider the king the representative of the past, present and future of the nation. All opposition to him from whatever quarter I reject and find repulsive." Metaxas also expressed his opposition to
4410-465: Was a failed assassination attempt against Venizelos, which Metaxas praised in his newspaper Hellenki , expressing regret only that the attempt failed. The would-be assassins were never arrested, but Metaxas's editorial stance led to widespread suspicions both at the time and since that he was involved, through no definitive evidence has ever emerged. On 1 March 1935, in Thessaloniki there was an attempted coup d'état by Venizelist officers ostensibly over
4480-446: Was a rural area with estates and country houses. In such a house Konstantinos Kanaris , fighter of the Greek revolution and later prime minister of Greece, lived and died. Also, in 1831, the British admiral Pulteney Malcolm had architects Eduard Schaubert and Stamatios Kleanthis build him a house which now lies on Agias Zonis Street and houses the Hospice for the Disabled of Athens. A clearly urban development of Kypseli began in
4550-459: Was characterized by a clientist system at the time, and a powerful patron in the form of Constantine boosted Metaxas's career. After the war, he continued his military studies at the Berlin War Academy from 1899 to 1903. Metaxas was very close to Constantine and was personally selected by the Crown Prince to go to Berlin. During his time at the War Academy, Metaxas received consistently high marks from his German instructors with one writing that he
4620-587: Was exiled to Corsica in response in 1917. On his return, Metaxas moved into politics and founded the Freethinkers' Party , but had only limited success under the Second Hellenic Republic . Metaxas was appointed prime minister in April 1936, a year after the Greek monarchy was restored . With the support of King George II , Metaxas initiated a self-coup and established an authoritarian , nationalist , and anti-communist regime. The ideology associated with his rule, Metaxism , has sometimes been characterized as fascist , though scholars have described his rule as
4690-441: Was firmly against the king, and that it would take a "miracle" for George to keep his throne again as he lacked any popular support. After a heavily rigged plebiscite, George II returned to take the throne in 1935. The extent of the voting fraud could be seen in that Crete, the homeland of Venizelos, an island that was well known for its republicanism, showed 50,655 votes for restoring the monarchy and only 1,276 votes for retaining
4760-417: Was inscribed in the Libro d'Oro of the Ionian islands , previously a Venetian possession, while its roots originated in the Byzantine nobility. The Metaxas family were entered into the Libro d'Oro in the 17th century. Metaxas was very proud of his aristocratic family, observing that many ancestors of ordinary Greeks were not notable enough to be included in the Libro d'Oro . Following studies at
4830-470: Was seeking to link the Little Entente of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia together with the Balkan Pact of Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece and Turkey, which Eisenlohr vehemently objected to, saying he wanted the king to appoint as prime minister someone who was friendly towards Germany who would veto Titulescu's plan, which was aimed at building an alliance against Germany. After the elections on 26 January 1936, Venizelists and anti-Venizelists could not form
4900-421: Was strongly opposed to his decision to have a French military mission arrive to train the Greek Army, and almost resigned in protest. In 1912, just before the Balkan Wars, Venizelos appointed Metaxas to negotiate the military treaty between Greece and Bulgaria, sending him to Sofia . He participated in the First Balkan War as a captain in the operations staff of the Army of Thessaly , before joining Venizelos as
#59940